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Tourism is a popular activity that allows individuals to escape their daily routines and explore new destinations for various reasons, including leisure, pleasure, or business. A recent study has proposed a unique mathematical concept called a q− Rung orthopair fuzzy hypersoft set (ROFHS) to enhance the formal representation of human thought processes and evaluate tourism carrying capacity. This approach can capture the imprecision and ambiguity often present in human perception. With the advanced mathematical tools in this field, the study has also incorporated the Einstein aggregation operator and score function into the ROFHS values to support multi-attribute decision-making algorithms. By implementing this technique, effective plans can be developed for social and economic development while avoiding detrimental effects such as overcrowding or environmental damage caused by tourism. A case study of selected tourism carrying capacity will demonstrate the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of tourism necessitates sustainable resource management and effective strategies to ensure sustainable development and minimize detrimental impacts on destinations. By synthesizing existing research, this article contributes to a holistic understanding of Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) and its various components, aiding policymakers, planners, and stakeholders in making informed decisions for sustainable development. This research reviews CC assessment methods and formulas, focusing on Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC), and Real Carrying Capacity (RCC). Moreover, this study delves into the evolving notion of limiting factors, examining how factors such as infrastructure, resource availability, socio-cultural aspects, and environmental resilience interact to determine carrying capacity thresholds in various research realms. By synthesizing existing methodologies and formulas, this research bridges the gap between theoretical frameworks and practical implementation, fostering sustainable tourism practices that preserve natural and cultural assets while fostering economic growth. This work further advances the existing formula for TCC calculation in complex systems by providing a fresh set of correction factors (Cf) and Management capacities (Mc) and providing all possible values for calculating space for the displacement(V/A) of tourists in different types of destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces an expanded Limit of Acceptable Change model, enhancing the traditional approach by incorporating various tourism scenarios and a broader range of indicators. This approach allows to gain a more comprehensive understanding and foresee the effects of diverse tourist profiles and intensities of use in Barcelona. It considers factors like motivation, origin, and accommodation type, and evaluates their effects on key sustainability indicators. The study reveals that significant shifts in tourism patterns are required to impact these indicators noticeably, emphasizing the need to consider both tourist numbers and typologies in sustainable tourism management. This approach equips destination planners with a valuable tool for strategic decision-making and long-term planning.

Tourism is an important economic sector and an enabler for a country's growth. The Dudhsagar waterfall located within the Mollem National Park, Goa, India is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Goa, India, with 35,000–50,000 domestic and international tourists visiting the waterfall annually. This study attempts to quantify the resource availability to support sustainable tourism of Dudhsagar waterfall for recreational use with consideration for its specific physical/natural, economic, and cultural settings. The study employs various principles, which include Boullon formula, Congestion/overcrowding principle, and ratio of local population to hosts to carry out the carrying capacity analysis. Further, this study presents a modified approach to carrying capacity analysis, where air quality, noise level, and the water quality is also considered to prescribe the optimal number of visitors the area can accommodate while maintaining visitors satisfaction and preventing negative impacts on the natural resources. Additionally, the impact indicators assessment was performed using the view and opinion of the stakeholders. The data used in this study are an outcome of a broad survey conducted among the people associated in both direct and indirect with the tourism sector at Dudhsagar fall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Navigating the intricate and ever-expanding globe poses greater challenges in decision-making due to the uncertain nature of the environment. This study aims to cope with the imprecisions and such challenges in decision-making due to the uncertain nature of the environment and extend the formal representation of the human mind in terms of the q-rung Orthopair fuzzy hypersoft set (q-ROFHSS). It provides a multi-parameterized mathematical framework that effectively expresses problems with multi-dimensional information within a dataset. Thus, the proposed theory accumulates the parametric structure of q-rung Orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFS) and hypersoft sets (HSS) under the Muirhead mean (MM) aggregation operator (AO), as the AO can deal with ambiguous and uncertain information. By establishing basic set-theoretic operations, we have presented some fundamental properties and basic operations using the q-rung Orthopair fuzzy hypersoft values (q-ROFHSV). To demonstrate its flexibility, the relationship between the proposed approach and existing state-of-the-art techniques has been defined. Further, the feasibility of the proposed approach has been showcased through a case study of tourism carrying capacity, as it is a widespread activity that allows people to escape from their daily routines and explore new destinations for various reasons, including leisure, pleasure, or business. By implementing the proposed approach, an effective plan can be developed for social and economic development while avoiding detrimental effects such as overcrowding or environmental damage caused by tourism.

