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A német ejtőernyős-alakulatok komoly sikereket értek el a második világháború korai szakaszában, ezzel ösztönözve más államok hadvezetését is saját légi szállítású erőik gyors felállítására. Közéjük tartozott a Magyar Királyi Honvédség vezérkara is, amely túlnyomórészt sikertelenül próbálkozott a német módszerek megismerésével és meghonosításával, így a hazai katonai ejtőernyőzés kényszerűségből alapvetően saját tapasztalatokra hagyatkozva fejlődött. Jelen írás az 1940-ben kiadott német ejtőernyős-kiképzési szabályzatot ismerteti, és ennek egyes elemeit az akkori magyar módszerekkel veti össze.

This research is based on social phenomena that occur in the world of education, especially those relating to respect. Respectful mind is one of the ability to think that is important for the future and needs to be developed in the world of education, because it is related to ethical and moral problems and interpersonal relationships. This study aims to test the effectiveness of respectful mind training in developing the character of respect for first-year students. The method used in this research is quantitative with pre-experimental research, research design using one group pretest-posttest. The subjects of this study were first-year students, the subject was taken by using purposive sampling technique. Furthermore, the instruments used in this study include the training manual of respectfull mind and the main measurement instrument is respect questionnaire. Analysis of the data used in this study is a nonparametric statistical test that is Wilcoxon sign rank test. The results showed through statistical tests showed a significance level of 0.005

The article describes the problem of low availability and inaccessibility of new information technologies in the Kazakh language in universities, analyzes the pros and cons of electronic textbooks based on theoretical data. The textbooks used by teachers show the effectiveness and usefulness of multimedia, in order to make them more valuable, it is necessary to add digital resources, such as academic games and interactive websites. The questions of the popularity of textbooks compiled using a computer are touched upon, the analysis and testing of programs for compiling electronic textbooks is carried out. The importance of methodological support of the textbook in the creation of electronic information tools is analyzed. Automation of all the main stages of training with electronic textbooks is provided before monitoring the content of the educational material and making recommendations for final grades, thanks to which all mandatory educational materials are replaced by bright, interesting, with a share of intelligence game moves, i.e. widely used multimedia, including interactive and voice. For students and teachers of chemistry, the authors have compiled an electronic textbook in the Kazakh language, the effectiveness of the textbook has been analyzed and studied in accordance with theoretical data and surveys, according to the results of the study, positive indicators of the assimilation of educational material have been demonstrated.

For seriously mentally ill adults, empowerment is critical to maximizing participation in major life activities. Although studies have identified interventions that have positively impacted empowerment, these interventions may not be applicable or amenable to all adults with serious mental illness. More interventions with other approaches are needed. Therefore, this study evaluated the initial implementation of a movement- and mindfulness-based workshop intervention. Quantitative data were used to examine differences in empowerment before and after the workshop, and qualitative data were used to explore participants’ perceptions of the reasons for empowerment differences. Ten participants completed the intervention, and nine of the ten participants also completed follow-up interviews. Quantitative data were collected via pre- and post-intervention surveys. Qualitative data were collected through follow-up interviews with the participants. Surveys revealed perceptions of optimism and control over the future increased between pre- and post-intervention. Interviews uncovered that increases in optimism and control over the future may have been related to workshop accomplishments and reduced helplessness outside of workshop sessions. Future research would benefit from the creation of a training manual along with a validated system to monitor intervention fidelity.

This version of Core Principles of Group Therapy (2020) is an update of an original manual by Robert Weber called Principles of Group Psychotherapy (2006), itself an update of an earlier manual dev...

Goal. To reveal the milestones of life and creative path, generalize the main scientific achievements of the talented scientist in the field of agricultural science, one of the founders of reclaimed soil science, the organizer of the domestic branch research, and the highest professional education in Ukraine G.G. Mahov. Methods. General scientific — analysis, synthesis, classification; historical — problematic, comparative historical, retrospective, biographical. Results. The contribution is highlighted of the scientist in the formation of leading scientific research institutions on soil science and agricultural melioration, soil science, as a mandatory discipline based on institutions of higher agricultural education in Ukraine and the world. The creative searches of G.G. Makhov are revealed, the author of the first in the state textbook “Soil Science” and training manual “Soils of Ukraine”, to popularize branch achievements as a member of the editorial board of the journal “Soil Science”, the organizer of the First Congress of Soil Science of Ukraine, Director of the Agricultural Museum. Conclusions. The scientific heritage of the scientist is systematized in the following directions: agronomic and meliorative soil science, soil degeneration problems, forest plantation in the steppes, struggle against drought, soil erosion, fertilizer and soil cultivation systems, their influence on the agrophysical properties of the soil. As the priority development G.G. Mahov considered the first detailed map of Ukraine’s soils on a new morphologic-genetic basis, as well as the first map of soil erosion.

