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Genus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 Type species: Otostigmus carinatus Porat, 1876, by subsequent designation (Pocock, 1891a: 229). Remarks. Edgecombe & Bonato (2011) stated that the genus is recognized by the sensilla coeloconica on clypeal part of epipharynx organized as a pair of lateral clusters; spiracles round or ovate, their long axis generally oriented vertically; floor of spiracular atrium usually raised into humps; border between labral and clypeal part of epipharynx strongly curved forwards; forcipular coxosternite with tooth-plates; leg tibia and tarsi with spurs, the latter sometime in pairs; testicular vesicles oriented oblique to central deferens duct. Most importantly, this genus is distinguished from other its congeners by the leg-bearing segment 7 lacking spiracles. The genus is currently divided into three subgenera distinguished by the presence (Otostigmus) or absence (Dactylotergitius and Parotostigmus) of spines on the ultimate leg prefemur. About 120 Otostigmus species have been described and are widely distributed worldwide (Edgecombe & Bonato in Minelli 2011). The subgenus Otostigmus comprises 58 species (Lewis 2010) or 60 (Edgecombe & Bonato in Minelli 2011) distributed in Africa and the Indo-Australian region. The subgenus Otostigmus is distinguished from the two other subgenera by having spines on the ultimate leg prefemur and coxopleural process with apical spines. All currently known species in Vietnam belong to the subgenus Otostigmus., Published as part of Vu, Ha T., Nguyen, Hung D., Le, Son X., Eguchi, Katsuyuki, Nguyen, Anh D. & Tran, Binh T. T., 2020, A review and notes on the phylogenetic relationship of the centipede genus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) from Vietnam, pp. 401-438 in Zootaxa 4808 (3) on page 405, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4808.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3933160, {"references":["Porat, C. O. von (1876) Om nagra exotiska Myriopoder. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien Handligar, 4 (7), 1 - 48.","Minelli, A. (2011) Treatise on Zoology-Anatomy, Taxonomy Biology. The Myriapoda. Vol. 1. Brill, Leiden and Boston, 546 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004188266","Lewis, J. G. E. (2010) A key and annotated list of the Scolopendra species of the Old World with a reappraisal of Arthrorhabdus (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae). International Journal of Myriapodology, 3, 83 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187525410 X 12578602960380"]}

Otostigmus amballae Chamberlin, 1913 (Figs. 8���11) Otostigmus (O.) amballae Chamberlin, 1913: 74; Attems 1930: 153; Schileyko 1992: 7; Schileyko 1995: 81, fig. 7; Schileyko 1998: 268; Schileyko 2001: 429; Schileyko 2007: 78. Material examined. SON LA Province: 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 069) Ta Xua Natural Reserve, bamboo forests, 21.3406N��� 104.6804E, elevation of 346 m, 12 November 2017, coll. Ha Kieu Loan & Le X. Son; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 013) same data, but 21.3491N��� 104.6947E, elevation of 810 m, 11 November 2017; HOA BINH Province: 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 014) Thuong Tien Natural Reserve, natural forests, 20.6346N��� 105.4500E, elevation of 515 m, 31 January 2018, coll. Hoang N. Anh & Nguyen D. Hung; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 054) same locality, but 20.6331N��� 105.4503E, elevation of 564 m, 14 May 2017, coll. Hoang N. Anh & Nguyen D. Hung; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 218) same locality, but bamboo forests, elevation of 441 m; VINH PHUC Province: 2 specimens (IEBR-Chi 248-249), Me Linh station for Biodiversity, regenerated forests, 21.3885N��� 105.7193E, 2-3 December 2018, coll. Vu T. Ha. Diagnosis. Body with 21 leg-bearing segments. Spiracles oval-shaped (Fig. 9C). Antennae with 17 antennomeres; first two and �� of the third glabrous; the last antennomere twice as long as previous one (Fig. 8). Tergites 3���20 with three distinct longitudinal keels, and a slightly deep depression between these keels (Fig. 9B). Sternites 2���20 with wide and shallow paramedian grooves (Fig. 9A). Coxopleural process very short, conical, with up to 2 apical spines (Figs 9B, 10A). Prefemur of the ultimate legs with 0���4 ventral spines (Fig. 10 B���C). Previous records from Vietnam. HOA BINH, QUANG NINH (Schileyko, 1992, 1995, 2007). Distribution. The species has also been reported from India, Nepal and Thailand (Attems 1930; Schileyko 2007), but it has only been found in northern Vietnam so far (Fig. 11)., Published as part of Vu, Ha T., Nguyen, Hung D., Le, Son X., Eguchi, Katsuyuki, Nguyen, Anh D. & Tran, Binh T. T., 2020, A review and notes on the phylogenetic relationship of the centipede genus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) from Vietnam, pp. 401-438 in Zootaxa 4808 (3) on pages 410-411, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4808.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3933160, {"references":["Chamberlin, R. V. (1913) Two new otostigmi from India. Entomological News, 24, 73 - 76.","Attems, C. (1930) Myriopoda. 2. Scolopendromorpha. Das Tierreich, 54, 1 - 308.","Schileyko, A. A. (1992) Scolopenders of Viet-Nam and some aspects of the system of Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda: Epimorpha). Part 1. Arthropoda Selecta, 1, 5 - 19.","Schileyko, A. A. (1995) The scolopendromorph centipedes of Vietnam (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha), (Part 2). Arthropoda Selecta, 4, 73 - 87.","Schileyko, A. A. (1998) Some Chilopoda from Sa Pa and Muong Cha, North Vietnam. In: Biological diversity of Vietnam. Data on zoological and botanical studies in Fansipan Mountains (North Vietnam). Nauka Publisher, Moscow, pp. 262 - 270.","Schileyko, A. A. (2001) New data on chilopod centipedes of Vietnam. In: Biological Diversity of Vietnam. Data on zoological and botanical studies in Vu Quang National Park (Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam). Nauka Publisher, Moscow, pp. 417 - 445.","Schileyko, A. A. (2007) The scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda) of Vietnam, with contributions to the faunas of Cambodia and Laos (Part 3). Arthropoda Selecta, 16, 71 - 95."]}

