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Approximately 75 percent of all fractures sustained by children occur in the upper extremities and frequently occur during a fall onto an outstretched hand. The majority of these injuries involve the wrist and forearm, but the elbow alone accounts for approximately 10 percent of all fractures in children. Elbow fractures in children are challenging because of the abundance of unossified cartilage and the high potential for limb-threatening damage to neurovascular structures. Common types of elbow fractures include supracondylar, lateral condylar, medial epicondylar, radial neck and transphyseal fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dietary consumption of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is believed to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms. Its protective mechanisms are unclear, but specific EVOO phenolic compounds can individually impede the aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and the microtubule-associated protein tau, two important pathological manifestations of AD. It is unknown, however, whether the numerous and variable phenolic compounds that are consumed in dietary EVOO can collectively alter tau and Aβ aggregation as effectively as the individual compounds. The activity of these complex mixtures against Aβ and tau may be moderated by competition between active and nonactive phenolic components and by extensive derivatizations and isomerization. Here, phenolic mixtures extracted from two different EVOO sources are characterized and tested for how they modulate the aggregation of Aβ40 peptide and tau peptides in vitro . The chromatographic and NMR analysis of Greek and Saudi Arabian EVOO phenolic extracts reveals that they have different concentration profiles, and over 30 compounds are identified. Thioflavin T fluorescence and circular dichroism measurements show that relatively low concentrations (<20 μg/mL) of the Greek and Saudi extracts reduce the rate of Aβ40 aggregation and fibril mass, despite the extracts having different phenolic profiles. By contrast, the Greek extract reduces the rate of tau aggregation only at very high phenolic concentrations (>100 μg/mL). Most compounds in the extracts bind to preformed Aβ40 fibrils and release soluble Aβ oligomers that are mildly toxic to SH-SY5Y cells. Much higher (500 μg/mL) extract concentrations are required to remodel tau filaments into oligomers, and a minimal binding of phenolic compounds to the preformed filaments is observed. It is concluded that EVOO extracts having different phenol profiles are similarly capable of modulating Aβ40 aggregation and fibril morphology in vitro at relatively low concentrations but are less efficient at modulating tau aggregation. Over 2 M tonnes of EVOO are consumed globally each year as part of the Mediterranean diet, and the results here provide motivation for further clinical interrogation of the antiaggregation properties of EVOO as a potential protective mechanism against AD., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

It has been shown extensively that glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein interactions can induce, accelerate, and impede the clearance of amyloid fibrils associated with systemic and localized amyloidosis. Obtaining molecular details of these interactions is fundamental to our understanding of amyloid disease. Consequently, there is a need for analytical approaches that can identify protein conformational transitions and simultaneously characterize heparin interactions. By combining Raman spectroscopy with two-dimensional (2D) perturbation correlation moving window (2DPCMW) analysis, we have successfully identified changes in protein secondary structure during pH- and heparin-induced fibril formation of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) associated with atherosclerosis. Furthermore, from the 2DPCMW, we have identified peak shifts and intensity variations in Raman peaks arising from different heparan sulfate moieties, indicating that protein-heparin interactions vary at different heparin concentrations. Raman spectroscopy thus reveals new mechanistic insights into the role of GAGs during amyloid fibril formation.

Potential drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be found by identifying compounds that block the assembly of the microtubule-associated protein tau into neurofibrillar tangles associated with neuron destabilization and cell death. Here, a small library of structurally diverse compounds was screened in vitro for the ability to inhibit tau aggregation, using high-throughput synchrotron radiation circular dichroism as a novel tool to monitor the structural changes in the protein as it assembles into filaments. The catecholamine epinephrine was found to be the most effective tau aggregation inhibitor of all 88 screened compounds. Subsequently, we tested chemically similar phenolamine drugs from the β-adrenergic receptor agonist class, using conventional circular dichroism spectroscopy, thioflavin T fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. Two compounds, salbutamol and dobutamine, used widely in the treatment of respiratory and cardiovascular disease, impede the aggregation of tau in vitro . Dobutamine reduces both the rate and yield of tau filament formation over 24 h; however, it has little effect on the structural transition of tau into β-sheet structures over 24 h. Salbutamol also reduces the yield and rate of filament formation and additionally inhibits tau's structural change into β-sheet-rich aggregates. Salbutamol has a good safety profile and a half-life that facilitates permeation through the blood-brain barrier and could represent an expediated approach to developing AD therapeutics. These results provide the motivation for the in vivo evaluation of pre-existing β-adrenergic receptor agonists as a potential therapy for AD through the reduction of tau deposition.

