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An 81-year-old man presented with chronic cough, which did not respond to the initiation of combined bronchodilator/inhaled corticosteroid therapy. CT of the chest revealed calcified nodules throughout the trachea sparing the posterior membrane, and tiny peripheral parenchymal nodules with basal interlobular septal thickening and calcification. Flexible bronchoscopy demonstrated endobronchial nodularity from the proximal trachea to the mid-sections of both main bronchi, sparing the posterior membrane. Histopathology revealed submucosal fibrous connective tissue and benign bone, confirming a diagnosis of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. CT was consistent with a concurrent diagnosis of dendriform pulmonary ossification. These two rare phenomena often present with non-specific symptoms, and the diagnosis can be made with imaging in both conditions. There is a role for bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of tracheobronchopathia osteochondropastica, and the endobronchial appearance could be diagnostic. The concurrence of both phenomena in our case might represent activity of a common cellular pathway of ossification in both sites.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TPO) is a rare disorder of the tracheopulmonary tree characterised by osseous and cartilaginous submucosal nodules projecting into the tracheal lumen, sparing the posterior tracheal membranous wall. Symptoms are non-specific and may include dry cough, hoarseness, dyspnoea, recurrent pneumonia and occasionally haemoptysis. A fibreoptic bronchoscopy showing multiple tracheal nodules followed by pathological biopsy is required to reach the final diagnosis. Here, we report two cases of TPO, both with history of biomass fuel exposure and almost similar clinical presentions with chronic cough, shortness of breath and intermittent haemoptysis. They both underwent fibreoptic bronchoscopy showing multiple tracheal nodules whose histopathological analysis showed the diagnosis of TPO. Both patients were treated conservatively and remained in good health afterwards. Physicians should be aware about the need of advanced surgical procedures including endotracheal stent placement in more severe cases.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TPO) is a very rare, benign disorder involving the lumen of the trachea-bronchial tree. However, its etiology is unknown. In our first case, observation for several years showed that TPO worsened as interstitial lung disease was aggravated. In the second case, the lung parenchymal lesion on computed tomography (CT) was found to be compatible with interstitial lung abnormality (ILA). We believe that our cases suggest a common pathogenetic relationship between TPO and fibrotic interstitial lung disease. TGF-β is likely a common factor in the pathogenesis of TPO and fibrotic interstitial lung disease.

Background: Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare idiopathic disease with a stable course that involves the mucous membrane of the tracheobronchial tree. Most cases present no specific symptoms, and there are currently no established guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. In this report, we discuss a single case of a patient with TO who was diagnosed based on clinical imaging and histopathology. Case Summary: A patient with a history of smoking and alcohol consumption, but no specific clinical symptoms, was diagnosed with TO after undergoing fiber-optic bronchoscopy. Nodular processes with smooth surface mucosa and detached bronchial mucosa were observed. The presence of TO was confirmed by pathological examination. Conclusion: The diagnosis of TO is difficult, and early fiber-optic bronchoscopy and pathological examination should be performed to facilitate the diagnosis.

Background Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TPO) is characterized by the presence of diffuse cartilaginous or bony submucosal nodules that lead to airway lumen narrowing. So far, there was no study in South Korea analysing a large number of TPO patients. We aimed to elucidate its treatment strategy and clinical course by analysing the characteristics of TPO patients. Methods In this retrospective study, we reviewed the clinical data of 40 patients diagnosed with TPO by bronchoscopy between October 1997 and April 2019 at a single referral hospital. Results Of the 40 patients, 26 (65.0%) were male and the median age was 63.0 years. The most common symptom was cough (n=12, 30%). Pulmonary function test (PFT) revealed an obstructive pattern in 10 (25.7%) patients. Chest computed tomography (CT) scan showed 23 (62.6%) patients with diffuse narrowing and calcified nodules. In bronchoscopy, the entire trachea was found to be involved in 30 (75.0%) patients and airway narrowing was identified in 6 (15.0%) patients. Endobronchial biopsies were obtained from 15 patients and the most common findings included typical cartilaginous and bony tissues (n=14, 93.3%). Since most patients were asymptomatic or had mild symptoms, they did not undergo any specific treatment. Of the 19 symptomatic patients, 2 (5.0%) patients received laser therapy for treating tracheal stenosis. Conclusions TPO is a slowly progressing disease and is well managed with conservative therapies. Although TPO shows a distinctive pattern by bronchoscopy, it follows a benign clinical course.