Otostigmus aculeatus Haase, 1887 (Figs. 2���7) Otostigmus (O.) aculeatus Haase, 1887: 71; Attems 1938: 337; Attems 1953: 138; Schileyko 1992: 7; Schileyko 1995: 83, fig. 11; Schileyko 1998: 268; Schileyko 2001: 430; Lewis 2001: 28, figs 53���58; Chao & Chang 2003: 2; Schileyko 2007: 76, fig. 2. Otostigmus (O.) ziesel Schileyko, 1992: 10, figs 2b���d; Schileyko 1995: 85, fig. 13; Schileyko 1998: 268; Schileyko 2001: 431; synonymised by Schileyko (2007). Material examined. DIEN BIEN Province: 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 074) Muong Nhe Natural Reserve, bamboo forests, 20.7091N��� 104.6869���E, 14 June 2018, coll. Nguyen D. Hung & Le X. Son; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 076) same locality, but mixed forests, 20.7108N��� 104.6869E, elevation of 673 m, 14 May 2018, coll. Nguyen D. Hung & Le X. Son; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 179) same locality, residential area, pitfall trapping, 11 January 2017, coll. Nguyen D. Hung & Le X. Son; SON LA Province: 6 specimens (IEBR-Chi 061, 063-067) Ta Xua Natural Reserve, natural forests, 20.7108N��� 20.7108E, elevation of 400 m, 9 February 2017, coll. Ha Kieu Loan & Le X. Son; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 070) same locality, but bamboo forests, 21.3491N��� 104.6947E, elevation of 810 m, 11 November 2017, coll. Ha Kieu Loan & Le X. Son; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 072) same data, but 20.3437N��� 104.6802E, elevation of 515 m, 13 November 2017; HOA BINH Province: 3 specimens (IEBR-Chi 049, 222, 229) Thuong Tien Natural Reserve, natural forest, 21.6357N��� 105.4490E, elevation of 443 m, 31 January 2018, coll. Hoang N. Anh & Nguyen D. Hung; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 050) same data, but 20.6346N��� 105.4500E, elevation of 515 m; 2 specimens (IEBR-Chi 227, IEBR-Chi 228) but 20.6287N��� 105.4340E, elevation of 509 m, 30 January 2018, coll. Tran T. T. Binh & Nguyen D. Hung; 5 specimens (IEBR-Chi 051, IEBR-Chi 231, IEBR-Chi 235, IEBR-Chi 233, IEBR-Chi 234) same data, but 20.6400N��� 105.4440E, elevation of 295 m, 12 May 2017, coll. Tran T. T. Binh & Nguyen D. Hung; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 232) same data, but 20.6378N��� 105.4467E, elevation of 357 m, 14 May 2017, coll. Tran T. T. Binh & Nguyen D. Hung; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 060) same data, but 20.6231N��� 105.4298E, elevation of 586 m, 30 May 2017, coll. Tran T. T. Binh & Nguyen D. Hung; VINH PHUC Province: 2 specimens (IEBR-Chi 129, IEBR-Chi 130), Me Linh station for biodiversity, regenerated forests, 21.3973N��� 105.7130E, 9 September 2018, coll. Vu T. Ha; 2 specimens (IEBR-Chi 250, IEBR-Chi 253) same locality, Eucalyptus forests, 21.3833N��� 105.7126E, 2 December 2018, coll. Vu T. Ha; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 254), Me Linh station for Biodiversity, regenerated forests, 21.3885N��� 105.7193E, 2-3 December 2018, coll. Vu T. Ha; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 035) same locality, mixed forests, 21.3992N��� 105.7241E, 9 July 2018, coll. Nguyen D. Anh; 4 specimens (IEBR- Chi 011, 099, 103, 118) same locality, regenerated forests, 10���17 September 2016, coll. Nguyen D. Anh; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 094) same data, but 8���18 April 2014, pitfall trapping, coll. Nguyen D. Anh; QUANG NINH Province: 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 239) Bai Tu Long National Park, Sau Nam Island (21.1784N��� 107.6646E), natural forests, 22 February 2012, coll. Nguyen D. Anh; BAC GIANG Province: 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 012) Son Dong District, Tay Yen Tu Natural Reserve, Khe Ro station (21.3436N- 106.9698E)), natural forests, 17���18 May 2013, coll. Phung T.H. Luong; HAI PHONG Province: 8 specimens (IEBR-Chi 242, 244, 021, 022, 009, 183, 194, 245) Cat Ba National Park, natural forests, 20.7984N��� 106.9994E, 18 March 2012, coll. Nguyen D. Anh; NINH BINH Province: 4 specimens (IEBR-Chi 020, 088, 089, 090) Cuc Phuong National Park, natural forests, ���Nguoi Xua Cave, 21���22 September 2016, coll. Nguyen D. Anh; 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 093) same locality, but 20.3217N��� 109.6081���E, 28 July���2 August 2017, coll. Nguyen D. Anh; NGHE AN Province: 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 240) Pu Mat National Park, natural forests, 19.0799N��� 104.6371E, 4���10 April 2011, coll. Nguyen D. Anh; QUANG BINH Province: 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 237) Son Trach District, Cha Noi Commune, limestone forests, 17.6432N��� 106.1019E, 16���19 February 2012, coll. Pham H. Phong; QUANG NGAI Province: 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 193) Ly Son island, An Binh commune (15.4289N- 109.0811E), natural forests, 8 August 2017, coll. Dang T. Hoa; QUANG NAM Province: 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 255) Song Thanh Natural Reserve (15.6700N��� 107.7188E), natural forests, elevation of 1,000 m, 11 January 2019, coll. Le X. Son; DAK LAK Province: 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 172) Kon Ka Kinh National Park (14.2589N��� 108.3794E), natural forests, elevation of 920���1,200 m, 12 May 2016, coll. Le X. Son; DONG NAI Province: 1 specimen (IEBR-Chi 156) Cat Tien National Park, natural forests, on the way to Bau Sau, 11.4533N��� 107.3658E, elevation of 180 m, 10���11 July 2018, coll. Nguyen D. Anh. Diagnosis. Body with 21 leg-bearing segments. Spiracles oval-shaped (Fig. 2D). Antennae with 17 antennomeres including 3 basal smoothly glabrous ones (Fig. 2 A���B). Coxosternal plate with 4+4 teeth (Fig. 2B). Paramedian grooves distinct on both tergites and sternites (Fig. 3 A���B). Coxopleural process long, conical, with 5���7 apical spines (Figs 3 C���D, 5A���B, 6A���B). Prefemur of the ultimate legs with numerous spines arranged in rows (Figs 4 A���B, 5C, 6C). Previous records from Vietnam. QUANG NINH (Hon Gai, Ha Long); HAI PHONG (Cat Ba NP); HA NOI (Ba Vi NP); HOA BINH (Mai Chau District); VINH PHUC (Tam Dao NP); NINH BINH (Cuc Phuong NP); QUANG NAM (Cu Lao Cham Island); KON TUM (Buon Luoi); GIA LAI (An Khe District); DONG NAI (Ma Da; Cat Tien NP); Tho Chu Island; (Attems, 1938, 1953; Schileyko, 1992, 1995, 2007). Distribution. Also known from Laos, Indonesia (Java), Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China (Chao & Chang 2003; Schileyko 2007). Remarks. The species is widely distributed in Vietnam (Fig. 7). Otostigmus aculeatus varies remarkably in shape and chaetotaxic pattern of prefemoral spines of the ultimate leg. Based on the number of spines on coxopleural process and on prefemur of the ultimate leg, it can be divided into three morphological types. The first type has coxopleural process with 4 apical, 3 subapical and 1 dorsal spine, no lateral ones (Fig. 5 A���B). Prefemur of the ultimate leg has 1 corner, 3���4 dorsomedial, 6���8 medial, 8���9 ventromedial, and 5 ventrolateral spines���all spines are arranged in lines, but the dorsomedial and ventrolateral spines are big whereas medial and ventromedial ones are small (Fig. 5C). The second type has coxopleural process with 4 apical, 2���3 subapical, 1 lateral and 1 dorsal spine (Fig. 6 A���B). Prefemur of the ultimate leg has numerous small spines which are not arranged in lines (Fig. 6C). The last type has coxopleural process with 5���6 apical, 1 subapical, 1 dorsal spine, no lateral ones (Fig. 3 C���D). Prefemur of the ultimate leg has 1 corner, 3���4 dorsomedial, 5���8 medial, 7���8 ventromedial and 4���5 ventrolateral spines. These spines are big and arranged in lines (Fig. 4). These types were sometimes found in the same locality, e.g. Me Linh or Thuong Tien. The three types also formed different lineages in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 40). The differences may suggest that different species may be separated from O. aculeatus., Published as part of Vu, Ha T., Nguyen, Hung D., Le, Son X., Eguchi, Katsuyuki, Nguyen, Anh D. & Tran, Binh T. T., 2020, A review and notes on the phylogenetic relationship of the centipede genus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) from Vietnam, pp. 401-438 in Zootaxa 4808 (3) on pages 405-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4808.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3933160, {"references":["Haase, E. (1887) Die Indisch-Australischen Myriopoden. Pt. I. Chilopoden. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koniglichen Zoologischen und. Anthropologisch- Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden, 5, 1 - 118.","Attems, C. (1938) Die von Dr. C. Dawydoff in franzosisch-Indochina gesammelten Myriopoden. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, New Series, 6, 187 - 353.","Attems, C. (1953) Myriopoden von Indochina. Expedition von Dr. Dawydoff. C. (1938 - 1939). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Serie, Serie A, Zoologie, 5 (3), 133 - 230.","Schileyko, A. A. (1992) Scolopenders of Viet-Nam and some aspects of the system of Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda: Epimorpha). Part 1. Arthropoda Selecta, 1, 5 - 19.","Schileyko, A. A. (1995) The scolopendromorph centipedes of Vietnam (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha), (Part 2). Arthropoda Selecta, 4, 73 - 87.","Schileyko, A. A. (1998) Some Chilopoda from Sa Pa and Muong Cha, North Vietnam. In: Biological diversity of Vietnam. Data on zoological and botanical studies in Fansipan Mountains (North Vietnam). Nauka Publisher, Moscow, pp. 262 - 270.","Schileyko, A. A. (2001) New data on chilopod centipedes of Vietnam. In: Biological Diversity of Vietnam. Data on zoological and botanical studies in Vu Quang National Park (Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam). Nauka Publisher, Moscow, pp. 417 - 445.","Lewis, J. G. E. (2001) The scolopendrid centipedes in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History in Sofia (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 13, 5 - 51.","Chao, J. - L. & Chang, H. - W. (2003) The scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda) of Taiwan. African Invertebrates, 44 (1), 1 - 11.","Schileyko, A. A. (2007) The scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda) of Vietnam, with contributions to the faunas of Cambodia and Laos (Part 3). Arthropoda Selecta, 16, 71 - 95."]}

Otostigmus spinosus Porat, 1876 (Figs. 32���35) Otostigmus (O.) spinosus Porat, 1876: 22; Attems 1930: 152, fig. 182; Schileyko 2001: 433; Lewis 2001: 37, figs 75���78; Schileyko 2007: 81, fig. 5; Decker, 2013: 18. Material examined. GIA LAI Province: 2 specimens (IEBR-Chi 178) Kon Ka Kinh National Park, Krong village (14.2796N��� 108.4583E), natural forests, elevation of 660 m, 17���18 May 2017, coll. Nguyen D. Anh. Diagnosis. Body with 21 leg-bearing segments. Spiracles oval-shaped (Fig. 33C). Antennae with 21 antennomeres; first two and of the third glabrous (Fig. 32). Coxosternal plate with 4+4 teeth (Fig. 32D). Paramedian grooves distinct on tergites 3���20 (Fig. 33B), but incomplete, invisible on sternites (Fig. 33A). Coxopleural process long, conical, with 3 apical spines (Figs 33D, 34A). Spines on prefemur of the ultimate legs large and arranged in rows (Fig. 34 C���D). Previous records in Vietnam. KHANH HOA, LAM DONG, DONG NAI (Schileyko, 2001, 2007) Distribution. Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea (Attems, 1930; Schileyko, 2007). Remarks. Our specimens agree with the description of Lewis (2010). The species has been recorded only in southcentral Vietnam (Fig. 35)., Published as part of Vu, Ha T., Nguyen, Hung D., Le, Son X., Eguchi, Katsuyuki, Nguyen, Anh D. & Tran, Binh T. T., 2020, A review and notes on the phylogenetic relationship of the centipede genus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) from Vietnam, pp. 401-438 in Zootaxa 4808 (3) on pages 428-430, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4808.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3933160, {"references":["Porat, C. O. von (1876) Om nagra exotiska Myriopoder. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien Handligar, 4 (7), 1 - 48.","Attems, C. (1930) Myriopoda. 2. Scolopendromorpha. Das Tierreich, 54, 1 - 308.","Schileyko, A. A. (2001) New data on chilopod centipedes of Vietnam. In: Biological Diversity of Vietnam. Data on zoological and botanical studies in Vu Quang National Park (Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam). Nauka Publisher, Moscow, pp. 417 - 445.","Lewis, J. G. E. (2001) The scolopendrid centipedes in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History in Sofia (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 13, 5 - 51.","Schileyko, A. A. (2007) The scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda) of Vietnam, with contributions to the faunas of Cambodia and Laos (Part 3). Arthropoda Selecta, 16, 71 - 95.","Lewis, J. G. E. (2010) A key and annotated list of the Scolopendra species of the Old World with a reappraisal of Arthrorhabdus (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae). International Journal of Myriapodology, 3, 83 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187525410 X 12578602960380"]}