For tourism development in areas where there are frequent problems with water shortage, it is important to assess water use potential from a geographic perspective. This study investigated the relationship between water use in the hotel sector and the amount of available water in Phuket for tourism carrying capacity assessment. Geographic information system (GIS) was applied to support spatial analysis. The studied hotels were in the size required to conduct an environmental impact assessment (EIA), totaling 178 hotels. There would be a total water use of 24,275 m3/day and 40,457 m3/day in the low and high seasons, respectively. In terms of annual water use, in the cases of lowest, normal, and highest possible consumption, there would be water consumption amounts of 8,860,021 m3/year, 11,303,606 m3/year, and 14,766,699 m3/year, respectively. From evaluating the capacity to support tourists in terms of water adequacy in Phuket Province, our results reveal that the amount of water in the province is insufficient to meet the needs of tourists. This is because the number of tourists coming to travel each year is ordinarily more than 10 million people, and there is a plan to accommodate 12 million tourists in 2023, but the amount of water that the province can procure is sufficient to support a maximum of not more than 8,986,600 tourists per year only if the water that EIA hotels store and produce themselves is included. This amount of water is still insufficient for the targeted number of tourists and other sectors, and the province's water demand is likely to increase. In this regard, Phuket should hastily prepare a plan and measures to increase the amount of available water within the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a number of years, heritage resources have suffered the negative effects of tourist pressure. Overtourism has been generating a wide-ranging debate on this issue. This work focuses on the strategies and measures adopted to address overtourism during the last 30 years at heritage attractions, which are much less studied than urban heritage centres. Specifically, it analyses measures relating to the management of site capacities based on the concept of tourist carrying capacity, using content analysis as a methodology. We have used the Alhambra in Granada as a case study as one of the most visited Spanish World Heritage Sites. The results obtained reflect a strong consensus on the need to introduce measures to restrict tourist activity, although these measures imply a great effort in terms of management and tend to be taken advantage of by some stakeholders for their own benefit. The extensive time frame of the measures adopted allows us to reflect on the possibilities and limitations of dealing with overtourism by using capacity management strategies and to extract useful conclusions for other heritage sites with similar problems.

Overtourism is appearing more and more often in large world-famous cities and in many rural regions, where the infrastructure capacity is insufficient for large numbers of visitors. In rural communities, this creates resistance to tourism, traffic congestion, or damage to nature. Therefore, destinations experiencing tourism growth must have a strategy to prevent and limit the harmful effects of overtourism. The article presents a methodology that first identifies manifestations of overtourism in a destination and then uses a standardized procedure to evaluate the usability of different types of strategies in a selected destination. This procedure should lead to the creation of a comprehensive plan guaranteeing the sustainable development of tourism in the destination. The use of the methodology is explained at 12 rural locations in the Czech Republic, which were selected concerning the diversity of manifestations of overtourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism carrying capacity remains pivotal for ensuring sustainable development within protected terrains, accentuating the balance between conservation, socio-economic benefits, and visitor satisfaction. This study delves into the intricate dimensions of this balance, focusing on the Katon-Karagay National Park (KKNP). Merging comprehensive empirical data accrued from fieldwork within the park, calculations surrounding recreational loads, and a synthesis of the relevant literature, the study designed a methodology. This included calculation techniques incorporating ecological and tourist social capacities, the psychocomfort approach, and an ongoing monitoring approach, supplemented by exclusive data from the park's administration. Key findings underscored the significance of an adaptive balance, revealing specific permissible recreational loads for different park zones. For instance, zones of quiet recreation evidenced up to 5 people/ha, while active recreation zones fluctuated between 20 and 100 people/ha. Monitoring evidenced critical environmental changes, shaping recommendations for effective tourism flow regulation, ensuring alignment with established norms and ecological preservation. The exploration substantiates the indispensability of a meticulously structured approach to ascertain tourism carrying capacity, emphasizing the harmony achievable between environmental sanctity and human pursuits. KKNP's empirical data serve as a paradigm, guiding sustainable tourism frameworks for similar ecologically sensitive regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a number of years, heritage resources have suffered the negative effects of tourist pressure. Overtourism has been generating a wide-ranging debate on this issue. This work focuses on the strategies and measures adopted to address overtourism during the last 30 years at heritage