PROBLEM Poor knowledge and stigmatizing attitudes of healthcare professionals constitute a significant barrier to child and adolescent mental health care worldwide. This study aimed to determine the effect of a training intervention on the knowledge and attitudes of pediatric nurses to child mental health problems at a Nigerian tertiary hospital. METHODS A two group pretest-posttest study design was undertaken. A total of 156 pediatric nurses were recruited, and participants in the intervention group received a brief child mental health training based on the World Health Organization's mhGAP training manual. Knowledge and attitudes to child mental health problems were obtained at baseline, and post intervention. FINDINGS There were no differences in knowledge or attitudes across the two groups at baseline. Post intervention, there was a significant increase in the mean post knowledge scores of the intervention group compared with the control group (t = 3.8, p

Background: Training needs assessment involves the identification and prioritization of training requirements. The medical practice regulatory authority in Nigeria recommends continuing medical education for physicians. The courses are preplanned and often do not take into consideration the training needs and the preferred method for performance improvement. This study aimed to assess the preferred method for performance improvement among physicians at a tertiary health facility in Southwest Nigeria. Methods: This is a descriptive cross‑sectional survey carried out among 355 doctors employed in the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Sampling was conducted using stratified random sampling with a proportionate allocation to size across different cadres of doctors in various departments/units. The World Health Organization Hennessy‑Hicks Training Needs Analysis Questionnaire was adopted for this study. The self‑administered questionnaire consisted of 33 items (assignments) grouped into five subcategories: clinical assignments, communication/teamwork, research/audit, management/supervisory assignments, and administration. Participants were requested to rate each of the 33 items/assignments along with seven‑point scales (one = not at all important and seven = very important). The Hennessy‑Hicks training manual quadrant chart was adopted for the interpretation of the training needs gap. Results: Three hundred and three (85.4%) of 355 participants responded to the survey. The mean age ± standard deviation of participants was 37.62 ± 6.7 years. About four‑fifths of the participants were resident doctors. Regarding the most important rating, the clinical assignment subcategory was rated (6.3) as the most important to participants’ job, out of the five subcategories. Participants, however, rated their performance best in the communication/teamwork subcategory. The training needs gap was highest (0.82) in the research/audit subcategory and lowest (0.48) in the communication/teamwork category. All subcategories reported a similar score (5.8) on participants’ perception of the organization’s development as a method to bridge the gap in training needs. Participants also rated the training course method as a better method to improve performance in all five subcategories. Conclusion: The research/audit subcategory reported training needs gap that requires close monitoring and possible intervention. This could be done by organizing and sponsorship physicians for training courses. Keywords: Health resources, Nigeria, physicians, training needs assessments

[MOODLE BASED DISTANCE TRAINING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN BALAI DIKLAT KEAGAMAAN BANDUNG]. Developing online training system is essential to create equalization over training opportunities, enrich learning materials, and increase trainees participation in learning. The development is also a medium to create accessible learning environment. Online training requires learning management system. One of the most widely used applications is Moodle. It has the latest version that can be used to improve online training’s quality, namely Moodle version 3.7.1. This study aims to find out Moodle-based remote training system implementation at Bandung Religious Training Center in 2020. Research and Development waterfall model is applied. Application testing is by using blackbox techniques. The analysis uses SCORM and Haughey theory. The result showed that Moodle-based remote training is considered good based on black box tests. It can be seen from several aspects of websites, such as appearance and content, implementation, institutional readiness, as well as facilities and infrastructure. Moodle 3.7.1 based remote training websites are recommended for socialization and provided remote training manual instructions