NeSOrthOMOrpha MOntana n. sp. (Figs 1–3) Material examined. Holotype: male (IEBR-453H) Kon Tum Province, Ngoc Linh Mts. (15°00'¯ 15°18'N, 107°41'¯ 08°01'E), primary forest, 1,900 m a.s.l, 31 March 2004, coll. Anh D. Nguyen. Paratypes: 1 female (IEBR-453P) same date as holotype; 1 male (IEBR-458) same locality, secondary forest, 1,700 m a.s.l., 21 March–9 April 2006, coll. Anh D. Nguyen. Non-types: 3 females (IEBR-Myr 561) Gia Lai Province, Chu Mon Ray National Park, natural forests, 500–750 m a.s.l., 5 Oct. 2005, coll. Mai Phu Quy; 1 male, 1 female (IEBR-Myr 596) Gia Lai Province, Chu Mom Ray National Park (14°18′¯ 14°38′N, 107°29′¯ 107°47′ E), natural forests, 1,200 m a.s.l., 31 March 2015, leg. Le Xuan Son; 1 male, 1 female (IEBR-Myr 633) Gia Lai Province, Kon Ka Kinh National Park (14°09′– 14°30′N, 108°16′– 108°28′E), near head office, natural forests, 890 m a.s.l., 21–24 May 2017, coll. Anh D. Nguyen. Diagnosis. The species differs from its congeners in the following combination of characters. Sternum 5 with two elevated, small, and rounded processes between coxae 4. Both lamina medialis and lamina lateralis of gonopod solenophore unfolded. Lamina medialis with a long spiniform process d in the middle. Tip of gonopod trifid: terminal and subterminal prongs lobed (tp and stp, respectively), middle prong (mp) a tiny denticle. Description. Based on Holotype (male) IEBR-453H. Measurements: Holotype ca. 31.2 mm in length; width of midbody pro- and metazonites 2.0 mm and 3.2 mm, respectively. Coloration (Fig. 1): Whole body reddish brown except lateral area of paranota. Calluses, marginal posterior area of metaterga, waist between pro- and metazonite whitish yellow. Sterna, legs, antennae yellowish brown. Distal part of antennomere 6 and whole antennomere 7 blackish brown. Head: (Figs 1B–C) Slightly smaller than collum. Clypeolabral region modestly setose. Frons weakly convex, divided in 2 parts by distinct, thin epicranial suture. Antennae (Figs 1B–C) long, claviform, reaching body ring 4 laterally. Most antennomeres subequal in length except for the shortest antennomeres, 7 and 1. Tergites: Collum slightly narrower than body ring 2; surface shining and almost smooth, only faintly rugulose on medioposterior area. Collum with 3 rows of setae: 3+ 3 in anterior, 1+ 1 in middle, 1+ 1 in posterior. Body rings 4Legs: Long and slender, about 1.6X (male), 1.4X (female) longer than midbody height. Tarsal brushes present on leg pairs 1¯27, absent on other legs. Prefemora not swollen. Femora without modifications. Gonopod (Figs 2–3): Coxae cylindrical, half as long as the telopodite; distoventral part sparsely setose. Prefemur densely setose, set off from acropodite by an oblique sulcus laterally. Acropodite long, slender, slightly curved posteroventrad, with an oblique sulcus laterally. Prostatic groove ending in a flagelliform solenomere apically. Both lamina medialis and lamina lateralis unfolded. Lamina medialis with a spiniform process d in the middle. Tip of gonopod trifid: terminal and subterminal prongs lobate (tp and stp, respectively), middle prong (mp) a tiny denticle. Variation. Measurements. Body length 29.2¯ 31.2 mm (males), 33.1 mm (female); width of midbody pro- and metazona 2.0 mm (male), 2.5 mm (female) and 2.8¯ 3.2 mm (male), 3.8 mm (female), respectively. Coloration: Specimens from Kon Ka Kinh National Park are slightly different from others in coloration: they are almost black except the paranotal calluses and legs are castaneous brown. Etymology. a Latin word “ montana ”, which means “mountain”, is an adjective to emphasize the mountainous habitats where the types were found. Genetic distance and phylogenetic relationship. K2P distance between the new species and Orthomorpha species range from 0.143 to 0.163; between the new species and Antheromorpha festiva is 0.261. The distance between Nesorthomorpha montana n. sp. and other species varies from 0.148 to 0.317. Both ML and BI trees recover a clade that consisted of Orthomorpha species and Nesorthomorpha montana n. sp. with strong ML and BI values (100% bootstrap value and 0.98 posterior probability) (Fig. 4). The genus Antheromorpha is a weakly supported sister species (ML 54%; BI 0.89) to these two genera. Desmoxytes species formed a well-supported clade, and the genera Piccola and Orthomorphoides are sister to the ingroup taxa., Published as part of Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Le, Minh D., 2018, First record of the millipede genus Nesorthomorpha Jeekel, 1980 in Vietnam with description of a new species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae), pp. 426-434 in Zootaxa 4462 (3) on pages 428-431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/1441725

Genus NeSOrthOMOrpha Jeekel, 1980 Type species: Orthomorpha coriacea Carl, 1902., Published as part of Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Le, Minh D., 2018, First record of the millipede genus Nesorthomorpha Jeekel, 1980 in Vietnam with description of a new species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae), pp. 426-434 in Zootaxa 4462 (3) on page 428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/1441725, {"references":["Jeekel, C. A. W. (1980) On the classification of some little-knoWn ParasoXosomatidae from Java and Sumatra (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 87 (2), 323 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 85521","Carl, J. (1902) EXotische Polydesmiden. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 10, 563 - 679. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 13794"]}

Polypheretima cordata Nguyen, Tran & Nguyen, 2015 Polypheretima cordata Nguyen, Tran & Nguyen, 2015a: 597, Fig. 3. Type locality. Vietnam (Dong Nai: Vinh Cuu). Type material. CTU (CTU-EW.042), Vietnam. Examined material. 1 C (CTU-EW.042.h01) and 5 C (CTU-EW.042.p01) natural forest (11��06' 89.5N; 107��03' 10.3E), about 100 m asl, Ma Da commune, Vinh Cuu Distr., Dong Nai Prov., 13/10/2013; coll. Duong Chi Trong; 4 C (CTU-EW042.k01) natural forest (11��25' 42.0N; 107��25' 38.1E), 122 m asl, Cat Tien National Park, Tan Phu Distr., Dong Nai Prov., Vietnam, 13/10/2013, coll. Le Van Nhan. Records from Vietnam. Dong Nai (Vinh Cuu; Tan Phu) (Nguyen et al. 2015a). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Tr��n ampun h��nh tim., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. T. B. & Nguyen, D. A. (2015 a) Three new earthworm species of the genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3905 (4), 593 - 600. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3905.4.11"]}

Genus Octochaetona Gates, 1962 Octochaetona Gates, 1962c: 211; Gates 1972: 307. Type species. Octochaetus surensis Michaelsen, 1910. Distribution. Mainly in India. Remarks. Only one species has been reported from Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Michaelsen, W. (1910) Oligochaten von verschiedenen Gebieten. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 27, 47 - 169."]}

Metaphire tripidoporophoratus (Thai & Nguyen, 1993), comb. nov. Pheretima tripidoporophorata Thai & Nguyen, 1993 (in Nguyen 1993): 5, fig. 1 A; Nguyen 1994: 70; Pham 1995c: 95; Nakamura 1999: 24; Thai 2000a: 310; Pham 2010: 64. Amynthas? tripidoporophoratus��� Blakemore 2007a: 100; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Thua Thien Hue: Hue). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Examined material. 6 C and 1 A (SORC-V.095.04) An Le, Huong Dien, Hue, 15/5/1985, coll. Nguyen Van Thuan. Records from Vietnam. Thua Thien Hue (Hue; Huong Dien); Da Nang; Quang Nam (Phuoc Son) (Nguyen 1993, 1994; Pham 1995c, 2010). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun nh�� �c 3 c��nh. Remarks. Blakemore (2007a, 2008b) considered it as " species inquirenda ". Material was re-examined and presence of male copulatory pouches and hence placement of the species in Metaphire is confirmed here., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Nguyen, V. T. (1993) Some new species of earthworms of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae - Oligochaeta) from Thua Thien - Hue, Vietnam. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 15 (1), 5 - 8.","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Amynthas lignophilus (Thai, 1982) Pheretima lignophila Thai, 1982: 822, fig. 1G; Do 1994: 90; Le 1995a: 67; Nakamura 1999: 62; Thai 2000a: 309. Pheretima (Amynthas) lignophila��� Thai 1983: 126. Amynthas lignophilius (sic!) ��� Blakemore 2007a: 59; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Ninh Binh: Cuc Phuong). Type material. ZMUM (W.260), Russia. Records from Vietnam. Lang Son (Bac Son); Ninh Binh (Cuc Phuong NP) (Thai 1982; Do 1994; Le 1995a). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun g��� m���c. Remarks. Blakemore (2007a, 2008b) considered it as " species inquirenda ", but further examination was not possible because all previously collected material has been lost., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Thai, T. B. (1982) The fauna of earthworms f the Cucfuong forest reserve (Vietnam) and descriptions of new species of the genus Pheretima. Zoologicheskii Jurnal, 61 (6), 817 - 830.","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Amynthas namdongensis (Thai & Nguyen, 1993) Pheretima namdongensis Thai & Nguyen, 1993 (in Nguyen 1993): 5, fig. 1B; Nguyen 1994: 56; Nakamura 1999: 43; Thai 2000a: 309. Amynthas? namdongensis��� Blakemore 2007a: 70; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Thua Thien Hue: Nam Dong). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Records from Vietnam. Thua Thien Hue (Nam Dong; A Luoi) (Nguyen 1993, 1994). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun nam đ��ng. Remarks. Blakemore (2007a, 2008b) considered it as " species inquirenda ". Further examination was not possible because all previously collected material has been lost., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Nguyen, V. T. (1993) Some new species of earthworms of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae - Oligochaeta) from Thua Thien - Hue, Vietnam. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 15 (1), 5 - 8.","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Amynthas acalifornicus (Do & Huynh, 1991) comb. nov. Pheretima acalifornica Do & Huynh, 1991 (in: Do et al. 1991): 56, fig. 4D; Do 1994: 54; Thai 2000a: 307; Huynh et al. 2005: 180. Metaphire ? acalifornica— Blakemore 2007a: 3; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Son La: Moc Chau). Type material. 1 A (SORC-V.002.01) Son La, Moc Chau, humid forest, 15/05/1991; 3 C (SORC-V.002.02) Son La, Moc Chau, forest, 12/04/1990; 1 C (SORC-V.002.03) Son La, Moc Chau, forest on limestone, 13/04/1990. Records from Vietnam. Son La (Moc Chau); Phu Tho (Xuan Son NP); Ninh Binh (Cuc Phuong NP) (Do 1994; Huynh et al. 2005). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Remarks. The species is fairly similar to Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867), but differs in lack of copulatory pouches, having a pair of large genital markings on viii, and one or two pairs of genital markings in the male region. Blakemore (2007a) assigned this species to the genus Metaphire with comments " species inquirenda ". The species assigned here to the genus Amynthas because of lack of copulatory pouches.

Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) Pheretima hupeiensis Michaelsen, 1895: 35, figs 11���12; Michaelsen 1900: 273; Chen 1933: 251, fig. 19; Gates 1972: 213; Le 1995a: 43; Thai 2000a: 309. Amynthas hupeiensis��� Sims & Easton 1972: 237; Blakemore 2002: 168; Blakemore 2007: 50. Amynthas hupiensis (sic!) ��� Easton 1981: 53. Type locality. China (Hupei). Type material. Unknown. Examined material. 5 A (SORC-V.143.01) and 3 C (CTU-EW.062.01), Binh Gia, Lang Son, 26/03/1992. Records from Vietnam. Lang Son (Binh Gia) (Le 1995a). Distribution. A cosmopolitan species; widely reported from China, Korea, Japan, North America, and New Zealand (Easton 1981; Blakemore 2002). Remark. The species is distinguished from Metaphire bahli and Metaphire peguana by the absence of copulatory pouches (Le 1995a)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1895) Zur kenntnis der Oligochate. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, Herausgegeben von dem naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 13 (2), 1 - 37.","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10, 1 - 575.","Chen, Y. (1933) The preliminary survey of the earthworms of the lower Yangtze valley. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9 (4), 177 - 294.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002.","Easton, E. G. (1981) Japanese earthworms: a synopsis of the Megadrile species (Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 40 (2), 33 - 65."]}

Amynthas mamillaris (Chen, 1938) Pheretima mamillaris Chen, 1938: 413, Fig. 15; Le 1995a: 33; Nakamura 1999: 35. Amynthas mamillaris��� Sims & Easton 1972: 236, 244; Blakemore 2007a: 62. Type locality. China (Hainan Isl.). Type material. Unknown. Examined material. 8 C (SORC-V.149.01) near stream, Viet Lam, Vi Xuyen, Ha Giang, 5/12/1993, coll. Le Van Trien. Records from Vietnam. Ha Giang (Vi Xuyen) (Le 1995a). Distribution. China (Chen 1938). Vietnamese name. Giun n��m v��., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 12 (10), 375 - 427.","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)"]}

Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872) Perichaeta houlleti Perrier, 1872: 99, Plate 2, Figs 31���44. Pheretima houlleti��� Gates 1939: 94; 1972: 190; Pham 1995c: 89; Nakamura 1999: 42; Thai 2000a: 309; Huynh 2005a: 109; Huynh 2005b: 20; Nguyen et al. 2010: 114; Pham 2010: 63; Nguyen T.T. & Tran 2008: 61; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen & Huynh 2011: 1018; Nguyen et al. 2011: 1025; Nguyen et al. 2012: 146; Nguyen 2013: 49; Nguyen 2014: 109. Metaphire houlleti��� Sims & Easton 1972: 238; Blakemore 2007a: 48; Blakemore 2008b. Perichaeta campanulata Rosa, 1890b: 115. Pheretima campanulata��� Gates 1930: 307, 311; 1939: 83; Thai et al. 2004: 759; Pham 1995c: 89; Nakamura 1999: 41; Thai 2000a: 308; Huynh 2005a: 112; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 184; Pham 2010: 63; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen & Huynh 2011: 1018; Nguyen et al. 2011: 1025; Nguyen et al., 2012: 146. Metaphire campanulata��� Sims & Easton 1972; 238; Blakemore 2007a: 48, treated as synonym of Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872). Type locality. India (Calcutta). Type material. MHNH, France. Examined material. 25 C and 18 A (CTU-EW.006.06) natural forest, Cat Tien NP, Tan Phu, Dong Nai, 13/ 10/2013, coll. Le Van Nhan; 22 C (CTU-EW.006.02) Phung Hiep, Can Tho, 9/10/2009, coll. Ngo Thi Ngan; 13C, 4 A (SORC-V.129.01) deciduous forest, Ealop, Dak Lak, 18/10/1989, coll. Huynh Thi Kim Hoi; 15 C and 5 A (CTU-EW.018.01) Nam Cat Tien, Tan Phu, Dong Nai, 13/10/2013, coll. Le Van Nhan; 11 C (CTU-EW.018.05) Cu Lao Duyen, Cho Moi, An Giang, 9/2009, coll. Ho Minh Thuan. Records from Vietnam. Son La (Moc Chau); Dien Bien (Tuan Giao; Dien Bien); Nghe An (Que Phong); Quang Tri (Huong Hoa); Thua Thien Hue (Huong Tra; Hue; Huong Thuy; Nam Dong); Da Nang (Hoa Vang; Son Tra; Ba Na NP); Quang Nam (Dien Ban; Hiep Duc; Tam Ky; Tien Phuoc; Phuoc Son; Tra My); Quang Ngai (Son Ha); Kon Tum (Dak Glei; Sa Thay); Binh Dinh (Tuy Phuoc; An Nhon); Gia Lai (An Khe; Duc Co); Phu Yen (Tuy An); Dak Lak (Ea Sup; Yok Don NP; Buon Me Thuot); Dak Nong (Ta Dung Mts); Binh Thuan (Tanh Linh); Lam Dong (Duc Trong; Da Lat); Khanh Hoa (Nha Trang); Dong Nai (Vinh Cuu; Xuan Loc; Tan Phu; Dinh Quan; Trang Bom; Thong Nhat; Nhon Trach; Long Thanh; Cam My); Tay Ninh (Ba Den Mt.); Dong Thap (Thanh Binh; Lap Vo; Cao Lanh; Cu Lao Tan Long); Hau Giang (Phung Hiep; Nga Bay); Long An (Vinh Hung; Thanh Hoa); Kien Giang (Phu Quoc Isl.); Tien Giang (Cai Be; Cai Lay; Chau Thanh); Vinh Long (Long Ho); An Giang (Cho Moi: Cu Lao My Hiep; Chau Doc; Tinh Bien; Tri Ton); Kien Giang (Kien Luong; Hon Tre Isl.; Lai Son Isl.; An Son Isl.; Hon Dat); Hau Giang (Phung Hiep); Can Tho; Ben Tre (Binh Dai); Tra Vinh (Duyen Hai; Hoa Minh Isl.; Cau Ke); Soc Trang (Long Phu; Tran De; Ke Sach; Chau Thanh); Bac Lieu (Hoa Binh); Ca Mau (Dam Doi; Cai Nuoc; Ca Mau City) (Do 1994; Nguyen 1994; Pham 1995c, 2010; Huynh 2005a; Thai et al. 2004; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010; Nguyen & Huynh 2011; Nguyen et al. 2010; Nguyen et al. 2011; Nguyen et al. 2012). Distribution. Cosmopolitan species, occurring in India, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Singapore, China, Australia, USA (Gate 1939, 1972; Easton 1982; Thai & Do 1989; Thai & Samphon 1991; Shen & Yeo 2005; Shen et al. 200 5). Vietnamese name. Giun houllet. Remarks. Gates (1939) noted that the original home of the species is probably somewhere a region comprising eastern Myanmar and Thailand. The species has been known in Vietnam as two different species, Pheretima houlleti and Pheretima campanulata., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on pages 58-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8, 5 - 198.","Gates, G. E. (1939) Thai earthworms. Thailand Research Society, Natural History Supplementary, 12, 65 - 114.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 b) Results of studies on earthworms and other mesofauna groups in the Ta Dung mountain area, Dac Nong province. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 27 (4), 19 - 27.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. D. & Pham, T. T. (2011) Preliminary data on earthworms in mainland mountain region of Kien Giang Province. Proceeding of the 4 th national workshop on ecology and biological resources. Hanoi Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1024 - 1030.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. K. P. & Ho, M. T. (2012) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in An Giang province. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 22 A, 143 - 153.","Nguyen, T. T. (2013) The earthworm fauna of the Cuu Long delta. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 169 pp.","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. T. B. & Nguyen, D. A. (2014) Earthworms of the ' acaecate' Pheretima group in Vietnam (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae), with description of a new species from the Mekong delta. Zootaxa, 3866 (1), 105 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.1.5","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)","Rosa, D. (1890 b) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanica e regioni vicini, XXVI. Perichaetidi. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 10, 107 - 122.","Gates, G. E. (1930) The earthworms of Burma. I. Records of Indian Museum, 32, 257 - 356.","Thai, T. B., Huynh, T. K. H. & Nguyen, D. A. (2004) Remarks of earthworms on the islands in southern of Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 757 - 760.","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Easton, E. G. (1982) Australian pheretimoid earthworms (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): a synopsis with the description of a new genus and five new species. Australian Journal of Zoology, 30 (4), 711 - 735. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9820711","Thai, T. B. & Do, V. N. (1989) Remarks on earthworm fauna in Phnompenh and the neighbouring regions. Journal of Science of HNUE, special issue, 76 - 78.","Thai, T. B. & Samphon, K. (1991) Earthworms of some regions skirting the middle part of Mekong river in Laos (From Vientiane to Pacse). TAP CHI SINH HOC, 13 (4), 1 - 10.","Shen, H. - P. & Yeo, D. C. J. (2005) Terrestrial earthworms (Oligochaeta) from Singapore. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 53 (1), 13 - 33."]}