attractions, which are much less studied than urban heritage centres. Specifically, it analyses measures relating to the management of site capacities based on the concept of tourist carrying capacity, using content analysis as a methodology. We have used the Alhambra in Granada as a case study as one of the most visited Spanish World Heritage Sites. The results obtained reflect a strong consensus on the need to introduce measures to restrict tourist activity, although these measures imply a great effort in terms of management and tend to be taken advantage of by some stakeholders for their own benefit. The extensive time frame of the measures adopted allows us to reflect on the possibilities and limitations of dealing with overtourism by using capacity management strategies and to extract useful conclusions for other heritage sites with similar problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine tourism is one of the tourism sectors with significant potential for development in the province of Banten. However, the development of this sector must be carried out with consideration for the principles of sustainable development. In the context of marine tourism, the assessment of tourism carrying capacity becomes crucial as marine tourist attractions are prone to environmental damage and social issues. Tourism carrying capacity assessment (TCCA) is one approach that can be used to evaluate how many tourists visits a destination can handle without harming the environment or reducing the quality of the tourist experience. TCCA analysis is conducted by considering aspects such as economic facilities, socio-cultural, and ecological environment. This research aims to assess the tourism carrying capacity at Tanjung Lesung Tourism Special Economic Zone as part of sustainable marine tourism development, based on which supporting aspects need to be developed and to determine the coupling coordination among these three aspects. The aspect that needs development is the ecological environmental aspect with a performance level of 8.79%. Meanwhile, the lowest degree of coordination relationship among systems that needs improvement is the relationship between socio-cultural and ecological environmental aspects, with a degree value of 0.64899.

Copyright of Teknika: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi is the property of Teknika: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Sultan Ageng Titayasa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CienciaUAT is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tourism has become a dominant economic activity in coastal, historical, and mountainous locations. To address the negative impacts of mass tourist arrivals, this study presents an approach for promoting Sustainable Tourism Development in small, vulnerable destinations. Specifically, we focus on mitigating the adverse effects of short-stay tourism, which often leads to peak tourist densities and safety concerns. We propose a novel touristic trip design model, aiming to reduce peak tourist demand by optimizing scheduling in strategic destinations. This approach considers three critical aspects: maximizing tourist satisfaction, optimizing transport resource usage, and respecting maximum carrying capacities. Methodologically, we adopt a Network Flow Problem formulation solved using a Time Expanding Network. A Time Expanding Network provides a static representation of the network for each discrete time interval, ensuring travelers’ satisfaction and the overall duration of their visit. We conducted a case study in Liguria Region, Italy, comparing our model’s performance with an innovative heuristic approach. Results show the superiority of our approach in managing tourist flows and promoting sustainability. This research contributes valuable insights for achieving Sustainable Tourism Development in vulnerable touristic areas, assisting policymakers and stakeholders in making informed decisions for harmonizing tourism and environmental preservation.

The rapid development of the high-speed railway (HSR) network has significantly improved the tourism traffic conditions, which has led to a large increase in the number of tourists. This has posed a new challenge for the tourism carrying capacity (TCC) of tourist attractions along the HSR. The purpose of this paper is to measure the development level of TCC and HSR network, and to study the coupling and coordinated development relationship between TCC and HSR network. The development level of TCC and HSR network is calculated respectively. The coupling coordination model is used to study the coupling and coordinated relationship of provincial TCC and HSR network. The results show that this coupling coordination relationship has an overall upward trend. However, the degree of development of the TCC in different provinces and cities is uneven, and the development advantages and disadvantages of the TCC are also different. The development level of the HSR network in most provinces and cities in China is lower than the level of TCC, which indicates that further increasing the construction of the HSR network will have a better marginal effect for the development of the tourism industry in China. Therefore, it is extremely important for China’s provinces and cities, especially in key tourism areas, to promote the coordinated development of the HSR network capacity and TCC. At the same time, in the areas where the development level of HSR network is higher than the level of TCC, measures should be taken to increase the protection of tourism resources and the construction of tourism infrastructure, so as to avoid the destructive impact of the fast-growing number of tourists on the development of local tourism industry.

