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The town council of Durango, Nueva Vizcaya, has been little studied. Especially in the modern period. This work intends to begin to fill those gaps in the history of the town by making a study of the ordinary mayors, the aldermen, and some other officials of the town council. The article shows the situation they lived in before and during the transition that took place with the application of the Bourbon reforms. Thus, allows us to approach, in a brief way, to the local figures of power in the capital and in some towns of the intendancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the increasingly severe crisis of governance, in the 34th year of the Guangxu reign (1908), the Qing court advocated local autonomy. Each province organized local autonomy in accordance with the order of first city towns and villages, then prefectures and counties, consequently the councils of in the level of city towns and villages were fully implemented. Nanbu County was one of the earlier counties in Sichuan Province to implement local autonomy accordance with Regulations of Local Autonomy in city towns and villages, it established a council consisting of one city, four towns, and six townships during the Xuantong period, which had an important impact on the reform and social governance of Nanbu County. This article examines the preparation, establishment and operation of the county councils based on Nanbu County Government Archives of Qing Dynasty, revealing the transformation of the grassroots into citizens and the emergence of modern municipal government system in the context of political modernisation, and deepening the understanding and examination of town and township autonomy in the late Qing Dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a growing concern for excellent service delivery in the public sector. The challenges that are hindering service delivery in Town Councils have been attributed to political interference in appointments and ineffective leadership. The residents in the Town Council have been experiencing power outages and water shortages. The livelihoods of the residents and business operations have been hindered by these difficulties. This study investigates the influence of leadership on service delivery in a Town Council in Namibia. A qualitative research approach was adopted to analyse the influence of leadership practices on service delivery in times of change. A total of ten participants were sampled from a population of 117 staff members using a purposive sampling. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Participants views were tape recorded, transcribed into Microsoft Word, and analysed using thematic analysis via NVivo 12. The results showed that logistical difficulties, political interference, lack of human resources, and financial constraints, are the challenges hampering service delivery in the Town Council. The need for managers and supervisors to inspire, coach, mentor, and motivate their subordinates to enhance service delivery using a transformational leadership style is evident in the results. Therefore, the Town Council should prioritise budgeting, foster public-private partnerships, promote innovation, and ensure stakeholder engagement to enhance service delivery in the Town Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In addition to administrative documents, narrative sources provide a wealth of information on the functioning of the town government. For almost 30 years, around the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, three Brașov biographers and diarists, Michael Weiss, Marcus Schunckabunck and Andreas Hegyes, recorded the complete annual lists of the town council. Set in the context of events in the town, these sources provide particularly valuable information on the organisation and functioning of the administration, the activities, conflicts, and grievances associated with the office of councillor, and not only list the names of the councilmen but also describe their duties in the various areas of the administration. In the absence of the minutes of the council meetings, these sources also make it possible to draw up an archontology of the town council of Brașov. In the appendix to this paper, a list of the councillors from 1590 to 1617 is presented, which can serve as a model for the development of a subsequent urban archontology covering the entire early modern period, including other administrative sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented study, the author deals with the question of whether the division of late medieval Prague ( or the towns of Prague) into quarters played a political role in addition to its administrative function of tax collection and organization of the militia. In other words, the author seeks to determine whether Prague's neighborhoods also played a political role, which was the case in several western cities. In studying Prague's roots, the author became interested in whether neighborhoods served to represent local communities vis-a-vis the town council. The oldest quarter regulations from Bohemian towns date from the beginning of the sixteenth century. The provisions of these regulations mainly concern fire protection, but two other important aspects also appear. The quarter captains also performed the task of social supervision in urban households, and their responsibility was to the burgomaster and not to the quarter's community. Therefore, in the study, the author works with the hypothesis that quarter self-government in Central Europe was not representative of the residents of the quarter being in communication with the town council, but rather a tool through which the town council gained blanket control over the town's spaces. A more intensive use of quarter organization headed by captains as well as sergeants and corporals ( depending on the number of houses) enabled town councils to change political communication. A functioning quarter administrative network could better fulfil the will of the council than the permanent negotiation for consensus with guilds and other institutionalized communities. Similar terminology, familiar from the more western cities of the empire, thus, in fact, denoted an administrative structure which functioned in a significantly different manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Średniowiecze Polskie i Powszechne is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper addresses enmities between burghers and other inhabitants of early modern Ljubljana, documented in town council records from 1521 to 1671. In traditional dispute settlement, the concept of enmity was closely related to violent retribution, which was antithetical to the ideals of urban communities, which since the Middle Ages had been established upon the renunciation of the right to feud. Focused on the conception of enmity in the Carniolan capital following the general prohibition of feuding in 1495, the paper analyses the role, language and emotional dimension of traditional practices of dispute settlement, their intertwinement with court proceedings and coexistence with criminal law. While town council records cannot provide a complete picture of the attitude towards enmity or feud in early modern Ljubljana, as no criminal court records survive, they are an important source for understanding social