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The global demand for high-quality, nutritious food is increasing, and mushrooms have gained popularity as a healthy dietary option; mushroom consumption is increasing in Pakistan owing to their rich nutritional profile, phytochemicals presence and antioxidant capacity. This study was carried out to determine comprehensive nutritional analysis, antioxidant parameters, amino acids, and fatty acid composition of commonly grown mushroom varieties oysters (Pleurotus ostreatus) and white buttons (Agaricus bisporus) in Pakistan. The study results indicated mushrooms are perishable, high in protein and fibre content, along with a low caloric value. Also, they are rich in essential minerals like potassium, phosphorus, iron, and water-soluble vitamins. In addition, both mushrooms demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with oyster mushrooms having a higher potential. Additionally, profiling of fatty acids and amino acids showed mushrooms having low caloric value and powerful nutrition composition that makes them suitable for developing healthy dietary choices for better human health.

AbstractThe demand for protein has increased over last few years. Plant-based proteins are appreciated to meet the increasing demand of proteins than animal protein with the growing population worldwide. Pulses are one of the good sources of protein. Chickpea is one of the oldest and most cultivated legume crops consumed as source of protein. Chickpeas can be classified into two types named as ‘kabuli’ and ‘desi’ on the basis of their physical parameters. They are recognized as a valuable dietary protein source due to their sufficient biological value, and protein bioavailability. Chickpeas contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including isoflavones and phenolic acid. Generally, chickpea and pulses serve as viable options for functional and nutritional proteins. Chickpea proteins are considered as the best alternative to animal proteins with high amino acid profile and cost effectiveness. They are significant in academic and food business domains. Chickpea protein isolates are commonly identified as having a minimum protein content of 90% on a dry weight basis. They offer excellent functional and therapeutic potential in mitigating various health ailments. Chickpea protein is also used in production of value-added products in various food industries including baking industries, meat industry, infant formula and nutraceutical industries. This review explores the production, nutritional composition, health perspectives and industrial applications of chickpea protein.

The mushrooms oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) and white button (Agaricus bisporus) contain bioactive compounds that have potential beneficial effects on hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, hypolipidemic and antioxidative potential of these mushrooms’ extract were explored using hypercholesterolemic (HC) rats as animal model. For the study, 56 adult rats were divided into seven groups, i.e., G1 (negative control), G2 (positive control group), G3 (HC rats with statin drug orally), G4 and G5 (HC rats @ 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) dose of oyster mushroom extracts), and G6 and G7 (HC rats @ 100 and 200 mg/kg BW dose of white button mushroom extracts). The hypercholesterolemia was induced experimentally in fasted rats through a high-fat diet along with injection of triton WR-1339. After 48 h, the treatment groups were given extract for 28 days along with standard diet. At the trial termination, we analyzed the blood sugar levels, antioxidant parameters, lipid profile, and renal function, as well as conducting liver function tests of the rats. The results indicated that positive control group rats exhibited increased levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density level (LDL), and very-low-density level (vLDL) by 19%, 37%, 52%, and 32%, respectively, and 53% decrease in HDL, whereas treatment groups that received 200 mg oyster and white button mushroom extracts reported 15%, 34%, 22% reduction in TC, TG, vLDL, respectively, and 22% improvement in HDL level. The enzyme profiles of different groups showed non-significant differences, although both mushroom extracts provision reduced glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels. Overall, the results indicated that mushroom extracts were helpful in maintaining oxidative stress and have the potential to improve dyslipidemia in the tested rat animal model.

Deep learning methods possess many processing layers to understand the stratified representation of data and have achieved state-of-art results in several domains. Recently, deep learning model designs and architectures have unfolded in the context of Natural Language Processing (NLP). This survey presents a brief description of the advances that have occurred in the area of Deep Generative modeling. This work considers most of the papers from 2015 onwards. In this paper, we review many deep learning models that have been used for the generation of text. We also summarize the various models and have put forward the detailed understanding of past, present, and future of text generation models in deep learning. Furthermore, DL approaches that have been explored and evaluated in different application domains in NLP are included in this survey.

In this paper, an adaptive backstepping scheme based on sliding mode control method is presented for attitude and altitude tracking control of a coaxial octorotor. The dynamical model of the coaxial octorotor is presented and according to design nature of the control scheme, the dynamical model is divided into three cascaded units: 1) under-actuated unit; 2) fully actuated unit; and 3) rotors thrust force unit. Adaptive backstepping control is then designed for all three units by means of a recursive process using sliding surfaces. The proposed scheme not only stabilizes the given system but also tracks the desired trajectory without any significant tracking error. The stability analysis of the complete system is presented using a Lyapunov stability theory. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller and also show that the proposed controller manages to attain good tracking performance with stabilization of octorotor.