Two experiments examined the relation between event structure, situational likelihood and eye fixation time while reading predicate modifiers in isolated sentences. Experiment 1 used activity predicates and preparatory process predicates ( climbed a mountain ), which make salient the process that leads to a culmination. Preparatory process predicates increased first pass time on durative modifiers ( for several years ) and decreased total time on frequency modifiers (e.g., every year ). Situational likelihood was associated with fixation times on frame modifiers ( last year ) but not with fixation times on durative or frequency modifiers. Experiment 2 used activity predicates and result state predicates ( halted a class ), which make salient the result that follows from a culmination. Result state predicates had no effect on fixation times on durative modifiers and decreased total time on frequency modifiers. Situational likelihood was associated only with total time on durative modifiers. These results demonstrate that readers use the meanings of predicates and modifiers to form an initial model of a sentence and that the likelihood of the reported situation is related to reading time relatively late. The results are discussed in terms of type coercion theory and situation models in sentences and narratives.

Alternative reproductive tactics in animals are commonly associated with distinct male phenotypes resulting in polymorphism of sexually selected weapons such as horns and spines. Typically, morphs are divided between small (unarmed) and large (armed) males according to one or more developmental thresholds in association with body size. Here, we describe remarkable weapon trimorphism within a single species, where two exaggerated weapon morphs and a third morph with reduced weaponry are present. Male Pantopsalis cheliferoides harvestmen display exaggerated chelicerae (jaws) which are highly variable in length among individuals. Across the same body size spectrum, however, some males belong to a distinct second exaggerated morph which possesses short, broad chelicerae. Multiple weapon morphs in a single species is a previously unknown phenomenon and our findings have significant implications for understanding weapon diversity and maintenance of polymorphism. Specifically, this species will be a valuable model for testing how weapons diverge by being able to test directly for the circumstances under which a certain weapon type is favoured and how weapon shape relates to performance.

Nevus comedonicus is a rare developmental abnormality of the infundibulum of the hair follicle. It is usually unilateral and commonly presents at birth or during childhood. A rare case of late-onset, bilateral nevus comedonicus of the eyelids is reported. A 79-year-old man presented with asymptomatic but disfiguring eyelid lesions noted several months earlier. On physical examination, multiple papules resembling comedones were present bilaterally in the eyelids, canthi, temple regions, and bridge of the nose. Microscopically, there were deep invaginations of the follicular canals forming focal tunnels or pseudosinus tracts with poral openings to the surface. These variably cystic structures were lined by keratinizing and nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium, contained concentric lamellae of keratin in their lumens, and some were acutely or chronically inflamed. The diagnosis of a nevus comedonicus was made. The clinical and histopathologic characteristics, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and management of nevus comedonicus are briefly discussed.

Comprehension includes interpreting sentences in terms of aspectual categories such as processes (Harry climbed) and culminations (Harry reached the top). Adding a verbal modifier such as for many years to a culmination coerces its interpretation from one to many culminations. Previous studies have found that coercion increases lexical decision and meaning judgment time, but not eye fixation time. This study recorded eye movements as participants read sentences in which a coercive adverb increased the interpretation of multiple events. Adverbs appeared at the end of a clause and line; the post-adverb region appeared at the beginning of the next line; follow-up questions occasionally asked about aspectual meaning; and clause type varied systematically. Coercive adverbs increased eye fixation time in the post-adverb region and in the adverb and post-adverb regions combined. Factors that influence the appearance of aspectual coercion may include world knowledge, follow-up questions, and the location and ambiguity of adverbs.