In this work, we propose a socioecological model to describe the effects of visiting tourists in biological attractive sites. We model conditioned interactions between the forest resources and the wildlife with the tourists. This allows us to describe the net benefits–costs rates that the species and their habitats receive from the interaction with tourists. We show that when a scenario of sustainable tourism exists, it is always at risk. This occurs because there is at least a component of the socioecological system that can go to zero when the initial conditions belong to the basin of attraction of a border equilibrium. However, a sustainable equilibrium can be reached when the initial conditions belong to the basin of attraction of a positive attractor. The analysis of the model shows that increasing the tourism carrying capacities can lead to different dynamical patterns. Sometimes, these patterns describe scenarios of unsustainable tourism. When this is the case, by decreasing the negative impact due to the nature and wildlife‐based tourism industry, a tourism sustainability can be reached. Among the scenarios of unsustainable tourism, there are scenarios without wildlife and/or tourists or without both; scenarios in which the ecological and the social variable show sustained oscillations, or scenarios with chaotic patterns for these variables. We show numerical solutions of the model to display different scenarios when the touristic carrying capacities are varied. Recommendations for Resource Managers: Sustainable tourism is possible if one proposes moderated values for the carrying capacities of the touristic site.The socioecological system is sustainable if the initial conditions belong to the basin of attraction of a positive attractor (a sustainable scenario). When this is not the case, an extinction scenario of the wildlife or a scenario without tourist or a scenario without wildlife and tourists occurs.An increase in the carrying capacity of the forest resources and the wildlife of the touristic site can lead to sustained oscillations. This undesirable scenario can be avoided if the tourists are more friendly with nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large increase in the number of tourists brings challenges to the tourist carrying capacity of tourist destinations. By constructing a tourism carrying capacity indicator system and a coupling coordination model, we calculate and compare the development of tourism carrying capacity and the coupling coordination between all first-class indicators of tourism carrying capacity for provinces and cities in China. We find that the tourism carrying capacity and the coupling coordination between all first-class indicators of tourism carrying capacity for provinces and cities in China both showed an upward trend from 2008 to 2017, but the development was not balanced. In coastal provinces, their development level was high although lately showing a downward trend. In the provinces of the northwest China, their development level is low, and their development speed is relatively slow. The provinces and cities in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the southwest China recorded the fastest growth rate. In addition, we found that the development of tourism carrying capacity is closely related to coupling coordination between all first-class indicators of tourism carrying capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a large, ancient agricultural country, with a variety of agri-cultural heritage sites. The establishment of a tourism carrying capacity evaluation index system for agri-cultural heritage sites is of great importance for the conservation and sustainable development of agri-cultural heritage. In this study, a tourism carrying capacity evaluation index system was constructed according to the five levels of resource space carrying capacity, facility carrying capacity, social environment carrying capacity, ecological environment carrying capacity and socio-economic carrying capacity. This was carried out in Longxian Village, the core area of the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System in Zhejiang Province, China, the first one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems（GIAHS）. The results show that the current tourism activities in Longxian Village are still within a reasonable range. According to the principle of wooden barrels, from a specific level, the resource space carrying capacity of Longxian Village is 413~723 persons per day. The carrying capacity of the facility is 300 persons per day, which is reflected in the relatively small number of accommodation facilities available, which in turn limits the number of tourists. The carrying capacity of the social environment is 2 947 persons per day, and the carrying capacity of the ecological environment is 4 800 persons per day. In terms of socio-economic carrying capacity, there is no limit to the village ′s own level of economic development. Overall, from the perspective of the tourism carrying capacity of Longxian Village, current tourism activity remains within the reasonable range, although the carrying capacity of the facilities is relatively low; however, this level has not become a restrictive factor, and can still support the development of local tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Turismo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Facultad de Empresas Turísticas y Hoteleras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aimed to determine: (1) tourism carrying capacity development in Goa China Beach (2) opportunities and challenges in developing Goa China (China Cave) Beach to improve the community's economy (3) cultural acculturation in communities around the coast of Goa China. Survey was use as main data collecting method in this research, followed by interview, observation and documentation. The results indicated that the beach carrying capacity is in a positive and strong condition. The attraction of the Goa China (China Cave) Beach is the natural beauty and myths that are believed by the community, causing an increase in the number of visitors on this beach compared to other beaches, especially at weekends.

