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This thesis analyses domestic violence as a form of violent crime to examine if (and how) violence by domestic perpetrators differs to violence by strangers and acquaintances. Violence by domestic perpetrators has been argued to differ from violence by other perpetrators in several ways, including sex (of the victim and of the perpetrator), repetition, and severity (Bachman 1994; Walby, Towers and Francis 2014). This thesis compares these key factors associated with different forms of violence (sex, repetition, and severity) using a large quantitative dataset of violent crimes compiled from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) to determine whether domestic violence is significantly different to other forms of violent crime and thus should remain distinct and separate in its analysis, policymaking, and practices, or whether domestic violent crime should be integrated into “violent crime”. The overall conclusion is that DVC should be mainstreamed in analysis of violent crime, but victim-perpetrator relationship should be disaggregated to highlight patterns and differences. While domestic violence is different to violence perpetrated by strangers or acquaintances on the abovedimensions, it does not make sense to exclude it from discussions of violent crime.

Domestic violence and abuse (DVA) is repetitious, and much of the demand is attributable to repeat victims and perpetrators. Targeting resources at repetition could be an effective method of reducing demand. Targeting repetition requires accurate information on repeat victims and perpetrators. This thesis uses data from Lancashire Constabulary to investigate: what data do the police have on DVA; what are the problems with the current structure of police data for measuring DVA repetition; how can police data be improved to measure DVA repetition? Analysis of existing police datasets found the data unsuitable for measuring DVA repetition for four key reasons: different units of measurement; inconsistent recording of personal details; misuse of DVA markers; and information lost in free-text. The framework for measuring DVA repetition and assessing police interventions, was derived from the DVA literature. Observations of the response mapped out the complexity and identified relevant data sources. Information from multiple sources was recoded into a new dataset following the measurement framework. The new dataset estimated that 51% of victims were repeats, compared to 21% in the original crime dataset. A series of analyses were conducted, designed around existing debates in the DVA literature, for instance whether DVA is gendered and escalatory. The analysis demonstrated the potential for police data to measure patterns of DVA repetition, and assess the impact of police action. The thesis contributes a process map of the police response to DVA; a measurement framework for measuring DVA and assessing police actions; criteria for future police data collection; and a methodology for restructuring police data. Though the outputs are methodological, the thesis is driven by the substantive implications of improved police data on the ability of the police to measure, respond to and reduce DVA. The thesis has implications for police practice, policy, and Criminological theory.

This is a discussion on the paper "Statistical challenges of administrative and transaction data" by David J. Hand. The full paper and the discussion can be found at https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12315.

This report is a review of the literature on education, training and learning in policing and the findings from a set of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with one N8 policing partner organisation exploring their thinking on current and future education, training and learning needs as individuals and as an organisation within the context of the rapidly changing national picture, specifically the College of Policing, Policing Education Qualification Framework (especially the proposed Level 7 higher degree qualification) and the introduction by the Government of degree apprenticeships. It is intended to help inform future developments of the Teaching and Learning strand of the N8 PRP and to provide useful data to the N8 policing partners on the current training and learning practices and future considerations in this area. The driver behind the research project was the growing emphasis on the professionalisation of policing in the UK, exemplified by the introduction of the Policing Education Qualifications Framework (PEQF) by the College of Policing in 2016. This report is structured around three sections: 1. a background and literature review 2. in-depth, semi-structured interview findings with one police force in the N8 PRP 3. conclusions A review of the literature carried out at the beginning of the project mapped the field and identified issues relevant for the development of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with one N8 policing partner. This policing partner was selected based on evidence of significant engagement with training, Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and higher education (HE) at Level 6, Level 7 and above

This report is a review of the literature on education, training and learning in policing and the findings from a set of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with one N8 policing partner organisation exploring their thinking on current and future education, training and learning needs as individuals and as an organisation within the context of the rapidly changing national picture, specifically the College of Policing, Policing Education Qualification Framework (especially the proposed Level 7 higher degree qualification) and the introduction by the Government of degree apprenticeships. It is intended to help inform future developments of the Teaching and Learning strand of the N8 PRP and to provide useful data to the N8 policing partners on the current training and learning practices and future considerations in this area. The driver behind the research project was the growing emphasis on the professionalisation of policing in the UK, exemplified by the introduction of the Policing Education Qualifications Framework (PEQF) by the College of Policing in 2016. This report is structured around three sections: 1. a background and literature review 2. in-depth, semi-structured interview findings with one police force in the N8 PRP 3. conclusions A review of the literature carried out at the beginning of the project mapped the field and identified issues relevant for the development of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with one N8 policing partner. This policing partner was selected based on evidence of significant engagement with training, Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and higher education (HE) at Level 6, Level 7 and above

Study of the Gender Dimension of Trafficking in Human Beings funded by the European Commission

