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The YAMP (Projects and Specifications Archive Department) historical collection is part of the collections of technical drawings owned by the Historical Archive of Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP S.A.). The survey of the collection, which is presented here, was commissioned by the Company to the Department of Archival, Library & Information Studies, University of West Attica, Greece. The objectives of the survey were the documentation of the condition of the collection, the determination of the technical specifications, and the cost estimation for its conservation. Several aspects of the survey methodology are presented, mainly the documentation step, which was planned to collect all the essential data, and the process of the cost estimation. Automation and parameterization of the calculations necessary for the documentation and the cost estimation are discussed in detail. The results of the survey and the recommended best practices for the optimization of the management of the collection are briefly outlined.

The research aims to evaluate the efficiency of some consolidation materials for tracing paper; hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel-E), zinc oxide nanoparticles and nanocellulose. The consolidated materials were used independently, and as hybrid mixtures to improve their properties. The prepared nanomaterials were examined with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and the materials used to consolidate the tracing paper samples after artificial aging were evaluated. Evaluation methods included investigation of the surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), measurement of mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation), and detection of chemical changes of the treated samples before and after thermal ageing at 80°C and 65% relative humidity by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Based on the results of the examinations, consolidation by the hybrid mixture consisting of hydroxylpropyl cellulose and nanocellulose proved to be successful; giving the best results when this hybrid mixture was applied on tracing paper samples. This mixture was distinguished by its ability to spread easily inside the paper, giving greater strength to the binding, without forming a film on the surface of the paper and causing stiffness or opacity to treated tracing paper. Therefore, this hybrid mixture was used to consolidate an archaeological tracing map at the Egyptian Geographical Society dating back to (1807 AD).

The research aims to conduct an experimental study to compare the effect of the Deacidification of tracing paper using; Calcium Hydroxide dissolved in Ethyl alcohol; in comparison with that use Nanocalcium Hydroxide dissolved in Isopropyl alcohol. Then; performing tests and analysis to compare between the two materials, in order to select the most suitable one to deacidify archaeological tracing maps at the “Egyptian Geographical Society” in, Egypt. The treatment methods used on tracing paper samples have been assessed after accelerated aging procedures, to study the efficiency of the Deacidification materials, using FTIR analysis (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) to identify the chemical changes in the functional groups of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, by comparing the intensity and regions of the absorption spectrum of their characteristic functional groups, in both the treated and standard samples. Also; microscopic examination was conducted; using Digital Light Microscope, and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); to examine the surface appearance of the treated paper sample. Moreover; the visual properties by using a colorimeter to assess the colour changes that occurred in the treated paper samples before and aging. The mechanical properties of the paper samples were evaluated by measuring the tensile strength and elongation percentage. Furthermore; the quality of the Deacidification was evaluated by measuring the pH of the treated samples in comparison with the standard samples. The Nanocalcium Hydroxide treatment was proved to have a slight effect on the chemical composition of the paper and an improved Deacidification; in comparison to Calcium Hydroxide.