The study of tourism carrying capacity in the municipalities of Tolmin, Kobarid and Komen has shown that the infrastructural and economic carrying capacity is the most problematic, as most indicator limits are already exceeded in the summer season. The most favourable is the spatial-ecological carrying capacity, where none of the studied indicator limits were exceeded. The results of the carrying capacity assessment for tourism in these municipalities should not be used as a tool to restrict tourism development, but rather as expert recommendations to promote more sustainable tourism development. Infrastructure identified as deficient cannot be improved immediately. Improvements require large financial investments that municipalities are not able to ensure quickly. We need a tourism development strategy that, in addition to all the necessary improvements, comprehensively addresses the problems that municipalities face from overtourism, especially during the high season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before Covid-19 happened, the tourism industry had been faced over tourism problems as the effect of mass tourism growth. Tourism environment quality reduction and the social problem happened to the local people become a problem behind all glitters of tourism growth. Since the Covid-19 outbreak, the over tourism problem changes into non tourism. The spread of Covid-19 in tourism can change the tourism development’s paradigm from the visit quantity to the visit quality. Policy about the limitation on the number of visitors applied as the requirement for reopening the tourism sector. This policy is related to the tourism carrying capacity about the maximum amount contained in one tourism area without causing any damages to the environment. This visitor’s limitation indirectly solved two problems at once, concerns about the spread of Covid-19 and over tourism repeats. The research was done in Pulau Merah Beach as the destination with the highest visitors in Banyuwangi regency, which has 574 visitors each day and did the tourism opening simulation in a new normal era with visitors’ limitation. The tourism manager has determined that 750 people are the maximum number of visitors per day. This research aimed to evaluate the consistency of the number of maximum visitors with Covid-19 policy about visitors limitation using the tourism carrying capacity concept Mix methods were used in this study to deepen data and analysis. Thus, complete and clearer research was gained. Based on the analysis, the physical carrying capacity value of 1.074 people per day, the real carrying capacity value, and effectiveness of 468 people per day. It means the limitation of visitors in new normal tourism in Pulau Merah is safe and by the Covid-19 protocol because it decreased about 30% from the tourism physical carrying capacity. However, if it was evaluated from the real carrying capacity value and effectiveness, those amounts are still exceeding the capacity of the tourism carrying capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many coastal areas are affected by coastal squeeze, quantitative estimations of this phenomenon are still limited. Ambiguity concerning the degree of coastal squeeze, combined with a lack of knowledge on its interaction with human activities may lead to inadequate and unsuccessful management responses. The objective of the present research was to quantify the degree of coastal squeeze on the highly urbanized coast of Mazatlan, Mexico, and to investigate the relationship between the development of tourism and coastal squeeze from various time perspectives. The Drivers, Exchanges, States of the environment, Consequences, and Responses (DESCR) framework was applied to identify the chronic, negative consequences of dense tourism in the area, together with the assessment of coastal squeeze. A Tourism Load Capacity (TLC) estimation was made and correlated with the DESCR results, showing that coastal squeeze is inversely correlated with tourism load in Mazatlan. The medium-intensity coastal squeeze currently experienced in Mazatlan requires interventions to avoid severe degradation of the ecosystem on which the local tourism industry relies, for which immediate, long-term, and administrative recommendations are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine: (1) tourism carrying capacity development in Goa China Beach (2) opportunities and challenges in developing Goa China (China Cave) Beach to improve the community's economy (3) cultural acculturation in communities around the coast of Goa China. Survey was use as main data collecting method in this research, followed by interview, observation and documentation. The results indicated that the beach carrying capacity is in a positive and strong condition. The attraction of the Goa China (China Cave) Beach is the natural beauty and myths that are believed by the community, causing an increase in the number of visitors on this beach compared to other beaches, especially at weekends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims & Backgrounds: Today, the concept of capacity utilizing the maximum number of users who use a natural or recreational area at a given time without changing disturbance in the environment is widely used in urban management and planning. The purpose of this study is to determine the recreational range and tourism capacity in Mashhad area. Methodology: The research is of a practical nature and data is collected through library and field studies. Initially, 7475 hectares of the area were selected as useful and usable areas for users through the registration of ground points and the preparation of a land use map using the GIS tool. In the next step, through computational formulas, three types of physical, actual and effective physical capacity were estimated. Five limiting factors were used as coefficients in calculating the actual carrying capacity of the study site and to calculate the effective carrying capacity, managerial parameters were used. researcher-made questionnaire (Likert spectrum) was also provided to users with a record (384 people) in order to score the site management capability parameters. Findings: Among the managerial factors, the highest points belonged to grocery stores (4.8) and the lowest points belonged to the regional relief system (1.2). Finally, the carrying capacity of physical, actual, and effective related to the study area was estimated to be 89700000, 1829880, and 969836, person per day respectively which shows a physical carrying capacity was much more than actual carrying capacity. Conclusion: In general, the area accepts a significant number of users for recreational and sports activities. On the other hand, the area has considerable spaces suitable for the design and deployment of sports and leisure facilities. However, environmental and safety priorities must also be taken into account.