relations more broadly and, in particular, the manner in which everyday enmities that undermined ideals of neighbourliness were mediated by the secular authorities. The analysis shows that in Ljubljana the traditional conception of enmity as a public expression of hostility and discord - the opposite of the urban values of peace, concord and good neighbourliness - remained in use well into the seventeenth century, despite its normative prohibition, as did the traditional terms and emotions expressing this relationship, especially 'resentment', 'bitterness' and (just) 'anger', while 'rage' seems to have still been used very rarely to justify transgressions of social norms. Although physical violence did not always erupt in the investigated cases, and remained limited when it did, it was a viable threat in enmities, even when they were largely carried out before the town council or court. These were the central fora for both conducting and settling enmities among burghers, as well as other lay non-noble inhabitants of early modern Ljubljana. Underpinned by community mediation in disputes, the burgomaster, town judge and councillors principally acted as mediators and arbiters, attempting to lead conflicting parties to settlement before enmity was exacerbated into violence - in particularly bitter cases by forcing them to settle ex officio under threat of sanctions (heavy fines, prison sentences) or even 'harsher', i.e. corporal punishment. The council and court also retained traditional expressions of renewed friendship and neighbourliness, (mutual) public apologies and handshakes to demonstrate reconciliation between the parties. Consequently, the autonomous town authorities were instrumental for the long perseverance of traditional practices of dispute settlement in Ljubljana, which is comparable to findings elsewhere in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a growing concern for excellent service delivery in the public sector. The challenges that are hindering service delivery in Town Councils have been attributed to political interference in appointments and ineffective leadership. The residents in the Town Council have been experiencing power outages and water shortages. The livelihoods of the residents and business operations have been hindered by these difficulties. This study investigates the influence of leadership on service delivery in a Town Council in Namibia. A qualitative research approach was adopted to analyse the influence of leadership practices on service delivery in times of change. A total of ten participants were sampled from a population of 117 staff members using a purposive sampling. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Participants views were tape recorded, transcribed into Microsoft Word, and analysed using thematic analysis via NVivo 12. The results showed that logistical difficulties, political interference, lack of human resources, and financial constraints, are the challenges hampering service delivery in the Town Council. The need for managers and supervisors to inspire, coach, mentor, and motivate their subordinates to enhance service delivery using a transformational leadership style is evident in the results. Therefore, the Town Council should prioritise budgeting, foster public-private partnerships, promote innovation, and ensure stakeholder engagement to enhance service delivery in the Town Council.

The article presents the results of the phonemic-graphemic analysis of the proscription entries from the turn of the 14th and 15th century, which come from the book of city Jauer and were written down in the Silesian dialect of the Early New High German. In the analysis it could be proved, the text contains the standard Early New High German features as well as the dialectal structures and the sound changes, which are characteristic for the Silesian dialect. All the results of the exploration are supported with the appropriate examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Yekaterinburg city (Urals, Russia) population on the eve of the First World War. We argue that 1897 Census data, which remains the main source for estimating the late Imperial Russias urban population, are not relevant for the early 20th century Yekaterinburg. The results of population surveys of 1917-1922 largely affected by the socio-political crisis do not reflect the actual development of the city before entering the First World War. So the numbers of 50-70 thousands traditionally used to estimate Yekaterinburgs population on the eve of the WWI is a historiographic clich which should be corrected. Our research bases on critical analyses of the newly discovered and transcribed sources Perepis domovladeltcev (municipal survey of the house owners) run in October 1913 at the request of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the aggregated data of the Adresnyi stol (residence registration office) of Yekaterinburg collected in November 1912, as well as local statistics and newspapers. Using source analysis, demographic reconstruction, and a historical-comparative method we reconstructed the population of Yekaterinburg in 1912-1913. Our analysis shows that the citys population exceeded 100 thousand already in 1912, which means that Yekaterinburg was a dynamically developing due to rapid urbanization and became one of the few Russia big (over 100000) cities on the eve of the WWI. While our results help better understanding of the pre-revolutionary Urals urbanization, it also raises the need to re-evaluate the price of the Revolution 1917 the city paid, for its population dropped drastically during the following crises and reached 100 thousand again only in 1926.

The article presents the results of the phonemic-graphemic analysis of the proscription entries from 15th century, which come from the book of city Jauer and were written down in the Silesian dialect of the Early New High German. Due to the analysis it could be proved, the text contains the standard Early New High German features as well as the dialectal structures and the sound changes, which are characteristic for the Silesian dialect. All the results of the exploration are supported with with the appropriate examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In my study, through the example of the free royal city of Sopron, I am searching for an answer to the question how the Reformation influenced the political actions of the city’s leading body and its room for movement within the frameworks of estates. I will attempt to show in sketches how the intellectual horizon that can be reconstructed behind the city’s government is connected to the mentality of Lutheran Reformation. By focusing on one particular field, the educational policy of the town council, I will try to disclose how this manifested in practice in view of Sopron’s new educational institution (the lycée) established and maintained by the town council without any aristocratic patronage, unparalleled at that time. Finally, in a short outlook beyond the boundaries of the investigated period and by focusing on the activities of one former teacher (János Ribini) and two alumni (Baron László Prónay and János Kis), I will give evidence for the continued existence of the lycée’s mentality – which I will call confessional-patriotic – even after the town council had lost its supervision of the educational institution.