Мақалада медиамәтіндерден қазіргі кезде үздіксіз еніп жатқан жаңа шеттілдік сөздердің қазақ тіліндегі қолданыс ерекшеліктері туралы сөз етіледі. Тілден тілге сөз алмасу құбылыстары бұрыннан да келе жатқан және қалыптасқан үрдіс. Тілде үнемі сөз ауысу үдерісі тоқтаусыз жүріп жатады. Оған себеп – әр елдің өзара экономикалық, мәдени, әлеуметтік қарым-қатынастарының ғасырлар бойы үзілмей келе жатқан заңдылығы. Барлық ұлт тілдері бір бірімен сөз алмасу арқылы тілдің сөздік құрамын толықтырады және кірме сөздер арқылы жаңа ұғым пайда болады. Бұқаралық коммуникацияның ерекше белсенділігінің әсерінен қазақ тілінің қолданыс аясы барынша жан-жақты тереңдей түсті. Бұл әсіресе медиамәтіндерден енген шеттілдік жаңа сөздердің қазіпгі қолданыс сипатынан байқалады. Сөздің қор БАҚ арқылы публицистикалық мәтіндер, газет, теле-радио мәтіндері, интернет мәтіндерімен толығуда. Егемен елдің экономикалық-мәдени саясатының бағдарына қарай шеттілдік сөздердің тілімізге ену себебінің алғышарттары жан-жақты бола түсті. Әсіресе, мұндай алғышарттардың біріне халықаралық қатынастар және ұлтаралық қоғамның белсенді түрде дамуы деп атап көрсетуге болады. Оның ішінде: Коммуникативтік байланыстардың жандануы; Еліміздің тәуелсіздікке қол жеткізуі; Қазақстандағы үштұғырлы тіл саясаты; Қоғамның шеттілдік сөздерді қабылдауына дайындығы. Мұндай жағдайда қазақ тіліндегі сөздік қор мен сөздік құрам кез келген терминологиялық салаларда бүкіл қолданыс аясын жеткілікті өз тілінің әлеуетін көрсете алса, сөз жоқ ұлт тілінің ұтқаны. Қазіргі шеттілдік жаңа сөздердің тілдік қолданыста игерілуі үлкен проблема. Себебі шеттілдік жаңа сөздер өзімен бірге жаңа ұғымдарды ала келуі мүмкін немесе қабылдаушы тілде біртектес ұғымды білдіретін сөздермен қатар қолданылып жүр. Ұлт тілінің тазалығы, тіпті ұлттық дискурста сол ұлт тілінің қолданыс өрісінде, түрлі коммуникациялық жағдаяттарда ала шұбар сөздер мен тіркестер қазақ тілінің бүгінгі көрсеткіші сияқты. Мақаланың зерттеу мақсаты осы тіл тазалығына қатысты.Шеттілдік сөздердің енуі тілдің экстралингвистикалық яғни сыртқы және тілдің ішкі лингвистикалық сипаттарына байланысты. Алайда шеттілдік жаңа сөздер қабылдаушы тілдің ішкі «иммунитетін», тіпті тілдік тұлғаның әлем суретін қабылдау деңгейін де өзгертетіні байқалады. Мақалада жиналған тілдік фактілер арқылы талданып, дәйектеледі. Медиамәтіндерді зерттеу әдістері ретінде контент талдау, дискурсивтік және когнитивтік талдау әдістері қолданылды., В статье речь идет об особенностях употребления в казахском языке новых иноязычных слов, которые в настоящее время непрерывно проникают из медиатекстов. Явление словообмена из языка в язык - давняя и устоявшаяся тенденция. В языке происходит непрерывный процесс смены слов. Виной тому – вековая неразрывная связь экономических, культурных,социальных отношений каждой страны. Все национальные языки дополняют свой словарный состав путем обмена словами друг с другом, через заимствованные слова появляется новое понятие. Под влиянием особой активности средств массовой коммуникации всесторонне углубилась и сфера функционирования казахского языка. Это особенно заметно в характерном использовании новых иноязычных слов, вошедших в медиаматериалы. Фонд пополняется через СМИ публицистическими текстами, газетными, теле- и радиотекстами, интернет-текстами. В зависимости от направленности экономико-культурной политики суверенной страны предпосылки проникновения иноязычных слов в наш язык стали более всеобъемлющими. Одной из таких важных предпосылок можно назвать международные отношения и активное развитие интернационального общества, в том числе активизацию коммуникативных связей; достижение страной независимости; триединую языковую политику в Казахстане; готовность общества к восприятию иноязычных слов. В этих условиях словарный состав казахского языка в любой терминологической области может показать весь спектр своего потенциала. Большая проблема заключается в овладении современными иноязычными новыми словами и в их языковом употреблении, потому что новые иноязычные слова могут выражать новые понятия или употребляться в принимающем языке наряду со словами, обозначающими однородное понятие. Чистота национального языка, даже национального дискурса, в поле употребления этого национального языка, в различных коммуникативных ситуациях – сегодняшнем показателе казахского языка.​ Проникновение иноязычных слов обусловлено экстралингвистическими, т. е. внешними, и внутренними лингвистическими характеристиками языка. Однако видно, что новые иноязычные слова изменяют внутренний «иммунитет» принимающего языка и даже уровень восприятия картины мира языковой личностью. В статье анализируются и систематизируются примеры языковых фактов, собранных в различных средствах массовой коммуникации., The article will focus on the peculiarities of the use of new foreign words in the Kazakh language, which are currently continuously penetrating from media subjects. The phenomena of word exchange from language to language is a long-standing and well-established trend. There is a continuous process of changing words in the language. The reason for this is the age-old inextricable legitimacy of the economic, cultural, and social relations of each country. All national languages complement the vocabulary of the language by exchanging words with each other, and a new concept appears through borrowed words. Under the influence of the special activity of mass communication, the sphere of functioning of the Kazakh language has deepened most comprehensively. This is especially noticeable in the characteristic use of new foreign words included in media materials. The Fund is replenished through the media with journalistic texts, newspaper, TV and radio texts, and Internet texts. Depending on the direction of the economic and cultural policy of a sovereign country, the prerequisites for the penetration of foreign words into our language have become more comprehensive. Especially one of such prerequisites can be called international relations and the active development of interethnic society. Including: activation of communication links; achievement of independence by the country; triune language policy in Kazakhstan; readiness of society to perceive foreign words. Under these conditions, the vocabulary and vocabulary of the Kazakh language in any terminological field can show the full range of sufficient potential of their language. The big problem lies in mastering modern foreign-language new words in linguistic use. Because new foreign-language words can take with them new concepts or be used in the receiving language along with words denoting a homogeneous concept. The purity of the national language, even in the National discourse, in the field of the use of this national language, in various communicative situations, as in today's indicator of the Kazakh language.​The penetration of foreign words is due to extralinguistic, i.e. external and internal linguistic characteristics of the language. However, it can be seen that new foreign words change the internal "immunity" of the receiving language and even the level of perception of the worldview by a linguistic personality. It is analyzed and systematized through the linguistic facts collected in the article., Филологические науки, Выпуск 1 (64) 2022

