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The proportion and scale of humans in the building are one of the invoices in shaping the beauty and effectiveness of the function of the building. In architecture, there is a golden ratio as a reference for calculating the proportions of a shape. While in Indonesia, especially in Java and Bali, there is a traditional measurement method for developing a building, using body anatomy measurements. This study uses the Golden Ratio and Traditional Measurement methods to analyze the dimensions of the prayer room at the Great Mosque in East Java with case studies of the Lamongan Great Mosque, Tuban Great Mosque, and Gresik Jamee Mosque. The results obtained from this study for the dimensions of the existing prayer room with the largest percentage approaching the golden ratio are the prayer room of the Great Mosque of Lamongan (82%) and the smallest is the Jami Gresik Mosque (61.8%). While the dimensions of the prayer room need adjustments to be more effective in meeting the human scale in performing prayers, traditional measurement methods that approach modern measurements use "kilan" and "hasta." From these results, it is hoped that in the future, mosque planning can pay attention to the proportions and dimensions of the human scale, both with modern and traditional measurements, which are the local wisdom of the local culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) is among the most effective means to study the phenomenon of light–object interaction. It can precisely describe the characteristics of spatial reflection of the target surface, and has been applied to aerial remote sensing, imaging technology, materials analysis, and computer rendering technology. This study provides a comprehensive review of the development of devices to measure the BRDF. We gathered research in the area by using the Web of Science Core Collection, and show that work on the BDRF has been ongoing in the last 30 years. We also describe some typical measurement devices for the BRDF proposed in the literature. Finally, we summarise outstanding problems related to BRDF measurement and propose directions of future research in the area.

This study was conducted to investigate the intraspecific variation of Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) using traditional morphometric measurements. In total, 136 samples were collected from four fishing areas across Thailand coastal waters. Raw data were standardized and then evaluated with univariate analysis of variance, canonical discriminant function analysis, and dendrogram of cluster analysis regarding to site, size, and sex. Result from ANOVA test exhibited that all morphological characters were significantly different among sites (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, forty-one morphometric characters were significantly different among size of male and female fish (P < 0.05) except for pre-orbital length, pupil diameter, eye diameter, and depth of maxilla for male fish. Forty-four morphometric characters were significantly different (P < 0.05) except of fork length among sex. From CDFA, E. tetradactylum showed phenotypic heterogeneity and two distinct stocks in the four selected fishing areas. Phenotypic variation on sites was determined by six morphological characters (MnFL, DFAF, DOM, HW, PeBFL and ED) for males, while eight characters for females (PrOL, AFSL, PeBFL, DOM, UJL, PD, AFRL and ED) in decreasing order. Differentiations between fish size classes, relied on PrDFL2, BD and UCFL in males and PrOL, PrePeFL and DFAF in females. Among sexes, PeFAF, PrDFL2, MxFL, MnFL, PrePeFL, HSDF and PrePFL were highly influential. Discriminate functions (DF1) clarified that 83.60% and 94.10% of the total variance were found among the sites of males and females, and 99.20% and 93.20% of the total variance were found among the sizes of males and females, respectively. and 73% of the total variance were found among the sexes. In the confusion matrix of CDFA, the overall assignments of individuals into their correctly classified original population were 98.68% and 100% for males and females based on site and size, and 75.74% of sex groups, respectively. Our study highlighted that the hermaphroditism of E. tetradactylum showed that three distinct stocks of males and two stocks of females inhabited Thai coastal waters. • Morphometric analysis exhibited that E. tetradactylum showed significant phenotypic variation among sites, size, and sex • E. tetradactylum shows phenotypic heterogeneity and exhibits three distinct stocks of males while two stocks of females • The highest intermixing was observed between small and medium, and also between large and extra-large sizeclasses • The highest intermixing between sexes was observed between males and females, and also between males and transitional sex [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of higher education is granted jurisdiction to the students and increase their learning. In the recent years, experts believe that these aims must pay more attention to sustainable learning in the life. Selecting the suitable evaluation methods for the students, which can access different evaluation aims simultaneously, is the biggest challenge for evaluation. This research considers the different common methods of evaluation and achieving the goals of sustainable learning of the students with the help of these methods. The research is an analytical and descriptive- survey. The statistical society of this research is the students of six majors of humanity in Isfahan University. The students were selected randomly. The research tool was researcher made questionnaire which has been prepared by reviewing the special text and experts view points on a Likert scale. Ensuring the reliability and validity of a questionnaire the data were analyzed by the descriptive and inferential statistic. According to the findings the evaluating method which has been used was inapplicable, compressed, limited and they were highly according to the student’s final exams. There is no place for self and peer assessment. Also finding showed that actions related to the evaluation are not programming on the line with the student sustainable learning and they have not suitable accuracy to measure the learning aims. Measurement method selection according to the learning outcome, especially sustainable learning and making student to have an active role in measurement process are among the suggestions.

The bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) is among the most effective means to study the phenomenon of light–object interaction. It can precisely describe the characteristics of spatial reflection of the target surface, and has been applied to aerial remote sensing, imaging technology, materials analysis, and computer rendering technology. This study provides a comprehensive review of the development of devices to measure the BRDF. We gathered research in the area by using the Web of Science Core Collection, and show that work on the BDRF has been ongoing in the last 30 years. We also describe some typical measurement devices for the BRDF proposed in the literature. Finally, we summarise outstanding problems related to BRDF measurement and propose directions of future research in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]