Aims and objective To characterise the intervention components, mechanisms of change and barriers to implementation of an intervention to improve communication behaviour of hospital staff surrounding mental health with children and adolescents. Background Healthcare professionals consistently report a lack of confidence and knowledge to care for young people experiencing mental health difficulties. We Can Talk is a one-day training, delivered to hospital staff, which provides tools to improve their communication with children and adolescents about mental health. Initial evaluation suggests the training improved confidence and skills regarding communication; however, the effective intervention components and mechanisms of change are not yet understood. Design A process evaluation was conducted using a qualitative research design. Methods Document analysis of the training manual, using the Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy, characterised intervention components. Ten interviews with paediatric staff from an east London hospital were conducted post-intervention. Using the Theoretical Domains Framework, the mechanisms of change and remaining barriers to communication were coded thematically. COREQ checklist was used in the reporting of the study. Results Twenty behaviour change techniques were identified. Communication about mental health was mainly facilitated through improving the knowledge, cognitive and interpersonal skills, and beliefs about capabilities of healthcare professionals. A small number of staff continued to experience barriers to communication including a lack of opportunity for communication, beliefs that their professional role is not suited to supporting mental health and nervousness. Behaviour change techniques are highlighted to address remaining barriers reported post-intervention. Conclusions Using validated and systematic behaviour change tools, this process evaluation contributes to the translation of evidence to clinical practice for more effective, sustainable and transparent mental health care, reducing the research-practice gap in this area. Relevance to clinical practice These findings can facilitate implementation of evidence-based practice and inform interventions, improving clinical practice and outcomes for children and adolescents.

Cite in English: [Shevchenko VV. Basics of electric power engineering. Beginning. Training manual. Kharkiv, 2022. 256 p. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6465749] The issues of obtaining, distributing and transmitting electricity, which is necessary for the formation of a high engineering level of specialists of all technical specialties, are considered. The main purpose of the manual is to help students gain knowledge about the current level, problems and areas of electricity development. Particular attention is paid to electrical equipment of power plants and industrial enterprises: transformers, electric machines. The issues of perspective directions of electricity production, development of electricity sources and creation of modern electrical equipment are considered. The manual is recommended for students of electrical engineering specialty 141 "Power Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Electromechanics".

The phenomenological study on which this article is based inquired into Grade 9 Technology teachers’ professional development through workshops on pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) as well as their training needs. The workshops took place in Nelspruit in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Data were gathered from two groups of teachers who attended the workshops on two different days, but who were trained in the same way and were subsequently conveniently selected to participate in the study. Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with these teachers and the workshop facilitator was also interviewed. The training manual was scrutinised, the facilitation of the workshops was observed and a follow-up visit was done at two schools where the workshop participants taught. The findings revealed that while the teachers felt that the workshops developed them, such training did not fully meet their needs or expand their PCK repertoires. This study will inform the Mathematics, Science and Technology Academy (MSTA), which is tasked with offering in-service training to subject teachers in the province, about whether the workshops meet the needs of the attendees, thereby possibly necessitating a review ofthe training.

The purpose of the research is to determine the features of choreographic training in sports and to identify differences in the work of the trainer-choreographer and teacher of choreographic disciplines. Methodology. The research methodology is based on a theoretical analysis of scientific, methodological and specialized literature, systematization of practical material and own experience in this field, the study of a wide range of empirical research in the theory, methodology and practice of choreography and technical and aesthetic sports. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time the features of the choreographic training of athletes that should be reflected in the training methodology of the trainer-choreographer are highlighted, the need for the development of educational literature on sports choreography is substantiated, and a training manual for the educational process in the national higher school, written in the Ukrainian language. Conclusions. Peculiarities of choreographic training in technical and aesthetic sports, as well as differences in the work of the trainer-choreographer and teacher of choreographic disciplines indicate that the process of training athletes must meet the requirements of the rules of the competition, development trends and the specifics of sports activities. Knowledge of the features of choreographic training in sports is a prerequisite for the training of qualified trainers-choreographers who will work in sports. Based on the analysis of scientific, methodological and specialized literature, their own experience of many years of work in this area, the textbook “Choreography in Sport” (Kyiv publishing house “Olympic Literature”) was written, intended for students of higher sports and choreographic education, trainers and choreographers in technical and aesthetic sports, teachers-choreographers.