Tracing paper was used since the 12th century. The deterioration of tracing paper occurs as a result of external factors (inappropriate environmental conditions), or internal factors (such as manufacture process). The manufacturing process plays a significant role in the deterioration process since the preparation of tracing paper includes impregnating with oils or resins, heavy beating of the pulp, and treating the paper with chemicals such as sulfuric acid, and zinc chloride. The consolidation process is vital in the conservation of tracing paper to increase its strength and resistance against improper surrounding environmental conditions. Starch in its traditional form had been used as an adhesive for tracing paper since the last century. This paper aims to evaluate the use of starch in its traditional form and nanoscale form in improving the properties of 4 types of tracing paper. Mechanical properties, change of color, pH value, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and investigation of the surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for the evaluation process. Thermal aging at 100 oC was used for the aging of treated and untreated tracing paper. The results revealed that the starch nanoparticles dissolved in water were the best consolidant for impregnated tracing paper. Starch nanoparticles with carboxymethyl cellulose dissolved in water were the best consolidant for the two types of genuine vegetable parchment paper. Starch nanoparticles dissolved in acetone with carboxymethyl cellulose were the best consolidant for modern tracing paper.

Visible-to-near-infrared reflectance imaging spectroscopy (417–2500 nm), the collection of hundreds of images in contiguous narrow spectral bands calibrated to reflectance, was employed to characte...

careful review of the requirements (cf. D1.1) is complemented by consulting with architects and engineers in exploratory interview sessions. A distributed cognition approach allows us to model design as a collaborative activity of an entire design team, including human actors as well as their physical and digital surroundings in the environment. UML-inspired sequence diagrams provide an abstract view onteam activities in terms of who exchanges information using which media. Case studies on tracing as a design medium complete our study of established design practices in AEC industries. The analyses will guide the upcoming development and research activities in WP3and PrismArch as a whole.