This paper presents the Static Computational Optical Undersampled Tracker (SCOUT), an architecture for compressive motion tracking systems. The architecture uses compressive sensing techniques to track moving targets at significantly higher resolution than the detector array, allowing for low cost, low weight design and a significant reduction in data storage and bandwidth requirements. Using two amplitude masks and a standard focal plane array, the system captures many projections simultaneously, avoiding the need for time-sequential measurements of a single scene. Scenes with few moving targets on static backgrounds have frame differences that can be reconstructed using sparse signal reconstruction techniques in order to track moving targets. Simulations demonstrate theoretical performance and help to inform the choice of design parameters. We use the coherence parameter of the system matrix as an efficient predictor of reconstruction error to avoid performing computationally intensive reconstructions over the entire design space. An experimental SCOUT system demonstrates excellent reconstruction performance with 16X compression tracking movers on scenes with zero and nonzero backgrounds.

A basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid had unique and potentially confusing histopathologic features. The tumor displayed a carcinoma in situ pattern with replacement of an extensive segment of the tarsal epithelium by neoplastic basaloid cells, a finding to the best of the authors' knowledge that has not been previously documented. Within the infiltrating component of the dermis were classical solid basaloid nests and lobules; they were accompanied, however, by a separate and exceptionally prominent component of duct-like (pseudoglandular) units mimicking a microcystic adnexal carcinoma.

We present a multimodal optical microscope that incorporates six imaging modalities on one common platform. The imaging modalities include three staring modes, optical quadrature microscopy (OQM), differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, and epi-fluorescence microscopy, and three scanning modes, confocal reflectance microscopy (CRM), confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM), and two-photon microscopy (2PM). OQM reconstructs the amplitude and phase of an optically transparent specimen within a modified Mach-Zehnder configuration. DIC microscopy images the phase gradient along a specified direction of an optically transparent specimen. CRM detects index of refraction changes that modulate backscatter. Epi-fluorescence microscopy, CFM, and 2PM detect endogenous and exogenous fluorophores within a specimen. The scanning modes are inherently capable of producing three-dimensional (3-D) images due to optical sectioning and localized probing. Illumination and imaging are performed coaxially with minimal changes of optical components between modes. Multimodal images of embryos are shown to demonstrate the microscope's imaging capabilities.

Purpose: Sex steroids exert a significant influence on the health and well-being of the ocular surface and adnexa. These hormones affect multiple aspects of the lacrimal and meibomian glands, conjunctiva, and cornea, and have been linked to the development of many ocular surface pathologies. We hypothesize that these hormone actions, as in other tissues, occur predominantly after the local synthesis of androgens and estrogens from adrenal precursors. To begin to test this hypothesis, we analyzed whether human ocular surface and adnexal tissues and cells contain the steroidogenic enzyme mRNAs necessary for the intracrine synthesis and metabolism of sex steroids., Methods: Total RNA was isolated from human lacrimal and meibomian glands and immortalized corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Samples were reverse transcribed to cDNA and analyzed for the presence of enzyme mRNAs by real-time PCR. Positive and negative controls included human placental cDNA and the absence of template, respectively., Results: Our results show that human lacrimal and meibomian glands and corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells contain the mRNAs for steroid sulfatase, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)-Delta-Delta-isomerase type 1, 17beta-HSD types 1 and 3, aromatase, and glucuronosyltransferase. In contrast, only lacrimal and meibomian tissues appeared to contain detectable mRNA for sulfotransferase., Conclusions: If the corresponding mRNAs are translated, our results indicate that human ocular surface and adnexal tissues contain the enzymatic machinery necessary for the intracrine synthesis and metabolism of sex steroids.