Copyright of Prohistoria is the property of Prohistoria Ediciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many English town and parish councils to consider how they might help revitalise their already-declining town and village centres and high streets. Some places have been lucky enough to benefit from UK Government funding, others are needing to find other ways to make a difference. A number of key steps are emerging: 1) involving local residents and businesses from the outset; 2) establishing a regeneration partnership with other organisations; 3) working with all the above to create a shared regeneration strategy; 4) finding the funds to make a difference over time. This paper shares the experience of a number of places as they gather the partners and techniques to bring a regeneration programme to life, and also seek to ensure that local projects are sustainable enough to deliver the desired local outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the phonemic-graphemic analysis of the official reports' entries from the early second half of the 16th century, which come from the town council of Sibiu (Hermannstadt) and the Concilium Transylvania Saxonicum. The reports constitute a part of the first liber civitatis of Sibiu (Hermannstadt). The aim of the paper is to answer the question how far the script fixes the features of the spoken language. Due to the analysis it could be unambiguously proved, the German used in the text corresponds to the level of development of the German language within the periodization of history of the language as it contains the standard Early New High German features as well as the dialectal structures and the sound changes, which are characteristic for the Silesian dialect. The text can therefore be classified as one of the linguistic monuments of the East Central German of Silesian tradition. All the results of the exploration are supported with the appropriate examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article supplements the scarce knowledge of fiscal changes that took place in the municipal treasuries in Colonial Spanish America. By looking at the movement of tax money in Guanajuato's city hall, we can better understand the extent of its tax-collecting efforts and expenditures. We also discover how the implementation of new rules imposed by the Bourbonic reforms affected the income of the city's government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of the 1740s the port of Gijon embarked on a long, complex process aimed at repairing, cleaning and improving its installations. The focus is placed here on the 75 years that, to our mind, were crucial for evincing the role of the different jurisdictions and corporations involved in this project, explaining the difficulties posed by all of them and the changes taking place in the management model of the works. This analysis contributes to put forward a hypothesis justifying the shortcomings of Spanish port infrastructures which went beyond the problems arising from the hydraulic engineering works or their cost. These lay from the start in the fact that it was the localities that managed the reconstruction works, in the struggle over the control of the taxes with which the cost of the works was meant to be defrayed and, in the nineteenth century, in the appearance of institutions that openly questioned the previous practices. All of which led to a conflict of which the port would always be the main victim but, nevertheless, from which it would emerge stronger than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clio: Revista de Pesquisa Histórica (01024736) is the property of Universidad Federal de Pernambuco / Revista Clio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article the author discusses questions associated with legal culture of Old Warsaw burghers in the 15th and first half of the 16th century. She analyses the functioning of German law and operation of institutions governed by it, knowledge of various legal systems on the part of Warsaw burghers, their attitude to court regulations and procedures as well as transformations in this sphere occurring in the late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period. At that time the municipal system of Old Warsaw was based on Chełm Law, supplemented by successive privileges granted by rulers, municipal laws issued by Warsaw councillors as well as instructions and decisions of the Toruń council. However, it is possible to notice a coexistence and interpenetration in the city of various legal systems, with land law being of prime importance. An analysis of records from town registers, primarily court registers from 1427-1535, has made it possible to conclude that the 15th century and first half of the 16th century were a period of systematic spread of knowledge of law among both city clerks and scribes employed by them. An increasingly important role began to be played by writing and documents used as evidence in court. The 16th century was marked by a clear rise in the stature of the high court of Chełm Law in Toruń and the frequency of appeals brought before it. However, the most important role was played by the monarch's court -- after the incorporation of 1526 of the King of Poland. It is also possible to observe in the analysed sources a clear development of legal terminology used in the records kept by the Warsaw scribes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economical, judicial and political administration in Spanish America was supported, ultimately, by councils and their local governments. On the one hand, as legal representatives of the royal authority, they were the most close and direct link with the vassals of the absolutist hierarchy. On the other hand Cabildos were the first representatives of the population they ruled, they administer justice, collect taxes and give public services. In both ways, managing up for their superior authorities and managing down applying the current legacy, the ability of councils to act was limited, mainly by the lack of economical resources. Moreover, politics autonomously adopted by local governments depended on several factors as the local economy, their recognized authority and the favours received. All these things affected the ways in which the councils acted and to their interests, and consequently to the types of documents they generated which are the ones we can more frequently find nowadays. The order of those documents, the analysis of their appearances and frequencies, just as the study of the given favours and the communications maintained, provide us lots of relevant and original information that will offer, through comparative studies, new answers and questions on the subject. Questions that will need new historical methods to be solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)