This report addresses four objectives: 1. To conduct a comprehensive review of European Commission (EC) funded anti-trafficking projects so as to enhance coordination, avoid duplication and provide a solid basis for coherent, cost-effective and strategic planning, including potentially for the further development of anti-trafficking policies at EU level, thereby supporting the dual aims of enhanced coordination and cooperation among key actors and policy coherence. 2. To map and analyse the distribution of EC-funded anti-trafficking projects according to their scope of intervention, geographic areas of intervention, fields, actors, target beneficiaries, funding level, types of output, policy recommendations and other relevant aspects. 3. To identify and assess the common, unique or complementary contribution of the impact and results of these funded projects to the objectives of the EU anti-trafficking strategy, including whether their contribution has yet been taken into account. 4. To identify trends, emerging research and policy questions

The fall in the rate of violent crime has stopped. This is a finding of an investigation using the Crime Survey for England and Wales, 1994–2014, and an improved methodology to include the experiences of high-frequency victims. The cap on the number of crimes included has been removed. We prevent overall volatility from rising by using three-year moving averages and regression techniques that take account of all the data points rather than point to point analysis. The difference between our findings and official statistics is driven by violent crime committed against women and by domestic perpetrators. The timing of the turning point in the trajectory of violent crime corresponds with the economic crisis in 2008/09.

This report addresses four objectives: 1. To conduct a comprehensive review of European Commission (EC) funded anti-trafficking projects so as to enhance coordination, avoid duplication and provide a solid basis for coherent, cost-effective and strategic planning, including potentially for the further development of anti-trafficking policies at EU level, thereby supporting the dual aims of enhanced coordination and cooperation among key actors and policy coherence. 2. To map and analyse the distribution of EC-funded anti-trafficking projects according to their scope of intervention, geographic areas of intervention, fields, actors, target beneficiaries, funding level, types of output, policy recommendations and other relevant aspects. 3. To identify and assess the common, unique or complementary contribution of the impact and results of these funded projects to the objectives of the EU anti-trafficking strategy, including whether their contribution has yet been taken into account. 4. To identify trends, emerging research and policy questions

The fall in the rate of violent crime has stopped. This is a finding of an investigation using the Crime Survey for England and Wales, 1994–2014, and an improved methodology to include the experiences of high-frequency victims. The cap on the number of crimes included has been removed. We prevent overall volatility from rising by using three-year moving averages and regression techniques that take account of all the data points rather than point to point analysis. The difference between our findings and official statistics is driven by violent crime committed against women and by domestic perpetrators. The timing of the turning point in the trajectory of violent crime corresponds with the economic crisis in 2008/09.

The need to stop rape is pressing and, since it is the outcome of a wide range of practices and institutions in society, so too must the policies be to stop it This important book offers a comprehensive guide to the international policies developed to stop rape , together with case study examples on how they work. The book engages with the law and criminal justice system, health services, specialised services for victim-survivors, educational and cultural interventions, as well as how they can best be coordinated. It is informed by theory and evidence drawn from scholarship and practice from around the world. The book will be of interest to a global readership of students, practitioners and policy makers as well as anyone who wants to know how rape can be stopped.

This study by Dr Jude Towers investigates the connection between economic inequality and intimate partner violence against women. It shows that access to economic resources is an important risk factor and argues that by understanding economic resources better, economic policy development could create better outcomes for women and their children.

Sociological and criminological views of domestic and gender-based violence generally either dismiss it as not worthy of consideration, or focus on specific groups of offenders and victims (male youth gangs, partner violence victims). In this paper, we take a holistic approach to violence, extending the definition from that commonly in use to encompass domestic violence and sexual violence. We operationalize that definition by using data from the latest sweep of the Crime Survey for England and Wales. By so doing, we identify that violence is currently under-measured and ubiquitous; that it is gendered, and that other forms of violence (family violence, acquaintance violence against women) are equally of concern. We argue that violence studies are an important form of activity for sociologists.

• The decline in the rate of domestic violence since the mid-1990s has stopped, although violent crime by other perpetrators is still falling • The most reliable data on domestic violence is from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW), rather than police recorded crime since there is no statutory category of domestic violence • Official published CSEW data ‘caps’ the maximum number of incidents in a series at 5, so further recorded incidents are not included in official estimates • Analysis of CSEW finds that when the cap is removed there are 60% more violent crimes. • The increase due to removing the cap is concentrated on violent crime against women (70% increase) rather than men (50% increase) and on violent crime by domestic relations (70% increase) and acquaintances (100% increase) rather than by strangers (20% increase).

• The decline in the rate of domestic violence since the mid-1990s has stopped, although violent crime by other perpetrators is still falling • The most reliable data on domestic violence is from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW), rather than police recorded crime since there is no statutory category of domestic violence • Official published CSEW data ‘caps’ the maximum number of incidents in a series at 5, so further recorded incidents are not included in official estimates • Analysis of CSEW finds that when the cap is removed there are 60% more violent crimes. • The increase due to removing the cap is concentrated on violent crime against women (70% increase) rather than men (50% increase) and on violent crime by domestic relations (70% increase) and acquaintances (100% increase) rather than by strangers (20% increase).

The study provides an overview of the worldwide best practices for rape prevention and for assisting women victims of rape. It reviews the international literature and offers selected examples of promising practices. It addresses the comprehensive range of policies in the fields of gender equality; law and justice; economy, development and social inclusion; culture, education and media; and health. It presents a wide-ranging set of examples of best practice. It concludes with a series of recommendations, based on the social scientific evidence presented in the study.