В статье исследуются графические модели вхождения английских языковых единиц в русские терминосистемы, особенности их функционирования в разных специализированных сферах употребления на материале единиц, включенных в составленный нами «Словарь англицизмов русского языка», Поэтапное и кластерное внедрение англицизмов-терминов в принимающий язык позволяет понять характер современного процесса заимствования, более структурировано исследовать рассматриваемый феномен. Большое количество латентных англицизмов (калек) в различных русских терминосистемах существенно расширяет границы рассматриваемого объекта, а их исследование позволяет учитывать этимологический и когнитивный аспекты функционирования этих единиц., The paper considers graphical models of English words entering into Russian terminological systems, the features of their functioning in different specialized areas of use based on the unit material included in our Dictionary of Russian English Anglicisms. The phased and cluster introduction of English terms into the host language allows us to understand the nature of modern borrowing process, and explore the phenomenon under consideration more structured. A large number of latent Anglicisms (cripples) in various Russian terminological systems significantly expands the boundaries of the considered objects, and their study allows us to take into account the etymological and cognitive aspects of the functioning of these units., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 5 (95) 2020

Solid waste is one of the biggest problem of civil society. In this project, agriculture waste from bagasse and banana fibers have been used to produce handmade paper. These fibers were collected, dried under the sun and passed through water vat to remove dust. Next, it is cooked with 10% caustic solution in pressure cooker and then blended in mixer for different timing. Diluted solution of Clorox was used for discoloration and purification of pulp.Three types of papers were made from ready pulp. First type was by made by using raw material only, second type by addition of 2% of CaCO3 and 2% of starch. And the third types by addition of 5% of both additives. These papers were dried and then ironed for straightening.GSM, pH, Thickness, Bulk, and Moisture Content were calculated for all types of papers. It was found that papers from bagasse fibers are heavy and suitable for heavy and rough usage. While paper from banana fibers are useful for soft usage like tissues, wipes, tracing paper etc. This project is ecofriendly as it used agricultural waste and only little electricity was used.

В статье рассматривается механизм перевода композитных терминов научнотехнической сферы, содержащих полуаффиксы греческого и латинского происхождения, с европейских языков на китайский язык. Приведены примеры, подтверждающие продуктивность семантического заимствования данных лексических единиц. Отмечены морфологические и стилистические особенности одноуровневых переводческих соответствий, проблематика их морфемного статуса. Подчеркивается важность систематизации знаний о технологии заимствования терминов для решения задач в области перевода., The article discusses the mechanism of translation of composite terms in the scientific and technical field containing semiaffixes of Greek and Latin origin from European languages into Chinese. Examples are given confirming the productivity of semantic borrowing of these lexical units. The morphological and stylistic features of singlelevel translation correspondences, the problems of their morphemic status are noted. The article emphasizes the importance of systematization of knowledge on the technology of borrowing terms to solve problems in the field of translation., №7(85) (2019)

As a mount support for a large drawing on tracing paper, six honeycomb panels were adhered with Primal AC 33 acrylic adhesive to a wooden latticed strainer. The 13 mm-thick honeycomb panels were lap joined and the overlapping edges tacked down with Beva® 371 heat seal film (0.025 mm thickness) to conceal the joins. Japanese paper hinges were adhered at strategic and unobtrusive locations along the top and right verso edges of the drawing and threaded through the honeycomb panel for attachment on its verso. After the top hinges had been secured to the mount, the drawing was allowed to settle in a vertical position and then the remaining hinges were secured to the mount. The spaces between the lattice bars on the verso were filled with honeycomb panel pieces for added mechanical protection and moisture migration control. Mount and drawing are in good condition after 10 years.

We have developed high affinity Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) for neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline and caffeine. These polymer particles are mixed within the bulk of screen-printed ink allowing masss-producible bulk modified MIP Screen-Printed Electrodes (MIP-SPEs) to be realised. We have explored different SPE supporting surfaces, such as polyester, tracing paper and household-printing paper. The performance of those MIP-SPEs is studied using the Heat-Transfer Method (HTM), a patented thermal method. With the combination of screen-printing techniques and thermal detection, it is possible to develop a portable sensor platform that is capable of low-cost and straightforward detection of biomolecules on-site. In the future, this unique sensor architecture holds great promise for the use in biomedical devices.