The World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund has introduced Integrated Community Case Management of childhood illness (ICCM) in order to train health workers at community level on how to treat children below 5 years who have pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria. Since Primary Health Care workers in Benue State are actively involved in caring for sick children at community level, there is every need for them to be trained on ICCM. The objective of this study is to find out if training of primary health care workers in North-West district of Benue State can improve their knowledge on ICCM. The study was carried out in Benue North-west where Gboko Local government was randomly selected out of seven local governments. Health Officers’ in-charge of 38 Primary Health Care Clinics were selected for the study and were trained based on our adapted ICCM training manual. The Pre and Post training assessment test for this study was designed based on the training manual. A paired sample t-test was conducted to find out if there were any significant difference in the knowledge of primary health care workers before and after receiving training. There was significant difference in the pre training scores ( x1 = 136.684, S1 = 37.370) and post-training scores (x2 =177.895, 2 S =14.469) at (t=6.783, P=0.000). This result strongly indicates that the teaching intervention has improved the knowledge of the Primary Health Care workers on ICCM in Gboko Local Government. Keywords: ICCM; Pneumonia; Malaria; Diarrhoea

Sonography provides excellent detection, localization, and characterization of soft‐tissue foreign bodies. Ultrasound guided foreign body removal is a safe and highly successful minimally invasive procedure that facilitates effective treatment and avoidance of complications in patients with soft tissue foreign bodies. Focused laboratory training is critical to successful implementation of a sonographic foreign body management practice.

Climate change poses as one of the greatest ethical challenges of the contemporary era and which is rapidly affecting all sectors and ecosystems, including natural ecosystems and human and social environments. The impacts on human societies, and societies’ ability to mitigate and adapt to these changes and to adhere to ethical principles are influenced by various factors, including gender. Therefore, this study aimed to design a model of climate change adaptation behavior among rice farmers in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, based on gender analysis (IUCN, UNDP and GGCA in Training manual on gender and climate change, 2009) and using the developed model of protection motivation theory (Bockarjova and Steg in Glob Environ Change 28:276–288, 2014). For this purpose, 173 female and 233 male rice farmers in Mazandaran Province were selected through stratified random sampling. The results showed that threat and coping appraisal had positive and significant effects on climate change adaptation behavior in both groups. Additionally, men’s and women’s perceived severity had the greatest impact on threat appraisal, and response costs had the greatest impact on their coping appraisal of climate change. Given that climate change adaptation behavior has been largely dependent on the development of ethical principles and the behavior of men and women toward climate change and based on the research findings, some suggestions are recommended at the mega (international), macro (governmental and legislative), meso (related organizations) and micro (rice farmers) levels for male and female rice farmers to adapt to the climate change phenomenon.

BACKGROUND Around half of surgical adverse events occur outside the operating room. However the majority of nontechnical skills (NTS) training programs have been developed for the intraoperative environment. Ward rounds are a crucial part of extraoperative care and to date no specific NTS training manual has been developed targeting emergency general surgical ward rounds. AIM To develop a NTS taxonomy for emergency general surgical ward rounds that can be used to improve surgical team members’ NTS and improve outcomes. METHODS A literature review of existing NTS taxonomies was conducted, followed by semistructured interviews and observational data collection, to determine good and poor surgical ward-round behaviors. These behaviors were reviewed by a panel of subject matter experts and categorized into a taxonomy, using the Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons taxonomy framework as a guide. RESULTS The Ward-round Non-Technical Skills for Surgery taxonomy includes examples of good and poor ward–round-specific behaviors, grouped into elements and categories. The taxonomy can be used as both a training and teaching manual for the surgical team. CONCLUSION Ward rounds are a crucial part of extraoperative surgical care. The Ward-round Non-Technical Skills for Surgery taxonomy provides surgical teams with a manual to help them improve their ward-round NTS.

This study aimed to demonstrate and popularize new value-added products of cassava and to provide improved techniques of processing cassava on rural households’ levels in major cassava growing areas of Semen Ari Woreda. From the Woreda two clusters, Arfaro and Mellorasha were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Training manual was developed and Practical training on processing, post-harvest handling, and utilization of cassava flour were given for 20 DAs, 18 Administrators and 181 model Farmers comprising of 121 female farmers and 60 model male farmers. From each cluster 5 kebeles and a total of 10 Kebeles were selected. 30 model respondent farmer households were interviewed about the technology in which 20 are females and 10 are male farmers among 181 total farmers participated in the training. Recipe and Sensory evaluation tests and other relevant data were; collected, analyzed, interpreted, and discussed. Post-harvest handling technology of cassava was about 80% excellent, 13.33% very good and 6.67% good; since the humidity in the study area was very low the product cassava tuber is chopped with a knife in large pieces which were not easily dried with a short period of time, rather it was exposed to perishability. Farmers ranked the preference criteria; Post-harvest handling of technology, Value addition, Processing of technology and Balanced diet as first, second, third and fourth respectively. Farmers preferred cassava Borde, flour, and fossose as first, second and third rank respectively.

