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Background: The predominant cause of giant left atrium (GLA) is rheumatic mitral valvular disease. GLA is commonly defined echocardiographically by measuring the left atrial diameter (LAD). In the context of changing epidemiology of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) globally, and introduction of left atrial volume index (LAVI), the aetiology of GLA and utility of LAVI for defining GLA may be necessary. Methods: The prospective observational study was carried out at a dedicated tertiary care cardiac centre of a developing country to know the aetiology and clinical pattern of GLA over 8 years. GLA was defined echocardiographically as a left atrium (LA) having a diameter ≥80 mm in the left parasternal long-axis view. Follow-up was made over the telephone. Results: Thirty cases of GLA were diagnosed over 8 years from 2013 to 2021. Twenty two were due to rheumatic heart disease (RHD), 7 due to MVP, and 1 due to flail anterior mitral leaflet. Mean LAD was 92.13 ± 16.72 mm, and the mean LAVI was 288.77 ± 134.40 ml/m2. LA thrombus was present in 5 patients, 6 had spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) in LA, 2 had both LA thrombus and SEC. Mean follow-up was 0.99 ± 1.06 years. Out of 15 patients, 5 died, while 10 were alive. Mean survival was 1.8 ± 1.17 years, ranging from less than 1 year to 4 years. Conclusion: RHD continues to be the predominant cause of GLA; however, MVP is also important. The cut-off value of LAVI for defining GLA needs further study. Cardiovasc j 2023; 15(2): 151-158

Live-cell microscopy is used to infer dynamics in single cells. Here, ERK signaling was monitored using four different biosensors in a common cell context. Each responds with unique kinetics, reflecting differences in ERK localization and activity. Mathematical modeling offers an interpretation of the data and may be used to guide biosensor design.

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disease of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Phenotypic expression varies widely from subclinical hypertrophy to gross asymmetric septal hypertrophy causing left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. On top of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, the prevalence of different types of HCM may have geographical, as well as, ethnic variation. Methods: This observational study was carried out during 2010 to 2020 to determine the echocardiographic profile of HCM in Bangladeshi population. All patients undergoing transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in a private consultation centre of Dhaka, Bangladesh were included. HCM was defined as the presence of a maximal end-diastolic wall thickness of e”15 mm anywhere in the left ventricle (LV), in the absence of another cause of hypertrophy in adults. HCM was further classified according to the pattern of myocardial hypertrophy and presence or absence of LVOT, or mid-left ventricular cavity obstruction. Results: Out of 76 cases, non-obstructive HCM was the commonest type (65.8%), followed by HCM causing LVOT obstruction (13.2%), HCM causing mid-LV cavity obstruction (10.5%), and the apical variety ( 10.5%). Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was found in 42.1%, systolic anterior motion (SAM) of anterior mitral leaflet (AML) in 14.5%, mitral regurgitation (MR) in 50%, left ventricular systolic dysfunction in 5.3%, and raised pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) in 15.8% of cases. Maximum LV wall thickness ≥30 mm was found in 66 out of 76 cases. Conclusion: The study highlights the clinically useful profile of HCM in Bangladeshi population based on conventional echocardiography. Further studies involving clinical, newer echocardiographic modalities and genetic analyses are warranted to discover the additional information in this ethnicity. Cardiovasc j 2021; 14(1): 5-11

Background:Uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) is a major healthcare issue and responsible for high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity. Physicians of Bangladesh had been usingamlodipine and Olmesartan combination for a long period of time but have very limited evidence-based information regarding the efficacy and safety of this combination.The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fixed dose combination of olmesartan/amlodipine in hypertensive patients. Methods:This open-label, non-randomized, non-comparative observational study was conducted in different centers of Bangladesh during the period from January 2020 to November 2020. In total 443 Bangladeshi adult patients with hypertension were selected as the study population. Proper written consent was taken from all the participants before collecting data. Inter-group differences in the baseline characteristics were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Two-tailed p-values of less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analyses were conducted by using SPSS for Windows, version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results:Among all the participants, more than 70% were above 46 years of age and 55% were male. More than 60% of them were either overweight or obese. Among them, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and Chronic renal failure (CRF) was found among 14.22%, 28.44%, and 4.29% participants respectively Mean systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) were reduced to 36.61 and 18.69 mm of Hg respectively after 12 weeks of therapy. Besides these, the targeted SBP was achieved among 92% and targeted DBP was achieved among 98.3% of participants after 12 weeks. Achievement of BP goal in respect to Body mass index (BMI) of the patient (P-value 0.019), family history of hypertension (P-value 0.028), and dose of the drug in initial visit (P-value 0.001) was found statistically significant. There was no discontinuation of study medication due to intolerance or adverse events. Conclusion:Olmesartan/Amlodipine is an effective combination for reducing the blood pressure along with achievement of BP goal. Future studies on Olmesartan/Amlodipine in Bangladesh could be conducted with a longer treatment duration to examine the maintenance of effect and long-term safety.