Brittleness, discolouration, translucency, and solvent sensitivity are a few of the factors that need consideration when conserving transparent papers. These considerations coupled with the large format and the volume of transparent papers in collections makes effective preservation planning difficult. To address this problem a project was initiated to improve the standard of preservation for transparent papers in The National Archives’ collections. The significant outcomes of this one year project were a framework for preservation decision-making, and complementary tools designed to gather information to support better planning and treatment. The tools include survey questionnaires, a condition rating scale, a colour rating scale, and a database to capture information about the condition and types of transparent papers held by The National Archives.

Since historical maps are kept in digital format archives, they have not only the planimetric errors attributable to the cartographer but also those transferred during digitalising. This paper describes a methodology based on photogrammetric techniques and surveying applied to evaluate the accuracy of historical maps. The aim of the study is to take reference points on tracing paper from the original map and ground control points in order to use photogrammetric techniques to recover the metrics of the digitalised map. This ensures that the historical map in digital form has the same metric quality as the original map, since the errors arising from scanning are removed. This method is applied to 1775 map of the Real Sitio de Aranjuez (Spain), demonstrating that the application of photogrammetric techniques are useful tools for correction and analysis of historical maps. Consequently, photogrammetric techniques applied to the analysis of historical maps open up new perspectives for the study of the ...

We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a cost-efficient and easy-to-fabricate flexible thin-film nanocrystal quantum dot (NCQD) photodetector, by sandwiching a piece of NCQD-soaked tracing paper between two PEDOT:PSS electrodes. The highly conductive and transparent multilayer polymer electrodes are printed with an office inkjet printer without further patterning on commercial unmodified transparency films. The tracing paper is able to act as both the bed for NCQD attachment and the interspacing layer to prevent short-circuiting in vertical devices. Consistent increase in device performance is observed when the bending radius becomes smaller. Linear I-V characteristics are obtained, which show our device structure works as a photoconductor.

In this paper tracing paper was used as the support on which interdigitated graphite electrodes (IGE) were deposited by a line patterning technique (LPT). This substrate was characterized before and after the patterning procedure by thermogravimetric analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The performance of the IGEs prepared by LPT as humidity sensors were evaluated in an electronic nose system, under different humidities (in triplicate) at room pressure and temperature in a closed chamber. The relative humidity (RH) in the chamber was varied from 20 to 70% using dry nitrogen as a carrier gas, which was passed through a bubbler containing water to generate humidity. Slight changes in the morphology of the tracing paper were noted after the processes used to produce the IEG, but these changes did not prevent these sensors performing well under varied environmental conditions, as part of an electronic nose system to detect humidity. The results showed that humidity sensors were sensitive (215% ± 1.02) and provided good repeatability and reversibility (99% ± 0.01) after several cycles of exposure to RH.

The purpose of this study is to link traditional patterns to modern clothing. Of all the traditional patterns, the cloud pattern was chosen for use during the development of a modern one-piece dress design. This study is based upon document searches, including research papers. Through these searches, it investigates the symbolic meaning, historical change, and formation of the cloud pattern. Based on this investigation, the study attempts to modernize the cloud pattern and apply the modernized patterns to the design of a one-piece dress. The design procedure includes three sub-processes: selection, arrangement, and color-scheme. The selection process was divided in two: first, the original form of the cloud pattern was hand-drawn using tracing paper: second, the form of the pattern was edited using Adobe Photoshop. The arrangement of the pattern was made through the checklist conception method, containing the following functions: expand, reset, repeat, and overlap. For the color-scheme of the pattern, Roy Lichtenstein`s(1923~1997) work was selected, and the colors in his work were adopted when dyeing the rest of the one-piece dress as well as the cloud features. In conclusion, six modern designs of the one-piece dress were created by using one of Korea`s traditional patterns - the cloud pattern. Therefore, this study can offer invaluable suggestions for multifaceted research on how to come up with design concepts which apply Korea`s traditional patterns to clothing design.