Metaphire bahli (Gates, 1945) Pheretima bahli Gates, 1945b: 85; Thai & Samphon 1991: 4; Nguyen 1994: 39; Pham 1995c: 68; Nakamura 1999: 40; Thai 2000a: 308; Thai et al. 2004: 758; Huynh 2005a: 87; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 184; Nguyen et al. 2010: 114; Pham 2010: 62; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen & Huynh 2011: 1018; Nguyen et al. 2011: 1025; Nguyen et al. 2012: 146; Nguyen 2013: 46; Nguyen 2014: 109. Pheretima (Amynthas) bahli��� Thai 1983: 124. Metaphire bahli��� Sims & Easton 1972: 239; Blakemore 2007a: 10; Blakemore 2008b; Blakemore et al. 2007: 29; Blakemore 2016 (removing synonyms saigonensis and bangoiana): 22, figs 1, 9a���d, 10. Type locality. Sri Lanka (Colombo). Type material. Unknown. Examined material. 16 C (SORC-V.124.01) Bau Can, Gia Lai, 29/11/1979; 13 C (SORC-V.124.02) field of sweet potato, Lam Vien plateau, Da Lat, Lam Dong, 25/10/1995; 30 C (CTU-EW.004.01) long-term tree garden, Phu Ngoc commune, Dinh Quan, Dong Nai, 14/10/2013, coll. Le Van Nhan; 30 C and 2 A (CTU-EW.004.02) Xuan Loc, Dong Nai, 9���10/2012, coll. Nguyen Van Thang; 22 C (CTU-EW.004.03) short-term tree garden, Phu Loc commune, Tan Phu, Dong Nai, 13/10/2013, coll. Le Van Nhan; 16 C and 1 A (CTU-EW.004.04) plantation, Vinh Cuu, Dong Nai, 13/9/2012, coll. Duong Chi Trong; 26 C (CTU-EW.004.05) natural forest, Nhon mountain, Tinh Bien, An Giang, 7/11/2010, coll. Nguyen Thanh Tung. Records from Vietnam. Quang Binh (Minh Hoa); Thua Thien Hue (A Luoi); Da Nang; Quang Nam (Tra My); Kon Tum (Dak Glei; Sa Thay); Gia Lai (Pleiku: Bau Can; Duc Co); Binh Dinh (Quy Nhon, Cu Lao Xanh); Dak Lak (Buon Me Thuot); Binh Thuan (Gia An); Khanh Hoa (Nha Tranh: Ba Ngoi); Ba Ria-Vung Tau (Con Lon Isl.); Ho Chi Minh city; Dong Nai (Vinh Cuu; Xuan Loc; Tan Phu; Trang Bom; Nhon Trach; Long Thanh); Tay Ninh (Ba Den Mts); Tien Giang (Tan Phu Dong; Cai Lay; Cai Be); Ben Tre (Binh Dai; Thanh Phu; Ba Tri); Vinh Long (Long Ho; Vung Liem; Vinh Long City); Can Tho (Cai Rang; Ninh Kieu; O Mon; Thot Not; Phong Dien); Tra Vinh (Duyen Hai; Tra Cu); Kien Giang (Ha Tien Town, Lai Son Mts); An Giang (Nguyen 1994; Pham 1995c, 2010; Huynh 2005a; Michaelsen 1934; Thai et al. 2004; Omodeo 1957; Nguyen V. T. & Tran 2008; Nguyet et al. 2009, 2010; Nguyen 2014). Distribution. Philippines, Sri Lanka, Laos, Cambodia (Gates 1945b, 1972; Blakemore 2007a; Thai & Samphon 1991; Thai & Do 1989). Vietnamese name. Giun bahl. Remarks. Although the morphology of the male region of M. saigonensis is similar to that of M. peguana, the distance between male pores is totally different among the two species. Thai (1983, 2000) had suggested that saigonensis is a synonym of " Pheretima " bahli Gates, 1945; however, Blakemore (2005, 2016) restored both saigonensis and bangoiana separately from Metaphire bahli., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Gates, G. E. (1945 b) On some earthworms from Ceylon II. Spolia Zeylanica, 24, 69 - 90.","Thai, T. B. & Samphon, K. (1991) Earthworms of some regions skirting the middle part of Mekong river in Laos (From Vientiane to Pacse). TAP CHI SINH HOC, 13 (4), 1 - 10.","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Thai, T. B., Huynh, T. K. H. & Nguyen, D. A. (2004) Remarks of earthworms on the islands in southern of Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 757 - 760.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. D. & Pham, T. T. (2011) Preliminary data on earthworms in mainland mountain region of Kien Giang Province. Proceeding of the 4 th national workshop on ecology and biological resources. Hanoi Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1024 - 1030.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. K. P. & Ho, M. T. (2012) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in An Giang province. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 22 A, 143 - 153.","Nguyen, T. T. (2013) The earthworm fauna of the Cuu Long delta. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 169 pp.","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. T. B. & Nguyen, D. A. (2014) Earthworms of the ' acaecate' Pheretima group in Vietnam (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae), with description of a new species from the Mekong delta. Zootaxa, 3866 (1), 105 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.1.5","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2016) Darwin's earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, Megascolecidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae) with review of cosmopolitan Metaphire peguana - species group from Philippines. Opuscula Zoologic a, 47 (1), 09 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.18348 / opzool. 2016.1.9","Omodeo, P. (1957) Oligocheti dell' Indocina e del Mediterraneo Orientale. Memorie del Musceo Civico di Storia Naturale, 5, 321 - 336.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Thai, T. B. & Do, V. N. (1989) Remarks on earthworm fauna in Phnompenh and the neighbouring regions. Journal of Science of HNUE, special issue, 76 - 78.","Blakemore, R. J. (2005) A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World. Eds.: Kaneko, N. & Ito, M. T. COE Soil Ecology Research Group, Yokohama National University, Japan. CD-ROM. [Published 30 th June, 2005]."]}

Amynthas wui (Chen, 1935) Pheretima wui Chen, 1935: 109, Fig. 1; Tran 1985: 50; Do 1994: 114; Le 1995a: 39; Pham 1995c: 92; Nakamura 1999: 22; Thai 2000a: 310; Huynh et al. 2005: 180; Tran & Ngo 2008: 133; Tran & Tran 2010: 8; Pham 2010: 64. Pheretima (Terrata) wui��� Thai 1983: 123. Amynthas wui��� Sims & Easton 1972: 236; Blakemore 2007a: 106; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. China (Fukien: Amoy). Type material. No. 13213, Museum of Biological Laboratory, Science Society of China. Records from Vietnam. Dien Bien (Tuan Giao; Dien Bien Phu); Son La (Moc Chau); Hoa Binh (Tan Lac); Lao Cai (Pho Lu); Yen Bai (Luc Yen); Phu Tho (Doan Hung; Xuan Son NP); Vinh Phuc (Tam Dao); Bac Can (Bac Can); Bac Giang (Luc Ngan; Tan Yen; Khe Ro NR); Cao Bang (Trung Khanh; Cao Bang; Ha Lang; Thach An); Lang Son (Bac Son); Hai Phong (Cat Ba Isl.); Hanoi (Soc Son); Da Nang (Hoa Vang; Son Tra; Hai Van; Ba Na NP) (Tran 1985; Do 1994; Le 1995a; Pham 1995c, 2010; Huynh et al. 2005; Tran & Ngo 2008; Tran & Tran 2010) Distribution. China (Chen 1935). Vietnamese name. Giun wu. Remarks. The species seems to be widely distributed in northern Vietnam. Thai (1983) proposed a new subgenus Terrata of the genus Pheretima, and placed the species under the new subgenus., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Chen, Y. (1935) On two new species of Oligochaeta from Amoy. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 11 (4), 109 - 122.","Tran, T. M. (1985) The earthworm fauna of Red River Delta. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 126 pp.","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Tran, T. T. B. & Ngo, V. N. (2008) Composition and distribution of earthworms in Khe Ro natural Reserve. Journal of Science of HNUE, Natural Science, 53 (3), 131 - 137.","Tran, T. T. B. & Tran, H. N. (2010) Composition and distribution of earthworms in Luc Ngan District, Bac Giang province, and potential using in anti-erosion and in soil amelioration. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 32 (1), 6 - 13.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Polypheretima parataprobanae (Thai & Nguyen, 1993) Pheretima parataprobanae Thai & Nguyen, 1993: 7, fig. 1C; Pham 1995c: 102; Nakamura 1999: 23; Thai 2000a: 310; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 185; Pham 2010: 63. Polypheretima? parataprobanae��� Blakemore 2007a: 77; Blakemore 2008b. Polypheretima parataprobanae��� Nguyen et al. 2014: 116. Type locality. Vietnam (Thua Thien Hue). Type material. SORC (HV.225), Vietnam Examined material. 1 C (SORC-HV.225) Thua Thien Hue Prov., Hue city, Nguyet Bieu, sandy garden, 13/ 01/1985, coll. Nguyen Van Thuan. Records from Vietnam. Thua Thien Hue (Hue city, Bach Ma NP); Da Nang (Hoa Vang); Binh Dinh; (Nguyen 1993; Pham 1995c; Nguyen V. T. & Tran 2008; Pham 2010). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Tr��n c���n taprobanae. Remarks. The species is fairly similar to Polypheretima taprobanae (Beddard, 1892), but differs in absence of genital markings in the male region, and having a pair of genital markings near the spermathecal pores., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Nguyen, V. T. (1993) Some new species of earthworms of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae - Oligochaeta) from Thua Thien - Hue, Vietnam. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 15 (1), 5 - 8.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. T. B. & Nguyen, D. A. (2014) Earthworms of the ' acaecate' Pheretima group in Vietnam (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae), with description of a new species from the Mekong delta. Zootaxa, 3866 (1), 105 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.1.5"]}