This research assessed the integration of the Technical Education Skills Development Authority (TESDA) Dual Training System of the identified Caregiver Schools in Cebu City, Philippines. This is anchored on Christian Wolff’s theory that the mind has mental powers or faculties such as memory, reason, judgment, attention, will and observation; these functions have separate entity that can be improved through exercise or use. The respondent groups of this research were clustered into three (3) as to trainers, clinical instructors and trainees from three (3) caregiver schools and two (2) affiliated hospitals. It utilized the descriptive method with the TESDA adopted survey questionnaire as the instrument. The statistical treatments used were simple percentage, weighted mean and T-test. The findings revealed that the educational qualification and achievements of the trainers and clinical instructors met the prescribed competencies required by TESDA. Hence the Dual Training System (DTS) competency-based curriculum was Fully Delivered with an average weighted mean of 2.41 to the trainee respondent groups. The level of the DTS competency-based curriculum implementation as to basic, common and core competencies had a weighted mean of 2.91 described as Fully Implemented. There is a significant relationship between the trainees’ in-bound rating of a weighted mean grade of 88 and DTS performance rating with a weighted mean grade of 90. There is no significant difference as to the perceptions on the extent of DTS competency-based curriculum implementation among the respondent groups. Thus, it is concluded that the integration of the Dual Training System Competency-Based Curriculum improved the trainees’ performance. Thus, the Training Manual which is the output of this research is highly recommended.

В настоящей статье выполнен краткий обзор образовательных тенденций в Российской Федерации касательно темы статьи, отмечается необходимость конкурентоспособных специалистов — выпускников технических специальностей для экономики страны. Указывается высокая эффективность практико-ориентированного обучения для формирования конкурентоспособных выпускников технического профиля. В статье анализируется проведение в 2020/2021 учебном году среди обучающихся Бахчисарайского колледжа строительства, архитектуры и дизайна по специальности «Монтаж и эксплуатация оборудования и систем газоснабжения» опроса по результатам изучения дисциплины «Основы гидравлики, теплотехники и аэродинамики» с применением авторского учебно-методического пособия, в котором предложены разработанные практико-ориентированные практические работы, применение которых стимулирует мотивацию обучающихся к приобретению необходимых знаний, умений и навыков и способствует формированию системного мышления, овладению общими и профессиональными компетенциями. Исследуется отношение обучающихся к предложенному курсу практико-ориентированных практических занятий в сравнении с традиционным содержанием обучения на практических занятиях; оценка пользы для будущей профессиональной деятельности; помощь в понимании теоретического материала курса; удобство и наглядность использования авторского учебно-методического пособия по дисциплине. Исходя из проведенного анализа, делается вывод о положительном отношении обучающихся к этому курсу практических работ для будущей профессии. Учебно-методическое пособие помогает понять теорию по дисциплине и связь содержания обучения с будущей профессией, оно удобное в использовании, наглядное и достаточно иллюстрированное. Применение авторского курса практических работ и учебно-методического пособия «Основы гидравлики, теплотехники и аэродинамики» оказывает положительный эффект на формирование конкурентоспособности выпускников колледжа по специальности «Монтаж и эксплуатация оборудования и систем газоснабжения»., This article provides a brief overview of educational trends in the Russian Federation regarding the topic of the article, noting the need for competitive specialists — graduates of technical specialties for the country’s economy. The high efficiency of practice-oriented training for the formation of competitive graduates of a technical profile is indicated. The article analyzes the survey conducted in the 2020/2021 academic year among students of the Bakhchisarai College of Construction, Architecture and Design in the specialty Installation and Operation of Equipment and Gas Supply Systems based on the results of studying the discipline Fundamentals of Hydraulics, Thermal Engineering and Aerodynamics using the author’s training manual, which offers developed practice-oriented practical work and stimulates the students to acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities and contributes to the formation of systemic thinking, mastering general and professional competencies. The attitude of students to the proposed course of practice-oriented classes is studied in comparison with the traditional content of training in practical classes; assessment of the benefits for future professional activity; assistance in understanding the theoretical material of the course; convenience and visibility of the use of the author’s training manual on the discipline. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the students have a positive attitude to this course of practical work for the future profession. The training manual helps to understand the theory of the discipline and the relationship of the content of training with the future profession; it is easy to use and sufficiently illustrated. The application of the author’s course of practical work and the training manual “Fundamentals of hydraulics, heat engineering and aerodynamics” has a positive effect on the formation of competitiveness of college graduates in the specialty Installation and Operation of Equipment and Gas Supply Systems., Бизнес. Образование. Право, Выпуск 2 (59) 2022