Designing of buildings has undergone a real revolution in the last few decades. At first, it was a natural transition from drawings that were processed in pencil onto drawings by Indian ink on tracing paper, towards drawing’s board using virtual environment of personal computers and specialized software. Only few years went by, and third dimension (3D) has been added. Today, three-dimensional modeling of building elements has become important, as well. These elements with assigned attributes, that both further specify these elements, and express their interactions with other elements through the following additional information. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to clarify the principles of this technology, which has become known as Building Information Modeling (BIM), and to inform the reader about the basic principles and aspects of this technology. Part of the article has been devoted to analysis of case studies from the Czech Republic

В статье исследованы параметры водородных связей в конденсаторной бумаге на основе сульфатной небеленой сосновой целлюлозы и в чертежной прозрачной бумаге (кальке) на основе хлопковой целлюлозы. Определены плотность, длина и энергия водородной связи в исходных образцах и в образцах после термообработки. Предложена новая методика исследования водородных связей в материалах на основе растительного волокна., The paper presents the results of the study on parameters of the hydrogen bond by IR spectroscopy in the capacitor paper that comes from high-refined sulfate unbleached pulp and the high transparent drawing paper (transparent tracing paper) based on cotton cellulose. Selection of samples for research dictated the conditions of production, ensuring the formation of a highly developed system of hydrogen bonds. A new technique to study the hydrogen bonds in the materials based on plant fibers without destroying them is proposed. The study determined the density, length and the energy of hydrogen bonds in the initial samples and the samples after heat treatment. It is found that the strongest H-bond in both paper samples equal in energy, but differ in the relative density. During heat treatment, the bond density of all energies is decreased.

Arhitektonski crteži na paus papiru javili su se u 19. stoljeću. Prvi kemijski tretirani papiri proizvedeni su u Francuskoj 1846., a proces je komercijalno razvila tvrtka Warren de la Rue u Londonu. Paus papir odlikuje velika prozirnost i propusnost svjetlosti što je postignuto impregnacijom papirne pulpe uljima i smolama te dodatnim izlaganjem zraku te sušenjem navedene tvari stvaraju proziran papir. Tipična sredstva za postizanje prozirnosti jesu: kanadski balzam (tekuća smola koja se dobiva iz smole jele), dammar i laneno ulje. U dvadesetom stoljeću se karakteristična prozirnost paus papira dodatno unapređujete je osmišljen kako bi se mogle izvoditi kopije te crteži i nacrti za arhitektonske i projektantske potrebe. Uz prozirnost, jedna od glavnih karakteristika prozirnog papira jest jaka osjetljivost i reakcija u doticaju s vlagom. Sitni fibrili su u postupku proizvodnje usitnjavani u ogromnim količinama vode pa su vlakna jako nabubrena. Kada se papir osuši, vlakna “pamte”, pa u ponovnom kontaktu s vodom jako nabubre. Vlakna prozirnog papira se šire u širinu 10-20 posto, a gotovo ništa ili vrlo malo u dužinu. Vlakna prozirnog papira koji je samo impregniran, nemaju toliko izraženu higroekspanzivnost, nego ta impregnacija štiti papir od utjecaja vlage. Stoga, ovisno o kvaliteti papira, njegovoj vrsti, ali i količini oštećenja, bira se zadovoljavajuća metoda pri konzerviranju i restauriranju navedenog papira. Najčešće se pristupa samo djelomičnom popravljanju poderotina te izražajnijih pregiba. Podljepljivanje treba pokušati izbjeći jer se njime mijenja karakter objekta i zadire u strukturu papira., Earliest examples of architectural drawings on tracing paper are dating from the 19th century. First chemically treated papers were produced in France in 1846., the production process was further commercially developed by the firm Warren de la Rue in London. The transparency of the paper and light penetration is achieved by impregnation of the pulp with oils and resins, with additional exposure to air and drying these substances create a translucent paper. The typical agents used for achieving transparency are; Canada balsam, (liquid resin that is obtained from the resin of fir tree), dammar and linseed oil. The characteristic transparency of tracing paper was further improved in the twentieth century, since it was invented for the purpose of deriving copies and drawings and designs for architectural and engineering needs. With transparency one of the main characteristics of transparent paper is strong sensitivity and reaction in contact with moisture. In the process of production small fibrils are milled in huge amounts of water, so the fibers are very swollen. When the paper dries, the fibers “remember”, so in the anewed contact with water they became very swollen again. Transparent paper fibers are spread in width from 10 to 20 % , and almost nothing or very little in length. Fibers of transparent paper that is only impregnated, don’t behave so much hygroexpansive, yet the impregnation protects the paper from moisture hygroexpansive. For this reason, depending on the quality of the paper, its sort and the amount of damage, a adequate method is chosen to carry out conservation of the mentioned paper. Most often, treatments are performed only as partial consolidation of tears and intense foldings. Lining should be avoided because it may cause changes in the character of the object and it penetrates into the structure of paper.