Two major criteria are currently used in human assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to evaluate oocyte and preimplantation embryo health: (1) rate of preimplantation embryonic development; and (2) overall morphology. A major gene that regulates the rate of preimplantation development is the preimplantation embryo development (Ped) gene, discovered in our laboratory. In mice, presence of the Ped gene product, Qa-2 protein, results in a fast rate of preimplantation embryonic development, compared with a slow rate of preimplantation embryonic development for embryos that are lacking Qa-2 protein. Moreover, mice that express Qa-2 protein have an overall reproductive advantage that extends beyond the preimplantation period, including higher survival to birth, higher birthweight, and higher survival to weaning. Data are presented that suggest that Qa-2 increases the rate of development of early embryos by acting as a cell-signalling molecule and that phosphatidylinositol-32 kinase is involved in the cell-signalling pathway. The most likely human homologue of Qa-2 has recently been identified as human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G. Data are presented which show that HLA-G, like Qa-2, is located in lipid rafts, implying that HLA-G also acts as a signalling molecule. In order to better evaluate the second criterion used in ART (i.e. overall morphology), a unique and innovative imaging microscope has been constructed, the Keck 3-D fusion microscope (Keck 3DFM). The Keck 3DFM combines five different microscopic modes into a single platform, allowing multi-modal imaging of the specimen. One of the modes, the quadrature tomographic microscope (QTM), creates digital images of non-stained transparent cells by measuring changes in the index of refraction. Quadrature tomographic microscope images of oocytes and preimplantation mouse embryos are presented for the first time. The digital information from the QTM images should allow the number of cells in a preimplantation embryo to be counted non-invasively. The Keck 3DFM is also being used to assess mitochondrial distribution in mouse oocytes and embryos by using the k-means clustering algorithm. Both the number of cells in preimplantation embryos and mitochondrial distribution are related to oocyte and embryo health. New imaging data obtained from the Keck 3DFM, combined with genetic and biochemical approaches, have the promise of being able to distinguish healthy from unhealthy oocytes and embryos in a non-invasive manner. The goal is to apply the information from our mouse model system to the clinic in order to identify one and only one healthy embryo for transfer back to the mother undergoing an ART procedure. This approach has the potential to increase the success rate of ART and to decrease the high, and undesirable, multiple birth rate presently associated with ART.

We compared right-handed familial dextral (FS-) and familial sinistral (FS+) participants who were aged either 10-13 years (children) or 18-23 years (adults). In word probe and associative probe tasks, FS+ adults responded faster than all other groups and FS+ children responded more slowly than all other groups. In the word probe task, only the FS- adults showed a significant effect of the serial position of the target word. We interpret these differences to support an analysis-by-synthesis model of comprehension in which individuals who differ in familial handedness and age emphasize different linguistic representations during comprehension. In general, FS+ individuals focus on words and meaning, while FS- individuals focus on syntactic representations. In FS+ individuals, age-related experiences with language produce a shift in responding from compositional meaning to words and their associations. In FS- individuals, age-related experiences with language produce a shift toward responding based more on detailed syntactic representations, including the serial order of words and possibly the structural roles of clauses., (Copyright 2001 Academic Press.)

Researchers frequently use data from monitoring tasks to argue that constraints on meaning facilitate lower-level processes. An alternate hypothesis is that the processing level that a monitoring task requires interacts with discourse-level processing. Subjects monitored spoken sentences for a synonym (semantic match), a nonsense word (phonological match), or a rhyme (phonologically and semantically constrained matching). The critical targets appeared at the beginning of the final clause in two-clause sentences that began with if, which signals a semantic analysis at the discourse level, or with though, which maintains a surface representation. Synonym-monitoring times were faster for if than for though, nonsense word-monitoring times were faster for though than for if, and rhyme-monitoring times did not differ for if and though. The results show that conjunctions influence how listeners allocate attention to semantic versus phonological information, implying that listeners form these kinds of information independently.

The phospholipids of the skin are difficult to quantify because they represent only a small fraction of the skin tissue. In this study, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, which permits precise profiling of these phospholipids, was used to compare the phospholipids of upper eyelid epidermal and dermal lipid extracts (n = 13 profiles). Phospholipid profiles included alkylacylphosphatidylcholine (AAPC), dihydrosphingomyelin (DHSM), diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin), ethanolamine plasmalogen (EPLAS), lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, and uncharacterized phospholipids (U1 and U2, particularly enriched in the epidermis). The computed phospholipid metabolic index (n = 86 indexes) findings can be summarized as follows: a lower content of the en-ol and ether phospholipids in the epidermis relative to the dermis, internal compensation among the component phospholipids so as to maintain the choline functional group ratio, and a greater concentration of hydroxyl-containing functional groups in the epidermis. A membrane index (fmem) value of -0.37 for the epidermis deviated considerably from the value of -0.06 characteristic of living membranes and the dermis. The production of the reduced phosphatides, EPLAS and AAPC, indicates the use of alternative pathways between the two tissues. Relative to the dermis, increased PC in the epidermis coupled with decreased DHSM, EPLAS, and AAPC are factors enabling the epidermis of eyelid tissue to be an effective water barrier.