Objective. To investigate the clinical characteristics of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO). Methods. The clinical data of six patients with TO from November 2016 to November 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of TO were summarized. Result. All six patients with TO were middle-aged males, confirmed by histopathological examination. The main clinical symptoms were cough, sputum, hemoptysis, chest pain, and repeated pulmonary infection. Some patients could make a preliminary diagnosis by chest CT, and bronchoscopy showed that TO mainly occurred in the trachea and the main bronchus and was more likely to invade the right bronchus. The treatment mainly includes anti-infection, phlegm-resolving, and other symptomatic treatment. Conclusion. TO is a benign disease predisposing to adults, and males are more likely to be affected. Its clinical manifestations are lack of specificity, and the cause may be related to chronic infection. Bronchoscopy combined with histopathological examination is the primary approach for the diagnosis of TO. There is no well-recognized treatment standard for TO, and the judgment of therapeutic effect is inconsistent. It is necessary to improve the understanding of this disease from a clinical perspective.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare disease. Here, we report 5 TO cases treated at our hospital. Bronchoscopy showed typical multiple firm and glossy nodules in all the 5 cases. Conservative treatment effectively alleviated the symptoms. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is a manageable disease. Awareness in clinicians is critical to avoid unnecessary treatment in patients with TO.

We report two subjects with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO), including the clinical manifestations, histological findings, and clinical treatments, which were analyzed retrospectively. One patient with TO was a 60-year-old woman, and the other was a 47-year-old man. The main clinical manifestations were cough, chest pain, and dyspnea. Computed tomography (CT) images showed that TO mainly occurred in the trachea and main bronchus. Histological analysis showed inflammatory exudation, squamous metaplasia, submucosal cartilaginous, and ossification. We present the two cases to increase physician and patient awareness of this benign disease and to improve their understanding of the disease manifestations and potential complications.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare benign condition, characterized by the presence of multiple cartilaginous and/or osseous submucosal nodules protruding into of the tracheobronchial lumen. In general, tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastic(TO) is diagnosed incidentally during bronchoscopy or autopsy and is not associated with a specific disease. it can be asymptomatic or present with non-specific respiratory symptoms. We present a case of a 62 year-old female with the dry cough who was diagnosed with TPO by flexible bronchoscopy.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is a rare benign condition in which multiple cartilaginous or bony submucosal nodules project into the trachea or bronchi. A 71-year-old man complained of cough for 3 months. Computed tomography scanning revealed a calcified tracheal tumor near the tracheal bifurcation. Pulmonary function testing indicated airflow limitation, and bronchoscopic examination confirmed a solitary rigid tumor. Bronchoscopic resection was performed under general anesthesia, and the tumor was detached by cauterizing its stem with high-frequency coagulation. The tumor was pathologically indicative of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. After surgery, the clinical signs of cough and dyspnea resolved and pulmonary function normalized.

A case of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) was diagnosed in a 53‐year‐old man, who presented with prolonged cough and recurrent respiratory tract infection. Bronchoscopy revealed exostosis over the anterolateral wall of trachea and main bronchi sparing the posterior membranous wall. The endobronchial biopsy subsequently revealed ossification of the cartilage. To date, the aetiology of this condition remains unknown, and treatment is mainly symptomatic, emphasizing on timely management of recurrent respiratory infections. Bronchoscopy or surgical intervention is usually reserved for symptomatic patients with severe airway narrowing and airflow obstruction., Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare benign disorder affecting the trachea and main bronchi characterized by the development of submucosal cartilaginous and bony nodules. We report a case of TO in a patient presented with prolonged cough and recurrent respiratory tract infection.