Amynthas paraduplicoecus (Do & Huynh, 1991) Pheretima paraduplicoeca Do & Huynh, 1991 (in: Do et al. 1991): 53, fig. 4 A; Do 1994: 100; Thai 2000a: 309. Amynthas ? paraduplicoecus��� Blakemore 2007a: 76; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Son La: Moc Chau). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Examined material. 2 C (SORC-HPV.076) forest, Moc Chau, Son La, 10/1990, coll. Huynh Thi Kim Hoi. Records from Vietnam. Son La (Moc Chau) (Do et al. 1991; Do 1994). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun c���n duplicoecus. Remarks. Blakemore (2007a, 2008b) considered it as " species inquirenda ". Material was re-examined and absence of male copulatory pouches and hence placement of the species in Amynthas is confirmed here., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Do, V. N., Usachev, V. L. & Huynh, T. K. H. (1991) Species composition and distributional characteristics of earthworms in Moc Chau, Son La. Journal of Science of HNUE, 5, 46 - 57.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Amynthas dorsomorrisi (Do & Tran, 1995) Pheretima dorsomorrisi Do & Tran, 1995 (in: Do et al. 1995): 89, fig. 1D; Thai 2000a: 308. Amynthas ? dorsomorrisi— Blakemore 2007a: 31; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Nghe An: Quy Chau). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Examined material. 8 C and 2 A (SORC-V.039.02) Muong Long, Muong Xeng, Ky Son, Nghe An, 18/6/ 1986, coll. Tran Minh Khoi. Records from Vietnam. Nghe An (Que Phong; Quy Chau) (Do et al. 1995). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun cận morrisi lưng. Remarks. The species is closely similar to Amynthas morrisi (Beddard, 1895), but can be recognised by spermathecal pores on dorsum. Blakemore (2007a, 2008b) considered it as " species inquirenda ". Material was reexamined and absence of male copulatory pouches and hence placement of the species in Amynthas is confirmed here.

Metaphire dawydovi (Michaelsen, 1934b) Pheretima dawydovi Michaelsen, 1934b: 517, Fig. XV; Nakamura 1999: 41; Thai 2000a: 308; Huynh 2005a: 115; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 184. Pheretima (Terrata) dawydovi��� Thai 1983: 123. Metaphire dawydovi��� Sims & Easton 1972: 238; Blakemore 2007a: 28; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Lam Dong: Da Lat). Type material. MNHN (AE651 (A 709)), France. Records from Vietnam. Thua Thien Hue (A Luoi; Phu Loc); Lam Dong (Da Lat: Langbian Mts); Binh Dinh (Michaelsen 1934b; Nguyen 1994; Nguyen V. T. & Tran 2008). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun dawydov. Remarks. The species has been only known from mountainous areas. Thai (1983) proposed a new subgenus Terrata of the genus Pheretima, and placed the species under the new subgenus. No material for examination was available., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1934 b) Oligochaten von Franzosisch-Indochina. Archive de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 76, 493 - 546.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp."]}

Metaphire gastromonotheca (Do & Tran, 1995) Pheretima gastromonotheca Do & Tran, 1995 (in: Do et al. 1995): 91, fig. 2 A; Thai 2000a: 309. Metaphire ? gastromonotheca��� Blakemore 2007a: 41; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Nghe An: Quy Chau). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Records from Vietnam. Nghe An (Quy Chau; Tan Ky) (Do et al. 1995). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun m���t l��� nh���n tinh b���ng. Remarks. The species is typically characterized by having only one spermathecal pore ventrally. Further examination was not possible because all previously collected material has been lost., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Do, V. N., Le, V. T. & Tran, M. K. (1995) New species of earthworm of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta) from mountain of Nghe An Province. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 17 (3), 88 - 94.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Amynthas cupreae (Chen, 1946) Pheretima cupreae Chen, 1946: 117, Plate VII, Fig. C; Sims & Easton 1972: 224; Easton, 1979: 117; Do: 1994: 65; Le 1995a: 54; Nakamura 1999: 36; Nakamura 1999: 63; Thai 2000a: 308; Huynh & Nguyen 2004a: 115; Tran & Ngo 2008: 133. Amynthas? cupreae��� Blakemore 2007a: 25; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. China (Szechuan). Type material. Unknown. Examined material. 3 C, 5 A (SORC-V.131.01), 3 C (CTU-EW.053.01) rotting woods, Khuoi Da, Thach An, Cao Bang, 18/3/1992, coll. Le Van Trien; 1 C, 2 A (SORC-V.131.02) Bac Son, Lang Son, 26/11/1993, coll. Le Van Trien. Records from Vietnam. Lao Cai (Sa Pa); Yen B a i (Luc Yen; Yen Binh); Ha Giang (Quan Ba); Lang Son (Bac Son); Cao Bang (Thach An); Bac Giang (Khe Ro NR); Hanoi (Ba Vi NP) (Do 1994; Le 1995a; Huynh & Nguyen 2004a; Tran & Ngo 2008). Distribution. China (Chen 1946). Remarks. Sims & Easton (1972) stated that the species can be excluded from Metaphire or Pheretima because of the absence of copulatory pouches, but it cannot be assigned to a genus due to lack of details of the presence or absence of intestinal caeca. Therefore, it was listed as "species incertae sedis " on page 241 of Sims & Easton (1972). The examined population in Vietnam showed the presence of intestinal caeca in xxi���xxvii. The species is confirmedly assigned to the genus Amynthas., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Chen, Y. (1946) On the terrestrial oligochaeta from Szechuan III. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 16, 83 - 141.","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Easton, E. G. (1979) A revision of the ' acaecate' earthworms of the Pheretima group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): Archipheretima, Metapheretima, Planapheretima, Pleionogaster and Polypheretima. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 35, 1 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20451","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Huynh, T. K. H. & Nguyen, D. A. (2004 a) Diversity of earthworms of Bavi National Park, Hatay province. The proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science, 114 - 117. [Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi]","Tran, T. T. B. & Ngo, V. N. (2008) Composition and distribution of earthworms in Khe Ro natural Reserve. Journal of Science of HNUE, Natural Science, 53 (3), 131 - 137.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Genus Eisenia Malm, 1877 Eisenia Malm, 1877: 45; Michaelsen 1900: 471; Reynolds & Cook 1976: 51. Type species. Enterion fetidum Savigny, 1826. Distribution. Palaearctic (Blakemore 2002). Remarks. About 30 species are known (Blakemore 2002), but only one has been reported from Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Malm, 1877. Zoolog. Observ. VII, Annulater i hafvet utmid Sverges. Ofvers. Hortik. Forh. Goteborg, 14, 69 - 105.","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10, 1 - 575.","Reynolds, J. W. & Cook, D. G. (1976) Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica: a catalogue of names, descriptions and type specimens of the Oligochaeta. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton (or Ottawa, Runge Press), 217 pp.","Savigny (1826) Analyse d'un Memoire sur les Lombrics par Cuvier. Memoires de l'Academie (royale) des sciences de l'Institut (imperial) de France, 5, 176 - 184.","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002."]}

Eukerria kuekenthali (Michaelsen, 1908) Kerria k��kenthali Michaelsen, 1908: 24, Plate 1, Fig. 1. Eukerria k��kenthali��� Michaelsen, 1935b: 102. Eukerria kukenthali��� Gates 1972: 269; Thai 2000a: 311; Thai 2000b: 1; Huynh 2005a: 162. Eukerria kuekenthali��� Blakemore 2002: 79 (nomen correctum); Blakemore 2008. Kerria selangorensis Stephenson, 1931b: 279, synonymized by Michaelsen (1935b). Eukerria peguana Gates, 1942: 67, synonymized by Gates (1972). Type locality. West Indies (St Thomas). Type material. Berlin and Hamburg Museum, Germany. Records from Vietnam. Da Nang (Hoa Vang); Quang Ngai (Duc Trach); Binh Dinh (Cat Ninh; An Nhon); Phu Yen (Dong Hoa); Khanh Hoa (Nha Trang; Van Ninh; Ninh Hoa; Dien Khanh); Ninh Thuan (Ninh Son); Binh Thuan (Phan Thiet; Duc Linh) (Thai 2000b). Distribution. A cosmopolitan species; be distributed in Malaysia, Myanmar, West Indies, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Australia (Christmas Island) (Blakemore 2002). Vietnamese name. Giun eukerria kuekenthal. Remarks. The species probably originates from the neotropical regions (Michaelsen 1935b). In Vietnam, it is usually found in wet soils (Thai 2000b)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1908) Die Oligochaten Westindiens. Zoologische Jahrbuecher Jena, Supplement 11, 13 - 32.","Michaelsen, W. (1935 b) Oligochaeta from Christmas Island, South of Java. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 10, 15, 100 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933508654945","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Thai, T. B. (2000 b) The Oligochaeta family Ocnerodrilidae Beddard, 1891 in Vietnam. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 22 (1), 1 - 5.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002.","Stephenson, J. (1931 b) Oligochaeta from the Malay Peninsula. Journal of Federated Malay States Museums, 16, 261 - 285.","Gates, G. E. (1942) Notes on various peregrine earthworms. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 89, 63 - 144."]}