Previous recommendations for adolescents have stated that sexually immature athletes may have a higher potential for injury when competing with their more sexually mature peers. However, studies document a higher injury rate among adolescent athletes with increasing age. This study was designed to see whether a relationship exists between sexual maturity based on Tanner stage and the incidence of adolescent injuries in a collision sport where the injury rates are highest. Three hundred and forty junior high school football athletes, ages 11-15, were observed prospectively for injury over two consecutive football seasons. Tanner staging of all of these athletes was performed at the preparticipation physical exam before the start of each season. Fifty-five injuries were noted for this time period. The overall injury rate was 16%. A direct correlation was observed between higher Tanner stages and increased injury rates. Adolescent athletes who have recently experienced sexual maturation may be at higher risk of injury in contact sports.

Purpose: To determine the complications observed with using porous spherical orbital implants (hydroxyapatite and porous polyethylene) and the factors leading to their occurrence., Methods: A total of 101 cases of porous spherical orbital implantation by five ophthalmic surgeons were reviewed retrospectively. The demographic data, diagnosis, prior surgery, type and technique of surgery, implant characteristics and prosthesis fitting were described in patients with complications., Results: Eleven of the 101 patients had implant exposure. There were six male (1 with bilateral involvement) and four female patients, ranging in age from 2 to 71 years. Preoperative diagnosis included trauma in five patients, nontrauma in five, and tumor in one. Seven had prior eye surgeries. Three patients underwent evisceration, whereas eight underwent enucleation. Eight hydroxyapatite and three porous polyethylene implants were used with diameters of 16 to 20 mm. Three were unwrapped, six were wrapped in sclera, and two were wrapped in preserved fascia. Exposures, which generally occurred within 1 year, were grouped into small (1-5 mm), medium (6-10 mm), and large (> 10 mm). One delayed case occurred after drilling. Small stable exposures were managed conservatively. Larger exposures were managed either by implant revision or replacement. All patients were fit ultimately with a prosthesis. Histopathologic findings of explanted spheres showed fibrovascularization limited to the periphery with moderate inflammatory reaction., Conclusion: Complications were significantly higher in cases of eviscerations than enucleations. Complications occurred in implants either unwrapped or wrapped in homologous grafts. None of the autologous wrapping had exposure. Secondary procedures may initiate exposure when fibrovascular status of implant is inadequate.

Fifty-four supernumerary thumbs excisions were followed for an average of 9 years for results of their surgical management, which consisted of simple excision (16 patients), reconstructive procedures (33 patients), or central wedge resections (5 patients). Half of all simple excisions and reconstructive procedures gave unacceptable results, most were salvaged. These were primarily joint deviations, joint instabilities, and bony prominences. All of our central wedge resections gave unacceptable results that were not salvageable--short, stiff, fat thumbs with nail deformities. We feel this procedure should probably be reserved for cases where both digits of the supernumerary thumbs are severely hypoplastic.

Neonatal hip dysplasia remains a difficult condition to diagnose and treat. Early periodic infant hip examination is the primary screening tool, but subtle hip instabilities can go undetected until fixed dislocations are discovered when the child begins to walk. Early nonoperative intervention in the neonatal period is usually effective using a Pavlik-type harness. For infants in whom this disorder is discovered after walking age, surgery is often needed to successfully reduce the hip. Radiographic evaluation of neonatal hip dysplasia is often difficult, but the evolving use of ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging is making this easier. The role of ultrasound as a primary screening device in the United States remains to be defined.