Patient: Male, 67-year-old Final Diagnosis: Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica Symptoms: Difficult airway management Medication:— Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Anesthesiology Objective: Rare disease Background: Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare disorder characterized by cartilaginous or ossified submucosal nodules of unknown etiology that project into the tracheobronchial lumen. TO is often accompanied by endotracheal stenosis from cartilage proliferation and is often detected by difficult endotracheal intubation incidence. Case Report: Here we report the case of a patient (67-year-old man) with TO scheduled to undergo robot-assisted total prostatectomy for prostate cancer. The tracheal lumen was especially narrow at an area 1 cm below the glottis, with the smallest lumen diameter being 9 mm. After rapid induction, the bronchoscope passed through the stenosed region, and a 6.5-mm spiral endotracheal tube (ETT) was inserted with bronchoscopic assistance. However, because of resistance, the spiral ETT could not pass through the stenosed area. After changing to a 6.5-mm normal ETT, intubation was successfully performed with gentle rotation. Owing to the rotation, the tip entered and gained access to the gap between nodules. With use of a bronchoscope, we confirmed that the tip of the ETT was advanced 10 cm from the glottis, where the site of maximum stenosis was not covered by the tube cuff, and where the tip did not cross the bifurcation. After surgery, no bleeding or edema was found on bronchoscopy. Conclusions: In patients with TO, it is important to assess the airway condition and prepare for difficult intubation. In this case, tracheal intubation was performed with rotation using a bronchoscope and normal ETT.

Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica is a benign condition characterized by osseous and cartilaginous submucosal growths of the tracheobronchial tree. This is a case report of an individual that was to undergo elective surgery using general anesthesia with endotracheal tube intubation. However, the anesthesiologist encountered a large osseous mass of the precricoid region and could not be intubated. This case report describes the technique for removal of the obstructing lesion using a Sonopet ultrasonic aspirator. Laryngoscope, 131:E911-E913, 2021.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TBPO) is a rare benign disease of unknown cause, in which multiple cartilaginous or bony submucosal nodules project into the trachea and proximal bronchi. It usually occurs in men in their fifth decade and can cause airway obstruction, bleeding and chronic cough; patients are more prone to post-obstructive pneumonia and chronic lung infection in some instances. We report a case of a 69-year-old female who presented with shortness of breath and lower extremity swelling over the past couple of weeks. Echocardiography (ECHO) was consistent with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and she was treated with diuretics accordingly. Imaging revealed persistent pleural effusions bilaterally, more pronounced on the right side. During the course of her hospitalization, the patient coded once and had to be resuscitated. She had bronchoscopy done and pathology was consistent with TBPO. In this condition, there are numerous osseous or cartilaginous submucosal nodules in the trachea and the main bronchus and nodules are formed due to the deposition of calcium phosphate that results in the proliferation of osseous and cartilaginous structures resulting in the obstruction of large airways. Treatment for the most part is supportive and resolves around bronchodilators for symptomatic relief.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TPO) is an idiopathic disease involving the cartilage rings of the large airway, characterized by submucosal calcified nodules. Localized tracheobronchial amyloidosis (TBA) is another rare disease with localized amyloid deposits in the tracheobronchial tree. The two diseases rarely coincide, and only a few case reports and series have been reported. A patient with dyspnea was referred to our clinic for suspicion of TBA. Chest computed tomography (CT) scan showed marked thickening of the tracheobronchial wall with calcified endobronchial submucosal nodules. The nodules were resected with a Diode Laser under rigid bronchoscopy, and results from the biopsy showed both osteochondroid metaplasia on microscopy in Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and apple-green birefringence on polarized microscopy in Congo red staining. This is a rare case in which microscopic findings of both TPO and TBA were observed on one slide. These findings suggest that localized TBA could be a cause of TPO.

Introduction: Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica (TPO) is a rare disease that is characterized by bony canals located on the cartilage ring. We here report one case of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica Case Report: A 64-year-old female patient was admitted to the hospital with a productive cough, sputum, and fever for ten days. Her chest CT scan showed mild thickening and irregularity associated with calcification in the trachea wall and main bronchus. The patient had rheumatoid arthritis, and after consultation with a rheumatologist, she received pneumonia treatment and then underwent bronchoscopy. Conclusion: TPO is a rare, benign disease with slow progression. Physicians should be aware of TPO and should consider it in patients with chronic cough and respiratory infections.