Amynthas tonkinensis (Michaelsen, 1934b) Pheretima tonkinensis Michaelsen, 1934b: 529, Fig. XX; Nakamura 1999: 55; Thai 2000a: 310. Pheretima (Terrata) tonkinensis��� Thai 1983: 123. Amynthas tonkinensis��� Sims & Easton 1972: 235; Blakemore 2007a: 99; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Phu Tho: Phu Ho). Type material. MNHN ( AE592 (A 730)), France. Records from Vietnam. Phu Tho (Phu Ho) (Michaelsen, 1934b). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun b���c b���. Remarks. There are no other records since its original description. Thai (1983) proposed a new subgenus Terrata of the genus Pheretima, and placed the species under the new subgenus., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1934 b) Oligochaten von Franzosisch-Indochina. Archive de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 76, 493 - 546.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Malabaria levis (Chen, 1938) Filodrilus levis Chen, 1938: 422, Fig. 19. Malabaria levis��� Gates 1942: 92; Gates 1972: 265; Thai 1983: 121; Thai 2000a: 311; Thai 2000b: 1; Blakemore 2008. Type locality. China (Hainan Isl.). Type material. Unknown. Records from Vietnam. Hanoi (Tu Liem) (Thai 2000b). Distribution. Myanmar, China (Chen 1938; Gates 1972). Vietnamese name. Giun malabaria nh���., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 12 (10), 375 - 427.","Gates, G. E. (1942) Notes on various peregrine earthworms. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 89, 63 - 144.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Thai, T. B. (2000 b) The Oligochaeta family Ocnerodrilidae Beddard, 1891 in Vietnam. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 22 (1), 1 - 5."]}

Amynthas zoysiae (Chen, 1933) Pheretima zoysiae Chen, 1933: 288; Le 1995a: 46; Nakamura 1999: 22; Thai 2000a: 310; Huynh et al. 2005: 180. Type locality. China (Chekiang: Lin-hai). Type material. ZMNU (No. 570). Records from Vietnam. Bac Giang (Luc Ngan); Phu Tho (Doan Hung; Xuan Son NP) (Le 1995a; Huynh et al. 2005). Distribution. China (Chen 1933). Remarks. The species was synonymized with Amynthas minimus (Horst, 1893) (Easton 1981; Blakemore 2002), but Shen and Yeo (2005) re-validated this species. A. zoysiae differs from A. minimus in lower setal number and larger prostate glands (Shen & Yeo 2005: 22)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Chen, Y. (1933) The preliminary survey of the earthworms of the lower Yangtze valley. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9 (4), 177 - 294.","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Easton, E. G. (1981) Japanese earthworms: a synopsis of the Megadrile species (Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 40 (2), 33 - 65.","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002.","Shen, H. - P. & Yeo, D. C. J. (2005) Terrestrial earthworms (Oligochaeta) from Singapore. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 53 (1), 13 - 33."]}

Amynthas aspergillum (Perrier, 1872) Perichaeta aspergillum Perrier, 1872: 118. Perichaeta takatorii Goto & Hatai, 1898: 76. Pheretima aspergillum��� Chen 1938: 382; Pham 1995c: 74; Nakamura 1999: 29; Thai 2000a: 308; Huynh & Nguyen 2004a: 115; Huynh 2005a: 100; Tran & Ngo 2008: 133; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 184; Pham 2010: 62. Amynthas aspergillus��� Sims & Easton 1972: 234. Pheretima (Amynthas) aspergillum��� Thai 1983: 124. Amynthas aspergillum��� Blakemore 2007a: 9; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. China. Type material. MNHN, France. Examined material. 4 C, 1 A (SORC-V.122.04) Xuan Nha, Moc Chau, Son La, 17/11/1991; 3 C, 1 A (SORC-V.122.07) Luc Ngan Hill, Bac Giang, 11/5/1992; 10 C (CTU-EW.045.0 2) Cau Giay, Hanoi, 09/20013, coll. Thai Tran Bai; 7 C (CTUEW.045.01) Xuan Hoa, Thanh Hoa, 15/7/1999. Records from Vietnam. Widely distributed in Vietnam except southern Vietnam. Distribution. China, Taiwan (Blakemore 2002). Vietnamese name. Giun khoang. Remarks. The species is commonly found in northern and central Vietnam. Amynthas bachmaensis (Thai & Nguyen, 1993 ) Pheretima bachmaensis Thai & Nguyen, 1993 (in: Nguyen 1993): 7, fig. 1D; Nakamura 1999: 40; Thai 2000a: 308. Amynthas? bachmaensis��� Blakemore 2007a: 10; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Thua Thien Hue: Bach Ma NP). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Records from Vietnam. Thua Thien Hue (Bach Ma NP; Nam Dong) (Nguyen 1993). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun b���ch m��. Remarks. The species is fairly similar to Metaphire dawydovi Michaelsen, 1934b in having three pairs of spermathecal pores and simple intestinal caeca, but can be distinguished by the position of the first dorsal pore and morphology of genital markings in the male region (Nguyen 1993). Blakemore (2007a, 2008b) considered it as " species inquirenda ", but no further examination was made to confirm its taxonomic status due to lack of available specimens and apparent loss of the type specimens., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8, 5 - 198.","Goto, S. & Hatai, S. (1898) New or imperpectly known species of earthworm. Annotationes zoologicae japonenses, 2, 65 - 78.","Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 12 (10), 375 - 427.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Huynh, T. K. H. & Nguyen, D. A. (2004 a) Diversity of earthworms of Bavi National Park, Hatay province. The proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science, 114 - 117. [Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi]","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Tran, T. T. B. & Ngo, V. N. (2008) Composition and distribution of earthworms in Khe Ro natural Reserve. Journal of Science of HNUE, Natural Science, 53 (3), 131 - 137.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002.","Nguyen, V. T. (1993) Some new species of earthworms of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae - Oligochaeta) from Thua Thien - Hue, Vietnam. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 15 (1), 5 - 8.","Michaelsen, W. (1934 b) Oligochaten von Franzosisch-Indochina. Archive de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 76, 493 - 546."]}

Lampito mauritii Kinberg, 1867 Lampito mauritii Kinberg, 1867: 103; Stephenson 1916: 315; Gates 1939: 78; Gates 1972: 133; Thai 1983: 122; Nguyen 1994: 36; Le 1995a: 70; Pham 1995c: 103; Thai 2000a: 310; Blakemore 2002: 137; Thai et al. 2004: 758; Huynh 2005a: 144; Thai et al. 2007: 312; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 184; Blakemore 2008; Nguyen et al. 2010: 114; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen et al. 2012: 146; Nguyen 2013: 40; Nguyen 2014: 108. Megascolex mauritii��� Michaelsen, 1900: 227; Chen 1938: 381. Perichaeta armata Beddard, 1883: 216, figs 5���7. Perichaeta luzonica Perrier, 1875: 1044. See Michaelsen (1900), Gates (1972), Blakemore (2002: 137) for more synonyms. Type locality. Mauritius. Type material. Stockholm Museum (103), Sweden. Examined material. 10 C (CTU-EW.002.01) Xuan Loc, Dong Nai, 10/2012, coll. Nguyen Van Thang; 11 C (CTU-EW.002.03) Phung Hiep, Hau Giang, 9/10/2009, coll. Ngo Thi Ngan. Records from Vietnam. Hai Phong (Cat Ba Isl.); Quang Binh (Quang Trach; Dong Hoi; Le Thuy); Quang Tri (Gio Linh; Quang Tri); Thua Thien Hue (Phong Dien; Hue; Huong Thuy; Phu Loc); Da Nang (Hoa Vang; Son Tra); Quang Nam (Dien Ban; Hoi An; Duy Xuyen; Thang Binh; Que Son; Tam Ky; Nui Thanh: Tien Phuoc; Tra My); Quang Ngai (Quang Ngai); Binh Dinh (Quy Nhon; An Nhon; Cu Lao Xanh); Phu Yen (Tuy Hoa); Khanh Hoa (Nha Trang; Van Ninh; Ninh Hoa; Hon Tre Isl.); Ninh Thuan (Phan Rang); Binh Thuan (Phan Thiet; Bac Binh; Tuy Phong); Tay Ninh (Ba Den Mts); Dong Nai (Xuan Loc: Xuan Hoa; Nhon Trach: Phu Huu, Phu Dong; Long Thanh: Long Phuoc); Tien Giang (Go Cong Dong); Vinh Long (Vung Liem); Tra Vinh (Duyen Hai: Cu Lao Hoa Minh); Ben Tre (Binh Dai; Thanh Phu); Bac Lieu (Bac Lieu Town); Ca Mau (Ca Mau City); Hau Giang (Phung Hiep); An Giang (Tinh Bien) (Nguyen 1994; Le 1995a; Pham 1995c, 2010; Thai et al. 2004; Huynh 2005a; Nguyen & Tran 2008; Nguyen et al. 2010; Nguyen 2014). Distribution. Cosmopolitan species, widely known from China, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Singapore, India, Madagascar, Mauritius Isl. (Gates 1972; Thai & Do 1989; Blakemore 2002). Vietnamese name. Giun lampito mauriti. Remarks. The species is usually found in coastal regions in Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata Nova. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps - akademiens forhandlingar, 23, 97 - 103.","Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354.","Gates, G. E. (1939) Thai earthworms. Thailand Research Society, Natural History Supplementary, 12, 65 - 114.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002.","Thai, T. B., Huynh, T. K. H. & Nguyen, D. A. (2004) Remarks of earthworms on the islands in southern of Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 757 - 760.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Thai, T. B., Do, V. N. & Nguyen, T. T. (2007) New data about earthworms on the Islands of Co Chien bank of Tien river. Proceeding of the 2 nd national workshop on ecology and biological resources. Hanoi Agriculture Publishing House, 308 - 314.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. K. P. & Ho, M. T. (2012) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in An Giang province. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 22 A, 143 - 153.","Nguyen, T. T. (2013) The earthworm fauna of the Cuu Long delta. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 169 pp.","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. T. B. & Nguyen, D. A. (2014) Earthworms of the ' acaecate' Pheretima group in Vietnam (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae), with description of a new species from the Mekong delta. Zootaxa, 3866 (1), 105 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.1.5","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10, 1 - 575.","Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 12 (10), 375 - 427.","Beddard, F. E. (1883) Notes on some earthworms from India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History series, series 5 (12), 213 - 224. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938309459619","Perrier, E. (1875) Sur les vers de terre desiles de Philippines et de la Cochinchine. Les Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, 81, 1043 - 1046.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Thai, T. B. & Do, V. N. (1989) Remarks on earthworm fauna in Phnompenh and the neighbouring regions. Journal of Science of HNUE, special issue, 76 - 78."]}