A structured program of manualization and implementation of neurologic upper extremity task-specific training was developed at an inpatient rehabilitation hospital. The study used the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and engaged 31 stakeholders in manual refinement and examination of barriers after a year of training and use. Occupational therapists, occupational therapy assistants, and clinical educators provided input for manual revisions until consensus was achieved on usability, applicability, and implementation. Practitioners reported barriers such as intervention complexity, insufficient idea sharing for implementation, and a lack of motivators outside of the organization. The results can inform future implementation research in occupational therapy.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/07380577.2021.1938338 .

Procedure induced anxiety affects the majority of children undergoing medical intervention and has been directly linked to behaviour disturbances, psychological trauma, phobias and symptoms of PTSD. Despite this, there is currently no formal training relating to the management of procedure induced anxiety for medical personnel caring for children. A distillation of more than eighty years of research, this textbook examines the nature, prevalence and consequences of anxiety in children, alongside evidence-based strategies for its effective management. Designed as a training manual, it includes a comprehensive account of positive and negative aspects of behaviour that contribute to the successful management of anxious children. Chapters cover topics such as non-verbal and verbal communication, enhanced communication management strategies, support of children with autistic spectrum disorder, ADHD, learning difficulties, the use of premedication and the role that families play. Essential reading for anaesthetists and paediatricians and a valuable resource for any practitioner working with children.

BackgroundDignity Therapy (DT) has been implemented over the past 20 years, but a detailed training protocol is not available to facilitate consistency of its implementation. Consistent training positively impacts intervention reproducibility.ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to describe a detailed method for DT therapist training.MethodChochinov's DT training seminars included preparatory reading of the DT textbook, in-person training, and practice interview sessions. Building on this training plan, we added feedback on practice and actual interview sessions, a tracking form to guide the process, a written training manual with an annotated model DT transcript, and quarterly support sessions. Using this training method, 18 DT therapists were trained across 6 sites.ResultsThe DT experts’ verbal and written feedback on the practice and actual sessions encouraged the trainees to provide additional attention to eight components: (1) initial framing (i.e., clarifying and organizing of the patient's own goals for creating the legacy document), (2) verifying the patient's understanding of DT, (3) gathering the patient's biographical information, (4) using probing questions, (5) exploring the patient's story thread, (6) refocusing toward the legacy document creation, (7) inviting the patient's expression of meaningful messages, and (8) general DT processes. Evident from the ongoing individual trainee mentoring was achievement and maintenance of adherence to the DT protocol.DiscussionThe DT training protocol is a process to enable consistency in the training process, across waves of trainees, toward the goal of maintaining DT implementation consistency. This training protocol will enable future DT researchers and clinicians to consistently train therapists across various disciplines and locales. Furthermore, we anticipate that this training protocol could be generalizable as a roadmap for implementers of other life review and palliative care interview-based interventions.

Primary health care facilities offer an entry point to the health care system in Malawi. Challenges experienced by these facilities include limited resources (both material and human), poor or inadequate knowledge, skills and attitudes of health care workers in emergency management, and delay in referral from primary care level to other levels of care. These contribute to poor outcomes including children dying within the first 24 hours of hospital admission. Training of health care workers and support staff in Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) at primary care levels can help improve care of children with acute and severe illnesses. Health care workers and support staff in the primary care settings were trained in pediatric ETAT. The training package for health care workers was adapted from the Ministry of Health ETAT training for district and tertiary health care. Content for support staff focused on non-technical responsibility for lifesaving in emergency situations. The primary health care facilities were provided with a minimum treatment package comprising emergency equipment, supplies and drugs. Supportive supervisory visits were conducted quarterly. The training manual for health care workers was adapted from the Ministry of Health package and the support staff training manual was developed from the adapted package. Eight hundred and seventy-seven participants were trained (336 health care workers and 541 support staff). Following the training, triaging of patients improved and patients were managed as emergency, priority or non-urgent. This reduced the number of referral cases and children were stabilized before referral. Capacity building of health care workers and support staff in pediatric ETAT and the provision of a basic health center package improved practice at the primary care level. The practice was sustained through institutional mentorship and pre-service and in-service training. The practice of triage and treatment including stabilization of children with dangerous signs at the primary health care facility improves emergency care of patients, reduces the burden of patients on referral hospitals and increases the number of successful referrals.