We report a case of a 59‐year‐old male with a one‐month history of pleuritic chest pain who was diagnosed with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO). TO is a rare benign condition characterized by protruding submucosal nodules into the tracheobronchial lumen. The disease is generally asymptomatic, with rare cases of progressive nodularity, cough, dyspnoea, and haemoptysis. Diagnosis can be made via bronchoscopic visualization of bony and cartilaginous nodules on tracheal walls. Although generally benign, the rarity of this condition makes diagnosis difficult even for trained pulmonologists and frequently predisposes patients to unnecessary invasive diagnostic testing and improper management of symptoms and contributing co‐morbid conditions. We present this case to increase physician and patient awareness about this disease to help improve diagnostic strategy and knowledge of disease manifestations and potential complications., We report a case of a 59‐year‐old male with a one‐month history of pleuritic chest pain who was diagnosed with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO). TO is a rare benign condition characterized by protruding submucosal nodules into the tracheobronchial lumen. We hope this case will help to increase physician and patient awareness about this disease to help improve diagnostic strategy and knowledge of disease manifestations and potential complications.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare idiopathic and benign disease that is often underdiagnosed. TO is characterized by multiple submucosal cartilaginous and osseous tracheobronchial nodules that spare the posterior wall. It usually affects the elderly, developing when the person is around 60 years old without gender preference and has a reported incidence of 0.11%. TO can be symptomatic and should be considered in patients with chronic cough, dyspnea, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Diagnosis is usually incidental by computed tomography or bronchoscopy, the latter being the gold standard diagnostic test for TO. Many thoracic imagers are not well acquainted with TO; thus, these patients are often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. We came across 5 patients in our institution who were incidentally diagnosed with TO, inspiring us to review the available literature on this disease. A total of 33 patients diagnosed with TO between 2009 and 2019 were identified by our retrospective review. Clinical and imaging data were collected on these patients. We also included the clinical, radiological, and endoscopic data of our 5 cases. TO should be considered in patients with chronic cough, dyspnea, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Our experience is that both computed tomography and bronchoscopy can be used to make a reliable diagnosis. It is crucial for physicians, especially radiologists and pulmonologists, to be aware of the existence of TO in order to ensure proper diagnosis.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare, benign, slowly progressive disease of unknown aetiology. It is characterized by numerous sessile, cartilaginous, or osseous submucosal nodules distributed throughout the anterolateral walls of the trachea and projecting into the laryngotracheobronchial lumen. The diagnosis is usually incidental with distinct bronchoscopic or computed tomography (CT) scan findings. We have identified a case of asymptomatic TO through fibreoptic bronchoscopy and biopsy after having a difficult intubation for elective prostate surgery., Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare, benign, slowly progressive disease of unknown aetiology. It is characterized by numerous sessile, cartilaginous, or osseous submucosal nodules distributed throughout the anterolateral walls of the trachea and projecting into the laryngotracheobronchial lumen. The diagnosis is usually incidental with distinct bronchoscopic or computed tomography (CT) scan findings. We present a case of asymptomatic TO identified through fibreoptic bronchoscopy and biopsy after having a difficult intubation for elective prostate surgery.

Tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica (TO) is a rare benign disease in which the anterior inner wall of the tracheobronchus changes because of abnormal chondrogenesis or ossification, while the posterior wall of the trachea is spared. The etiology is not clearly understood, but may relate with chronic infection, inflammation, and trauma. In some case studies, it has also been reported to be accompanied by other chronic diseases such as atrophic rhinitis and amyloidosis. However, Coexistence of TO and tuberculosis has rarely been reported, and has never been reported in Korea. Here, we report a case of a 70-year-old male patient who complained of hemoptysis and whose case was diagnosed as TO and pulmonary tuberculosis through bronchoscopy with bronchial washing and biopsy.

We report a case of difficult endotracheal intubation in a patient with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. A 65-year-old man was scheduled to undergo ulnar nerve decompression and ganglion excisional biopsy under general anesthesia. During induction of general anesthesia, an endotracheal tube could not be advanced through the vocal cords due to resistance. A large number of nodules were identified below the vocal cords using a Glidescope® video-laryngoscopy, and fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed irregular nodules on the surface of the entire trachea and the main bronchus below the vocal cords. Use of a small endotracheal tube was attempted and failed. a laryngeal mask airway (LMA Supreme ™) rather than further intubation was successfully used to maintain the airway.