The issues of tourism sustainability and management have become main concern for tourism industry of Agra city. Presently, tourism becomes global activity and impact worldwide, therefore it is a requirement for sustainable tourism management and it is possible through calculating carrying capacity. This study explores present tourism status of Agra city and its problems. The main aim of the study is to disclose carrying capacity of Agra city and prepare the sustainable development plan for tourism sector. The uniqueness and assessment of this study is based on empirical research with the help of a field survey. Evaluating Carrying capacity of Agra by DPSIR Model (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts, and Responses) which is develop by the European Environmental Agency, which highlights critical links and relationships between human activities, pressures on the environment and impacts on ecosystems (European Environment Agency, 1999). Calculating, physical, environmental and social carrying capacity of Agra exposes the pressure on city and future scope of tourism development. The poor carrying capacity of Agra, lead to poor satisfaction level of visitor at Agra city that damage its status around the world. The output of study support forthcoming researches in the area of managing sustainable tourism development.

The tourism carrying capacity (TCC) is an important indicator to balance the tourists' utility level and the quality of tourism environment. However, research on TCC focuses more on measuring the spatial carrying capacity of tourism resources using engineering measurement methods and completely ignores the experience of tourists. It violates the original intention of tourism destinations to provide leisure and entertainment for tourists. This paper attempts to evaluate tourism environmental psychological carrying capacity (TEPCC) in different environmental situations from the perspective of the visitor experience. First, we construct the utility theoretical framework of TEPCC based on consumer utility theory. Second, the choice experiment method is used to design questionnaires. The research team used the visual research method to visit 725 tourists of Shenyang National Forest Park in China. Finally, the conditional Logit model is used to calculate the threshold of TEPCC in different environmental situations in the park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultura Sociedad y Desarrollo is the property of Colegio de Postgraduados and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is to estimate the physical, real, and effective tourism carrying capacity of one of the three pathways defined for walking tourists based on the Historic City of Yazd document in the UNESCO World Heritage List. In recent years, this pathway has been renovated. Mass arrival of tourists select it because of its older and larger number of historical buildings, boutique hotels and handicraft stores. In this research, a library-documentary approach, together with an analytical method, has been implemented. The data was collected from official sources and field studies as well as the data was consolidated by convening a panel of professionals. The total area of the main tourism pathway was first calculated using AutoCAD software based on urban map and, along with other information required in carrying capacity formulas, was embedded. Then, the number of allowed visitors was estimated based on existing limitations. The research findings show that the number of visitors in this area, based on official statistics, is far from its carrying capacity. Thereby, it is suggested that for high seasons, Nowruz Holidays in particular, measures should be taken to control the crowd of this area such as developing alternative tourism attractions, leading the crowding population towards other pathways, planning distribution of tours, specifying time limit for tours, increasing the time spent visiting the site in the first half of the year, enhancing qualities of urban spaces, as well as organizing tour guides and local trained people to manage tourists.

In order to design effective responses to the complex phenomenon of overtourism, the tourism carrying capacity (TCC) of a destination is an essential reference point. This paper provides in-depth analysis of this correlation through the case study of Dubrovnik. The study applies a TCC calculation model that is able to quantitatively include the main effects of overtourism. The paper illustrates how these results can be used to automate specific decongestion policies by conceptualising a digital response system for real-time intervention to mitigate the undesirable effects of overtourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development of tourist destinations, of any scale, such as countries, regions or municipalities, is hampered by the challenges that sustainability measurement faces. Although progress is being made in the measurement of tourism standards, such as IRTS 2008, by the UN and UNWTO, measurement of tourism at the subnational level still lacks international standards. In addition, measuring tourism sustainability means even more difficulties for tourism destinations, since standards have not yet been internationally agreed and resources and skills to develop them are scarce. To avoid or mitigate the excess of tourists, destinations that seek sustainable tourism development often include measures of tourism carrying capacity as part of their management processes. The methodology for measuring tourism carrying capacity of tourism resources, when seeking to obtain a maximum number of visitors that a destination can accept, is abundant. This is the case of those resources with clear entry and exit points. However, when an inhabited tourism destination wishes to avoid or mitigate the problems of tourism carrying capacity excess for the entire destination and not just of a tourism resource, from a management perspective and without pointing to a single figure, the literature on methodologies in this regard is scarce. This gap is addressed in this paper, as it proposes a methodology to measure tourism carrying capacity in inhabited tourism destinations through alerts that could help destination managers to