GPR88 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor which has been implicated in a number of striatal-associated disorders. Herein we describe the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of the first GPR88 radioligand, [

Cue-exposure therapy (CET) is an effective approach for anxiety-related disorders, but its effectiveness for substance use disorders is less clear. One potential means of improving CET outcomes is to include a cognitive-enhancing pharmacotherapy. This study evaluated d-cycloserine (DCS) and RY-023, putative cognitive enhancers targeting glutamate and GABA systems, respectively, in a monkey model of CET for alcohol use disorder.Male rhesus monkeys (n = 4) underwent multiple cycles of the CET procedure. During baseline (Phase 1), monkeys self-administered an ethanol solution under a fixed-ratio schedule and limited access conditions such that every 5th response in a 3-h session resulted in 30-s access to a drinking spout and a change in ethanol-paired cue lights from white to red. Behavior then was extinguished (Phase 2) by omitting the ethanol solution yet retaining the ethanol-paired stimulus lights. Monkeys also received injections of vehicle, DCS (3 mg/kg), a partial agonist at the glycine modulatory site on glutamatergic NMDA receptors, or the α5GABAThrough multiple cycles, self-administration remained stable. Compared to vehicle, DCS facilitated extinction of ethanol seeking (Phase 2) and delayed reacquisition of ethanol self-administration (Phase 4). In contrast, RY-023 facilitated extinction (Phase 2) and reduced cue reactivity (Phase 3).Adjunctive pharmacotherapy can improve CET outcomes, but the choice of pharmacotherapy should be dependent on the outcome of interest.

This paper is based on bio-inspired optimization algorithms. Optimization is the process of selecting the best element by following some rules and criteria from some set of available alternatives. In this paper, we have solved Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) using Swarm Intelligence algorithms and we have compared them. First we have implemented the basic Genetic Algorithm (GA) on TSP. Then we have implemented Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Algorithm on TSP. In optimization problem, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Algorithm have been known as good meta-heuristic techniques. GA is designed by adopting the natural law of evolution, while ACO is inspired by the foraging behavior of ant species. Balancing the exploitation-exploration tradeoff is required in ACO. In contrast with the GA implementation, ACO was much easier to control.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an established major cardiovascular risk factor associated with increased prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with diabetes often have numerous concomitant cardiac risk factors with a higher incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Patients either with or without a prior history of DM may present with hyperglycemia during AMI. We analysed our population to determine whether admission hyperglycemia was a strong risk factor for in-hospital mortality and morbidity in patients with AMI and may be even stronger than a previous history of diabetes.In-hospital death risk of AMI patients without DM was about 2 to 4 times higher in patients with hyperglycemia than in those without hyperglycemia. Methods: This Prospective observational study was carried out at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Dhaka. A total number of 200 STsegment elevation AMI patients were enrolled in this study as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were subdivided on the basis of admission blood glucose into two groups. Group-1A and 2A were 50 patients with blood glucose 0.05%. There was no significant difference regarding risk factors and smoking was higher in both group. Regarding inhospital adverse outcome, death was significantly higher in hyperglycemic non diabetic group (p65 years and Male sex were also associated with significant in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Independent of diabetic status, the occurrence of hyperglycemia during AMI is associated with a subpopulation of patients at particularly high risk for an adverse clinical outcome. Even with the highly efficacious treatment strategies currently available, persons presenting with AMI and hyperglycemia are at increased risk for cardiogenic shock and CHF or death in hospital. Bangladesh Heart Journal 2020; 35(1) : 14-19