This article describes six patients who presented, usually bilaterally, with yellow-orange, elevated, indurated, and nonulcerated xanthomatous eyelid lesions, typically extending into the anterior orbital fat, and sometimes involving the extraocular muscles and the lacrimal gland. Because the eyelids remained intact and because the process did not reach the deep orbital and perioptic connective tissues, visual acuity was well preserved. There is cosmetic morbidity and occasionally motility restriction with advancing involvement of the extraocular muscles. All patients had variably severe adult-onset asthma that required treatment with systemic prednisone and inhalants. No evidence of Erdheim-Chester disease was found in any patient, but the appearance in one patient, after 25 years of follow-up, of a separate subcutaneous necrobiotic xanthogranulomatous lesion in the mandibular region with an associated paraproteinemia, suggests that at least some of our cases might be a mild form of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma. For this reason, we would suggest repeated periodic serum protein immunoelectrophoretic studies as well as evaluation for lymphoma. Therapy probably should consist of low doses of periorbital radiotherapy coupled with high doses of corticosteroids. Should this not be successful, then systemic administration of corticosteroids with chemotherapeutic agents might be efficacious, as in necrobiotic xanthogranuloma.

Gold weight implants have been used for over 30 years in the setting of eyelid rehabilitation following facial nerve paralysis; however, there has been a renewed interest by ophthalmologists in this reanimation technique in recent years. This article reviews the history of gold weight eyelid implantation and presents the results of gold weight eyelid implantation over a 15-month period in 23 patients. A 92% success rate was obtained (average follow-up, 12 months). Surgical technique and indications are discussed along with postoperative complications.

Hidradenoma papilliferum is derived from apocrine sweat glands and was originally described as a tumor located in the anogenital area. The authors recently examined a 78-year-old man with a hidradenoma papilliferum at the margin of the upper eyelid. While the tumor was located in the dermis, serial sections showed a connection to the epidermis and neoplastic cells partially replacing a gland of Moll. There were glandular structures with luminal cells that showed apical decapitation-type secretion, indicating the apocrine origin of the tumor. The luminal cells also contained granules that stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain and were diastase resistant. Results of examination of the duct-forming cells by transmission electron microscopy showed adluminal villi, focal decapitation secretion, luminal cytoplasmic debris, and electron-dense cytoplasmic secretory granules. Because the apocrine glands of Moll are localized adjacent to the eyelid cilia, hidradenoma papilliferum and other tumors of apocrine origin should be considered in the clinical setting of a mass at the eyelid margin.

Epinephrine hydrochloride (1%) and an identical-appearing placebo were instilled into the right/left eye pairs (random assignment) of 24 young normal subjects. Aqueous humor flow (measured by fluorophotometry over a 7 hr period), intraocular pressure, and (in 10 subjects) tonographic facility of outflow were measured. The effects of epinephrine were to lower intraocular pressure (2.8 mm Hg +/- 1.9, mean +/- S.D.), raise the facility of outflow (37.4% +/- 21.7), and increase the rate of formation of aqueous humor (18.6% +/- 18.1). By comparing tonographic and fluorophotometric data in the same subjects, it was postulated that epinephrine increases the rate of outflow via the pressure-insensitive (uveoscleral, uveovortex) outflow pathway.

Following evisceration, three patients who experienced extrusion of synthetic orbital implant underwent socket reconstruction using an autogenous dermis fat graft. An incision into the fundus of the existing sclera was necessary to provide for an adequate vascular bed for a composite fat graft, although the anterior ring of existing sclera with extraocular muscle attachments was not disturbed. Conjunctival reepithelialization of the dermal surface and enhancement of orbital volume occurred in each case. Furthermore, the autogenous fat graft retained the original excellent globe motility that was present before the socket reconstruction. After an average follow-up of 18 months, the volume restoration, integrity of conjunctival epithelium and fornices, and the graft viability have remained unchanged. As with alloplastic orbital implant extrusions in enucleated sockets, autogeneous dermis fat grafts can be useful in managing extrusions in previously eviscerated sockets.

With the advent of the antibiotic era, the incidence of osteomyelitis has decreased remarkably. However, cases of trauma-induced orbital cellulitis, abscess, fistula formation, and osteomyelitis may still occur. The following case is illustrative of the chronicity of problems (8-year course) caused by retained orbital wooden foreign bodies.

The rate of aqueous formation was measured with fluorophotometry in a group of 113 normal human subjects who ranged in age from 20 to 83 years. A slight decrease in the rate of aqueous humor formation with aging was detected, but the rate was remarkably stable. The rate of aqueous humor formation was more stable than intraocular pressure or anterior chamber volume in this group and more stable than the tonographic C value reported by other investigators.