act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of society promotes the development of forest scenic tourism areas. In order to further realise the scientific and rational development of forest scenic tourism areas, it is necessary to analyse their tourism resources and carrying capacity. This paper starts with a brief analysis of the calculation method of tourism carrying capacity of scenic tourist areas based on the forest ecological environment. Then, taking scenic area A as an example, the tourism resources are studied and the carrying capacity of tourism is calculated. The results show that the annual carrying capacity of scenic area A is approximately 850 000 people, while the current annual tourist number is approximately 50 000. It indicates that scenic area A is in a state of low load at present, and further development is needed. Some suggestions are put forward for the construction of scenic area A. This study shows that the analysis of tourism resources and carrying capacity is conducive to providing guidance for the development of forest scenery tourist areas and sustainable development of tourist areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The island complex of Cyclades is the most visited area in Greece and one of the most visited areas worldwide. However, only a limited number of studies have been dealt with the tourism carrying capacity (TCC) in Greece. Therefore, the scope of this paper is to determine sustainable tourism in this area by using a selective number of 24 quantitative indicators that are considered to be important concerning the territorial, economic, environmental and social aspects. It is important to mention that the bed capacity of rented villas is included, which reflect somehow Airbnb flows. Especially in the case of the two most famous islands with a global reputation, Mykonos and Thira, our assessment signals that policymakers and destination managers must take appropriate measures to prevent the negative effects of overtourism and develop action plans to improve the levels of sustainability and competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many coastal areas are affected by coastal squeeze, quantitative estimations of this phenomenon are still limited. Ambiguity concerning the degree of coastal squeeze, combined with a lack of knowledge on its interaction with human activities may lead to inadequate and unsuccessful management responses. The objective of the present research was to quantify the degree of coastal squeeze on the highly urbanized coast of Mazatlan, Mexico, and to investigate the relationship between the development of tourism and coastal squeeze from various time perspectives. The Drivers, Exchanges, States of the environment, Consequences, and Responses (DESCR) framework was applied to identify the chronic, negative consequences of dense tourism in the area, together with the assessment of coastal squeeze. A Tourism Load Capacity (TLC) estimation was made and correlated with the DESCR results, showing that coastal squeeze is inversely correlated with tourism load in Mazatlan. The medium-intensity coastal squeeze currently experienced in Mazatlan requires interventions to avoid severe degradation of the ecosystem on which the local tourism industry relies, for which immediate, long-term, and administrative recommendations are given.

The Asinara National Park shows the peculiarity that it is a small island located very near to the big island of Sardinia (Italy). The site access is (relatively) easy to control and to program with the aim of a full territorial government. In fact, this specific form of the natural protected area's isolation is particularly suitable for the experimentation of new government policies based on visitors' access regulation. Within this new framework, we will consider the usefulness of the concept of Tourist Carrying Capacity (TCC). Due to the fact that there are many ways for assessing the TCC, a methodological choice is necessary: in order to identify the approach that best fits the purposes of the Asinara Park plan, we performed a standard review at international level of the scientific literature on the models used to calculate the TCC to be used for managing a natural protected area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of tourism sustainability and management have become main concern for tourism industry of Agra city. Presently, tourism becomes global activity and impact worldwide, therefore it is a requirement for sustainable tourism management and it is possible through calculating carrying capacity. This study explores present tourism status of Agra city and its problems. The main aim of the study is to disclose carrying capacity of Agra city and prepare the sustainable development plan for tourism sector. The uniqueness and assessment of this study is based on empirical research with the help of a field survey. Evaluating Carrying capacity of Agra by DPSIR Model (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts, and Responses) which is develop by the European Environmental Agency, which highlights critical links and relationships between human activities, pressures on the environment and impacts on ecosystems (European Environment Agency, 1999). Calculating, physical, environmental and social carrying capacity of Agra exposes the pressure on city and future scope of tourism development. The poor carrying capacity of Agra, lead to poor satisfaction level of visitor at Agra city that damage its status around the world. The output of study support forthcoming researches in the area of managing sustainable tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism carrying capacity (TCC) is a measure of the optimum use level of visitors who can use a site without creating environmental degradation. This study demonstrates how this concept can be used to strengthen the management of the only United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Global Geopark in Hong Kong. A research model is proposed based on the criteria of the Global Geoparks Network (GGN). A confirmatory factor analysis and a structural equation modelling (SEM) procedure are performed on the case study of Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark (HKGP). The validity of the TCC research model is confirmed. The