Background: Incidence of noncommunicable disease, specially cardiovascular diseases, is increasing in Bangladesh. Prevalence of risk factors in ischaemic heart disease (IHD) has been studied in different tertiary hospitals and institutes. This study was done in a secondary hospital with a patient population mainly of low socioeconomic condition and was compared with other patient groups of the country and Indian subcontinent. Methods: this cross sectional study was conducted in Manikganj Sadar Hospital from July 2019 to December 2019. All the patients admitted with the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) were included. Cardiovascular risk factors, like smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), family history of premature cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidaemia and obesity, were evaluated among the patients. Results: This cross-sectional study showed most of the patients were in the age group of 50-59 years. 66% of the male patients and 2% of the female patients were smoker. 66% of the patients were hypertensive, 44% patients were diabetic, 28.5% patients were overweight, 60.4% patients had total cholesterol > 200mg/dl, 73.6% patients had LDL>130 mg/dl, 110 76.3% patients had HDL < 40 mg/ dl, 72.2% had triglyceride >150 mg/dl and 39% patients had family history of premature cardiovascular disease. Ninety (62.5%) patients had anterior MI, 50 (34.7%) patients had inferior MI and 4 (2.7%) patients had NSTEMI. 65 patients had no major risk factor and 57 % had three or more risk factors. Conclusion: The study population was more aged in comparison to other studies conducted in different parts of Bangladesh. Prevalence of smoking habit was lower but the prevalence of HTN, DM and dyslipidaemia were higher than the general population and other cohorts of MI patients. The prevalence of major risk factors was much higher than the general population of Bangladesh. Cardiovasc. j. 2020; 12(2): 96-101

In vitro studies suggest that mapping the spatiotemporal complexity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling is essential to understanding its function. The lack of tools to directly monitor NF-κB proteins in vivo has hindered such efforts. Here, we introduce reporter mice with the endogenous RelA (p65) or c-Rel labeled with distinct fluorescent proteins and a double knockin with both subunits labeled. Overcoming hurdles in simultaneous live-cell imaging of RelA and c-Rel, we show that quantitative features of signaling reflect the identity of activating ligands, differ between primary and immortalized cells, and shift toward c-Rel in microglia from aged brains. RelA:c-Rel heterodimer is unexpectedly depleted in the nuclei of stimulated cells. Trajectories of subunit co-expression in immune lineages reveal a reduction at key cell maturation stages. These results demonstrate the power of these reporters in gaining deeper insights into NF-κB biology, with the spectral complementarity of the labeled NF-κB proteins enabling diverse applications.

International audience; GPR88 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that is considered a potential target to treat neuropsychiatric disorders, including addiction. Most knowledge about GPR88 function stems from knockout mouse studies, and in vivo pharmacology is still scarce. Here we examine the effects of the novel brain-penetrant agonist RTI-13951-33 on several alcohol-related behaviours in the mouse. In the intermittent-access-two-bottle-choice paradigm, the compound reduced excessive voluntary alcohol drinking, while water drinking was intact. This was observed for C57BL/6 mice, as well as for control but not Gpr88 knockout mice, demonstrating efficacy and specificity of the drug in vivo. In the drinking-in-the-dark paradigm, RTI-13951-33 also reduced binge-like drinking behaviour for control but not Gpr88 knockout mice, confirming the alcohol consumption-reducing effect and in vivo specificity of the drug. When C57BL/6 mice were trained for alcohol self-administration, RTI-13951-33 decreased the number of nose-pokes over a 4-h session and reduced the number of licks and bursts of licks, suggesting reduced motivation to obtain alcohol. Finally, RTI-13951-33 did not induce any place preference or aversion but reduced the expression of conditioned place preference to alcohol, indicative of a reduction of alcohol-reward seeking. Altogether, data show that RTI-13951-33 limits alcohol intake under distinct conditions that require consummatory behaviour, operant response or association with contextual cues. RTI-13951-33 therefore is a promising lead compound to evaluate GPR88 as a therapeutic target for alcohol use disorders. More broadly, RTI-13951-33 represents a unique tool to better understand GPR88 function, disentangle receptor roles in development from those in the adult and perhaps address other neuropsychiatric disorders.

The central relaxin-3/RXFP3 system plays important roles in stress responses, feeding, and motivation for reward. However, exploration of its therapeutic applications has been hampered by the lack of small molecule ligands and the cross-activation of RXFP1 in the brain and RXFP4 in the periphery. Herein, we report the first structure–activity relationship studies of a series of novel nonpeptide amidinohydrazone-based agonists, which were characterized by RXFP3 functional and radioligand binding assays. Several potent and efficacious RXFP3 agonists (e.g., 10d) were identified with EC(50) values 100-fold selectivity for RXFP3/4 over RXFP1. In vitro ADME and pharmacokinetic assessments revealed that the amidinohydrazone derivatives may have limited brain permeability. Collectively, our findings provide the basis for further optimization of lead compounds to develop a suitable agonist to probe RXFP3 functions in the brain.