Amynthas modiglianii (Rosa, 1889) Perichaeta modiglianii Rosa, 1889: 134; Beddard 1895a: 405. Pheretima modiglianii��� Michaelsen 1900: 285; 1934b: 509; Nguyen 1994: 56; Pham 1995c: 85; Nakamura 1999: 53; Thai 2000a: 309; Huynh 2005a: 101; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 185; Pham 2010: 63. Pheretima (Amynthas) modigliani (sic!) ��� Thai 1983: 125. Amynthas modiglianii��� Sims & Easton 1972: 235; Blakemore 2007a: 65; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Indonesia (Sumatra: Nias). Type material. Unknown. Examined material. 10 C (CTU-EW.069.01) Tam Ky, Quang Nam, 27/2/1984, coll. Pham Thi Hong Ha; 13 C (SORC-V.150.08) garden, Nui Thanh, Quang Nam, 9/2/1990 coll. Pham Thi Hong Ha. Records from Vietnam. Quang Binh (Quang Rach); Quang Tri (Gio Linh; Huong Hoa); Thua Thien Hue (Huong Dien; Huong Tra; Hue; Huong Thuy; Nam Dong; Phu Loc); Da Nang (Son Tra; Hai Van); Quang Ngai (Quang Ngai; Tu Nghia; An Nhon; Son Ha; Hoai Nhon); Binh Dinh (Cu Lao Xanh); Phu Yen (Tuy Hoa); Khanh Hoa (Nha Trang; Van Ninh); Lam Dong (Da Lat): Ninh Thuan (Ninh Son; Ninh Phuoc); Binh Thuan (Phan Thiet; Bac Binh; Tuy Phong) (Nguyen 1994; Huynh 2005a; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008; Pham 2010). Distribution. Indonesia (Sumatra) (Blakemore, 2007a). Vietnamese name. Giun modigliani., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1889) I Lombrichi raccolti nell' isola Nias dal Signor E. Modigliani e descritti dal Dott. Daniele Rosa, Assistente al R. Museo Zoologico di Torino. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova, 27 (2), 125 - 136.","Beddard, F. E. (1895 a) A monograph of the Order Oligochaeta. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 769 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28557","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10, 1 - 575.","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Amynthas rodericensis (Grube, 1879) Perichaeta rodericensis Grube, 1879: 554. Pheretima rodericensis��� Michaelsen, 1900: 299, 318; Gates 1972: 218; Do 1994: 110; Nguyen 1994: 66; Pham 1995a: 87; Nakamura 1999: 54; Thai 2000a: 310; Huynh 2005a: 104; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 185; Pham 2010: 63. Pheretima (Amynthas) rodericensis��� Thai 1983: 125. Amynthas rodericensis��� Sims & Easton 1972: 235; Easton, 1982: 729; Blakemore 2002: 186, Fig. 2.14; Blakemore 2007a: 86; Blakemore 2008. Perichaeta dyeri Beddard, 1892a: 157, Plate IX, Figs 2,8, Plate X, Fig. 1. Perichaeta sinensis Beddard, 1892a: 158, Plate IX, Figs 3,5, Plate X, Figs 2���4, 7,8. Perichaeta monilicystis Michaelsen, 1892: 251, Fig. 28. Type locality. Rodriguez. Type material. Wrocław ("Breslau") Museum and British Museum (Gates 1972). Examined material. 22 C (SORC-V.162.13) fruit tree lands, village 6, Thay Phuoc, Hiep Duc, Quang Nam, 17/12/1988, coll. Pham Thi Hong Ha; 5 C and 1 A (SORC-V.162.02) Canh Tien Tower, Do Ban, An Nhon, Binh Dinh, 15/11/1987, coll. Huynh Thi Kim Hoi. Records from Vietnam. Nghe An (Ky Son); Quang Binh (Tuyen Hoa; Quang Trach; Quang Ninh; Le Thuy); Quang Tri (Dong Ha; Gio Linh; Quang Tri; Huong Hoa); Thua Thien Hue (Huong Dien; Huong Tra; Hue; Huong Thuy; A Luoi; Nam Dong; Phu Loc); Da Nang (Hoa Vang; Son Tra; Hai Van; Ba Na NP); Quang Nam (Dien Ban; Hoi An; Duy Xuyen; Que Son; Hiep Duc; Tam Ky; Nui Thanh; Tien Phuoc; Phuoc Son; Tra My); Quang Ngai (Quang Ngai; Binh Son; Tu Nghia); Binh Dinh (Quy Nhon; Tuy Phuoc; Hoai Nhon; Phu My; An Nhon); Gia Lai (Buon Luoi); Dak Lak (Buon Me Thuot); Phu Yen (Song Cau; Tuy Hoa); Khanh Hoa (Nha Trang); Lam Dong (Da Lat) (Do 1994; Nguyen 1994; Pham 1995; Huynh 2005a; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008; Pham 2010). Distribution. Cosmopolitan species, known from USA, South America, Pacific Isls, Europe, India, Australia (Blakemore 2002). Remarks. The species seems to be widely distributed in the highlands and central parts of Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Grube, E. (1879) Annelida. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 168, 554 - 556. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rstl. 1879.0057","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10, 1 - 575.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 a) Three new species of earthworm of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae - Oligochaeta) from Quang Nam - Da Nang Province. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 17 (1), 22 - 24.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Easton, E. G. (1982) Australian pheretimoid earthworms (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): a synopsis with the description of a new genus and five new species. Australian Journal of Zoology, 30 (4), 711 - 735. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9820711","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Beddard, F. E. (1892 a) On some species of the genus Perichaeta (sensu stricto). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1892, 153 - 172.","Michaelsen, W. (1892) Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung. II. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 58 (1), 209 - 261. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8321"]}

Genus Pithemera Sims & Easton, 1972 Pithemera Sim & Easton, 1972: 202. Type species. Perichaeta bicincta Perrier, 1875, by original designation. Distribution. Mainly in Pacific Isls, e.g. Solomon Isl., New Britain, Fiji, Samoa, Philippines (Sims & Easton 1972: 202; Blakemore 2002: 223, 2012a). Remarks. Members of the genus are easily recognized by the presence of intestinal caeca at xxi���xxiv, absence of copulatory pouches, and single or paired female pores on xiv. Currently, twelve species have been described (Csuzdi 2012), but only one has been found in Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Perrier, E. (1875) Sur les vers de terre desiles de Philippines et de la Cochinchine. Les Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, 81, 1043 - 1046.","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002.","Csuzdi, Cs. (2012) Earthworm species, a searchable database. Opuscula Zoologica, 43 (1), 97 - 99. Avaliable from: http: // earthworm. uw. hu / (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Metaphire dipapillata (Thai & Tran, 1986) Pheretima multitheca dipapillata Thai & Tran, 1986a: 9, fig. 3C; Do 1994: 95; Thai 2000a: 309. Metaphire multitheca dipapillata��� Blakemore 2007a: 68; Blakemore 2008b. Metaphire dipapillata��� Nguyen & Nguyen 2015: 132, stat. nov.; Nguyen et al. 2015b: 470, Fig. 4. Type locality. Vietnam (Nghe An: Ky Son). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Examined material. 1 C (SORC-HV.070) and 5 C (SORC-PV.070.01) Muong Long, Ky Son, Nghe An, 1/1/ 1986, coll. Tran Ba Cu. Records from Vietnam. Nghe An (Ky Son) (Thai & Tran 1986; Do 1994). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Thai, T. B. & Tran, B. C. (1986) The fauna of earthworms of mountain district Ki Son (Nghe Tinh province, Vietnam) and descriptions of new species of the genus Pheretima Kinberg. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 8 (4), 4 - 12.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)","Nguyen, T. T., Trinh, T. K. B, Le, V. N. & Nguyen, D. A. (2015 b) On the polythecate earthworms of the genus Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam, with descriptions of three new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 63, 461 - 470."]}

Metaphire pajana (Michaelsen, 1928) Pheretima pajana Michaelsen, 1928: 33, Fig. 8; Do 1994: 98; Nakamura 1999: 33; Thai 2000a: 309. Metaphire pajana��� Sims & Easton, 1972: 239; Blakemore 2007a: 75; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Borneo. Type material. Unknown. Records from Vietnam. Son La (Moc Chau) (Do 1994). Distribution. Borneo (Michaelsen 1928). Vietnamese name. Giun pajan. Remarks. The species has been recorded only in northern Vietnam and in Borneo, so there is currently a distribution gap. It is expected to be found in central and southern Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}