results further demonstrate that TCC has been achieved in HKGP; the local community highly agrees with the three management principles of the Global Geopark; and the three dimensions of sustainable geotourism (i.e. environmental carrying capacity (ECC), socio-demographic carrying capacity (SCC), and political-economic carrying capacity (PCC)) have strong positive inter-relationships with each other. This study demonstrates a novel way to use the TCC web of elements to evaluate sustainable tourism practices in a UNESCO Global Geopark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of the tourist support capacity for three Natura 2000 sites located in North-Westerm Romania and the appropriate use of a quantitative methodology adapted to the current working techniques are the main objectives of this scientific approach. In this respect, parameters were determined for obtaining the physical carrying capacity, then the resulting value was modified by the coefficients related to the correction factors. They also consider CAV_NDVI, a factor reflecting the abundance of vegetation and the value of the NDVI spectral index at pixel level, used to quantify the state of vegetation health, as a measure of the ecological status of the sites. The obtained results highlight the sensitivity of the algorithms used for the correction factors and the possibilities of converting these results into elements with practical possibilities for the sustainable sites management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea level rise due to climate change affects beaches, which are a source of high recreational value in the economy. The tourism carrying capacity (TCC) assessment is one of the tools to determine the management capacity of a beach. Pattaya beach represents the character of well-known beaches in Thailand, while Chalatat beach represents the character of beaches that are the focus of domestic tourism. To evaluate beach area this study detected the shoreline position using Google Earth images with tidal correction. The Bruun rule was used for shoreline projection. TCC was calculated by using the beach area, correction factors, and management capacity. The results find that the current effective carrying capacity is approximately 200,000 for Pattaya beach and 49,000 for Chalatat beach. Although the Chalatat beach areas are larger than Pattaya, the effective carrying capacity of Pattaya beach is larger than the effective carrying capacity of Chalatat beach for all situations because TCC is affected by beach areas, correction factors, and management capacity. Because beach areas experience the effects of sea-level rise, protection against future beach loss should be considered for coastal management.

The Himalaya has numerous natural, cultural, aesthetic, and adventurer tourists/pilgrims’ destinations, which are the major source of income and employment to the local people and revenue generation to the government. Meanwhile, tourism carrying capacity of these destinations is poor and thus tourism development could not take shape. This article examines carrying capacity and destination development of the Gangotri tourists/pilgrims’ circuit, which is also known as Gangotri eco-sensitive zone. We conducted this study using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, in which we collected data on tourists/pilgrims flow, accommodation, transportation, and infrastructural facilities. Primary data were collected through interview of 160 persons of 8 tourists/pilgrims centres who are involved in tourism activities. Further, we employed a participatory observation method after an extensive visit of Gangotri tourisms/pilgrims circuit in January 2017. Secondary data were collected from the Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board, Dehradun. We used correlation and rank method and analysed infrastructural facilities, carrying capacity dimensions, proposed destination development model for the circuit, and observed that a sustainable tourism development may enhance economic activities such as income generation and employment augmentation as the whole circuit obtains natural, cultural, and aesthetic importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to optimize theme parks’ tourism carrying capacity, one must understand how park spatial structure influences visitor distribution and, in turn, congestion. This study applied a mixed-methods approach of statistical and spatial analyses of survey data from a theme park in China, to determine how attraction and spatial layout attributes affect theme park visitor movement. Results indicated that visitor movement is influenced by attraction attributes (e.g., attraction type, experience value, facility capacity, floor area, and indoor feature) and spatial layout attributes (e.g., distance between attractions, path network, entrance location, and attraction distribution). Theories relating intuitive and rational choices supported the effects of attraction and spatial layout attributes on visitor movement in light of the objective environment, benefits, costs, available information, and available options. Overall, these findings may inform theme park capacity design and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand a theme park's tourism carrying capacity (TCC), this paper proposes a conceptual framework that classifies the determinants of theme park TCC across three levels: fundamental determinants, mediating determinants, and direct determinants. The authors empirically tested a portion of the framework from the demand side by surveying 1356 visitors at a theme park in China. PLS path modeling, one-way ANOVA, linear regression, and multi-group moderation tests were used to analyze the impacts of attendance from a visitor perspective, day perspective, and visitor perspective at different attendance levels. Results indicate that theme park attendance either directly and/or indirectly affects visitors' experience, satisfaction, and behavioral intention. Theme park attendance also moderates the effects of visitors' experience on visitor satisfaction and behavioral intention, all of which determine a theme park's TCC. Corresponding management practices are recommended based on these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]