The dependence of the quality of object imaging through a localized scattering layer is interpreted. It is shown that this dependence is determined not only by the optical characteristics of the medium but also by the brightness structure of the objects and by the presence (or absence) of an external illumination source.

Запропоновану статтю присвячено дослідженню розвитку правничої термінології. У статті йдеться про особливості та характерні риси процесу творення термінології правничого профілю. The given article deals with the study of the law terminology development. The article covers the peculiarities and distinct features of law terminology formation.

Summary The Ships Plans collection at the National Maritime Museum, London, contains upwards of 10,000 plans drawn between 1840 and 1900. The plans are drawn on oil and resin impregnated tracing paper. How best to preserve them and allow safe consultation has been the pre-occupation of curators and conservators for the last decade. This paper, the result of a six week project, is an update intended to detail earlier treatment techniques with certain modifications. A practical repair procedure is described that seeks, by refining previous methods, to achieve simpler, flexible and more convenient working methods suitable for most Dlan formats and states of deterioration.

A dissertation arguing that divergences between the LXX and MT of Zechariah may be accounted for in several ways, whether linguistic, textual, or reflecting the translator’s theological and cultural understanding.

Hand-done design drawing still has a several advantages over current, CAD-based approaches to generating form, especially in the early stages of design. One advantage is the indeterminacy of hand drawings—i.e. its abstractness and ambiguity. Another is a non-destructive drawing process, where new drawings are created without modifying old ones. A third is designers’ creation of large collections of inter-related drawings—i.e. graphical hyperdocuments. A fourth is the unobtrusive character of conventional drawing tools. These advantages might be taken as reasons for continuing to do early design on paper, but they also suggest ways in which CAD might be improved. We have created software prototypes that incorporate these features into a new type of CAD based on sketching with electronic pens on LCD tablets. One prototype, which we call HyperSketch II, simulates tracing paper in the sense that it enables the user to trace over previous drawings and to build stacks of traced over drawings. It also enables the user to create a hypermedia network in which the nodes are sketches and the links represent various relationships between sketches.

A method to fabricate electrodes for biosensors using commercial ink-jet printer was developed. An inkjet printer was operated by a personal computer with a graphical software in order that each ink of cyan, yellow and black did not mixed with other inks at the printing area. Two elongated rectangles were printed with silver nano-particle suspension on a thin tracing paper and heated in an oven to acquire conductivity. One of these Ag electrodes was chloridized to form a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. It was suggested that biosensors with other materials including enzymes can be fabricated using ink-jet printing similarly.

When a piece of tracing paper is placed gently on the surface of a bath of water, it rapidly curls up from one edge and rolls up due to the swelling of the side in contact with water. With time, as the swelling front propagates through the thickness of the paper, the paper gradually uncurls itself and eventually straightens out. We analyze the experimental dynamics of rolling and unrolling of the paper and complement these with a minimal theory that explains the basic observations. Our study might be useful in the context of designing biomimetic devices that work as actuators or harness energy from humidity variations.

This chapter deals with the various devices available for putting drawings out on to paper, tracing paper or polyester film.