A mature male grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos) that died of blunt-force trauma had numerous hard 1–3-mm nodules protruding from tracheal rings into the lumen of the distal trachea. Histologically, these were round aggregates of mature cartilage within the submucosa. Such lesions are consistent with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica, a rare tracheal disease in humans and animals.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is not only rare but also presents highly varied and unpredictable clinical manifestations. Consequently, the management and treatment strategies remain unclear. An accurate evaluation tool is important for the management of individual patients in the absence of standard guidelines. Although bronchoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis, it cannot satisfactorily detect the treatment response and disease progression because subtle mucosal changes can go undetected. Therefore, improved techniques that can detect subtle mucosal changes associated with TO are desirable. Autofluorescence imaging bronchoscopy (AFI) is a recently introduced advanced endoscopic technology that can detect subtle mucosal changes with the aid of different colors. Here we report the first case, to the best of our knowledge, involving a 42-year-old man with TO in whom tracheal involvement was evaluated by AFI and detected as the appearance of a magenta color.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare disease that may cause unexpected difficult intubation. There is no available consensus on the management of difficult intubation that is associated with TO. A 45-year-old woman was scheduled for modified radical mastoidectomy, canaloplasty, and tympanoplasty under general anesthesia. We encountered significant resistance during tracheal intubation, although the laryngeal view was normal with the video laryngoscope. A fiberoptic bronchoscope was then used to facilitate intubation, and we noted that the trachea was obviously narrowed due to cartilaginous ring hypertrophy. The tracheal tube was fully lubricated with tetracaine gel, and smoothly inserted into the trachea. After the operation, bronchoscopy and a computed tomography (CT) scan were performed to confirm the diagnosis of TO. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy-assisted tracheal intubation is safe and effective choice for the patients in whom subglottic intubation is difficult. CT scan and bronchoscopy might be helpful for preoperative airway assessment. Identifying patients with TO is important to avoid unexpected tracheal intubation impediment. Assessment of the subglottic airway should also be taken seriously.

iBackground:/iTracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare benign disease. We report a case of TO.iMethods:/iChest CT scan and bronchoscope with biopsy was performed for diagnosis and blood tests explored for the latent etiology.iResults:/iChest CT scan and bronchoscopic images showed multiple nodular protrusions in the trachea and main bronchi. Histopathology demonstrated sub-mucosal ossification and inflammatory cell infiltration. Laboratory inspection showed adenovirus and coxsackie B virus IgM antibodies were positive.iConclusions:/iThe patient recently had a virus infection and inflammation was observed in histopathology, which indicated adenovirus and coxsackie B virus may play a role in the occurrence or exacerbation of TO.

BACKGROUND: Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) consists of benign lesions of tracheal and bronchial mucosa with multiple nodular hyperplasia of bone or cartilage protruding into the lumen. METHODS: We diagnosed 73 subjects with TO with the use of bronchoscopy in the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Xiangya Hospital between January 2000 and April 2017. Clinical manifestations, radiographic characteristics, bronchoscopic manifestations, histopathological findings, and treatments were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Subjects included 30 women and 43 men (mean age, 52.8 ± 11.7 y). Twenty-seven subjects were diagnosed with other diseases, including tuberculosis in 11 subjects, carcinoma in 13, bronchiectasis in 2, and pulmonary hamartomas in 1 subject. The most common symptom was cough (n = 34). Other initial manifestations included hemoptysis (n = 17), expectoration (n = 15), and chest pain (n = 8). Of those who underwent a computed tomography scan in our hospital, 28 of 32 subjects had noted calcification of the tracheal wall, with 4 of 32 subjects appearing normal. Bronchoscopy revealed typical accumulation of diffuse cartilaginous and osseous nodules of TO, and 9 had observable tracheal stenosis. Histopathologic results included the presence of chronic inflammation (n = 47), ossification (n = 38), and cartilage formation (n = 10). Most subjects received symptomatic treatment, although 3 subjects with severe airway obstruction received bronchoscopic treatment. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that TO lacks clinical specificity, which means that special therapy and bronchoscopy with histopathological and radiographic assistance is important for its diagnosis. The treating physicians9 awareness about this condition is also important to its diagnosis and management.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a large airway disorder, characterised by bony nodule growth on the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea and bronchi. Its diagnosis is based on the ‘rock garden’ appearance on bronchoscopy.[1–3][1] However, as an uncommon condition with

Purpose Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) also known as tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica, is a rare benign chronic disease of undetermined etiology usually involving the trachea and bronchi. We describe the case of a 40-year-old male with carcinoma colon with difficult intubation who was later diagnosed to have TO. Previously also TO has been reported with carcinoma colon. Whether this is an incidental finding or the two have any correlation remains to be deciphered. Clinical features The patient had no previous symptoms despite the presence of extensive endotracheal lesions. The patient had to be intubated with a tube that was several sizes smaller for his height and weight. Subsequent intraoperative and postoperative period was uneventful. The diagnosis of TO was confirmed by subsequent radiological and histopathological examination. Conclusion Awareness of this entity and its anticipation in patients with colorectal carcinoma may help anesthetists to manage similar cases appropriately in the future. Also it shall help in future research being directed to this condition.

Patient: Male, 27 Final Diagnosis: Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica Symptoms: Shortness of breath • stridor Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Neck computer tomography • pulmonary function test • neck surgical exploration • tracheostomy placement Specialty: Critical Care Medicine Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is a rare benign and often indolent disease. We report the first case of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TBO) presenting as acute hypercarbic respiratory failure due to superimposed subglottic submucosal abscess. Case Report: A 27-year-old man presented to the emergency department in respiratory distress that required mechanical ventilation for acute hypercarbic respiratory failure. Upon extubation the next day, stridor was elicited with ambulation. Spirometry revealed fixed upper airway obstruction. Neck imaging showed a 2.8×2.0×4.0 cm partially calcified subglottic mass with cystic and solid component obstructing 75% of the airway. Surgical exploration revealed purulent drainage upon elevation of the thyroid isthmus and an anterolateral cricoid wall defect in communication with a subglottic submucosal cavity. Microbiology was negative for bacteria or fungi. Pathology showed chondro-osseous metaplasia compatible with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TBO). The patient received a course of antibiotics and prophylactic tracheostomy. Since tracheostomy removal 3 days later, the patient remains asymptomatic. Conclusions: Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is a rare disease with usually benign clinical course and incidental diagnosis. It may present as acute hypercarbic respiratory failure when subglottic infection is superimposed.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TPO) is a rare disorder characterized as multiple osseous or cartilaginous nodules in the submucosa of trachea and main bronchi. TPO remains an under recognized entity due to lack of awareness. Four cases of TPO are reported in this review as well as various facets of TPO description.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare benign airway disease that is characterized by the presence of multiple rock-garden-like nodules on bronchoscopy. TO is a slowly progressive disease of the trachea and major bronchi, which is typically characterized by such symptoms as a persistent nonproductive cough, dyspnea and wheezing. The clinical features of TO are variable, and asymptomatic patients may incidentally be diagnosed during the work-up for other diseases. We herein report a rare case of TO accompanying multiple tracheobronchial polyposis in which bronchoscopic resection of the airway polyp using a high-frequency snare was successfully performed.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is a rare airway disease of unknown aetiology. Due to overlapping symptomology and lack of awareness, the condition is often missed resulting in unnecessary medical or surgical treatment. A male patient presented with a long-standing history of hoarseness and had earlier received treatment for bronchial asthma and tuberculosis. On evaluation, he had typical submucosal calcified nodules distributed throughout the trachea sparing the posterior membranous part. Although the biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica in our case, histopathological examination is not always needed to make this diagnosis. Our patient has been kept under conservative management and is having non-progression of disease at 1-year follow-up. After having reviewed the literature related to pathophysiology and management of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica, we emphasise on the fact that the treating physicians' awareness about this condition is the key to its diagnosis and management.

We describe a rare case of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TBO) in a 35-year-old man who presented with recurrent chest infection and hemoptysis. Bronchoscopy and computed tomography scan revealed a single 1.5-cm hard nodular mass lesion in the lingular bronchus associated with collapse and bronchiectasis of the lingula. The patient underwent open left lingulectomy with removal of the mass. Histopathology of the lesion showed characteristic features of TBO. TBO is generally characterized by multiple nodules in the trachea or main bronchi. The presentation of TBO as a single dominant mass is rare and can be considered as a differential diagnosis for intrabronchial calcified mass lesions.