Preclinical evidence suggests a key role for GABA(A) receptors containing the α5 subunit (i.e., α5GABA(A) receptors) in the abuse-related effects of alcohol, including the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects, as well as cue-induced alcohol seeking behavior. However, the contribution of this GABA(A) receptor subtype to relapse-like drinking behavior remains unknown. The present study evaluated the capacity of ligands targeting α5GABA(A) receptors to modulate the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), a model of relapse-like drinking. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats underwent repeated cycles of long-term access to alcohol solutions (5%, 10%, 20% v/v + water) in the home cage followed by water only deprivation periods. Upon evidence that the ADE could be reliably expressed across cycles, drug treatment was initiated. One group received the α5GABA(A) receptor-preferring agonist QH-ii-066 and the other group received the α5GABA(A) receptor-selective inverse agonist L-655,708. At the end of ADE testing, rats underwent testing in the elevated zero maze under vehicle or L-655,708 treatment for assessment of anxiety-like behavior. The ADE was reliably expressed across repeated cycles of alcohol access/deprivation in a subset of rats. Low doses of QH-ii-066 enhanced expression of the ADE; whereas, L-655,708 dose-dependently inhibited expression of the ADE. L-655,708 did not engender anxiogenic effects in the elevated zero maze under the conditions evaluated. These findings suggest a key role for α5GABA(A) receptor mechanisms in relapse-like drinking. Moreover, they suggest that α5GABA(A) receptors may represent a novel pharmacological target for the development of medications to prevent or reduce alcohol relapse.

The orphan receptor GPR88 has been implicated in a number of striatal-associated disorders, yet its endogenous ligand has not been discovered. We have previously reported that the amine functionality in the 2-AMPP-derived GPR88 agonists can be replaced with an amide (e.g., 4) without losing activity. Later, we have found that the amide can be replaced with a bioisosteric 1,3,4-oxadiazole with improved potency. Here, we report a further study of amide bioisosteric replacement with a variety of azoles containing three heteroatoms, followed by a focused structure–activity relationship study, leading to the discovery of a series of novel 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles as GPR88 agonists. Collectively, our medicinal chemistry efforts have resulted in a potent, efficacious, and brain-penetrant GPR88 agonist 53 (cAMP EC(50) = 14 nM), which is a suitable probe to study GPR88 functions in the brain.

Bisindoles are structurally complex dimers and are intriguing targets for partial and total synthesis. They exhibit stronger biological activity than their corresponding monomeric units. Alkaloids, including those containing C-19 methyl-substitution in their monomeric units, their synthetic derivatives, and their mismatched pairs can be attractive targets for synthesis and may unlock better drug targets. We herein discuss the isolation of bisindoles from various Alstonia species, their bioactivity, putative biosynthesis, and synthesis. The total synthesis of macralstonidine, macralstonine, O-acetylmacralstonine, and dispegatrine, as well as the partial synthesis of alstonisidine, villalstonine, and macrocarpamine are also discussed in this review. The completion of the total synthesis of pleiocarpamine by Sato et al. completes the formal synthesis of the latter two bisindoles.

Heart conditions of human body can be detected by the electrical signal from heart which is called electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate which is the number of heart beat per minute (BPM). ECG is the result of electric signal of heart that is caused of the heart to beat. The result is shown as a wave on a monitor or graph paper. Heart disease has become a very big issue nowadays. Many people get sick or even die because of the inability to monitor their heart conditions properly. This serious issue can be prevented by monitoring the heart’s condition regularly. It would be great if this monitoring can be done remotely. In this paper, such a system is proposed by using AD8232 single lead heart beat sensor to extract the ECG signal and pulse sensor to get the BPM. The obtained sensor data are transmitted to the cloud server internet using ESP32 microcontroller which has Wi-Fi capability for remote monitoring by a health specialist. Ubidots and Thingspeak platforms are used as a cloud server. As a result, any health specialist can check the patient’s heart condition at anytime from anywhere and can take necessary steps.

Water is one of the most fundamental requirements of agriculture. The lack of water due to population growth has risen in recent years. This then becomes an obstacle for everyone. The old irrigation scheme requires much water. In order to minimize the percentage of excess water available in irrigation, smart strategies are required. In any domain, from tiny and basic applications to broad and complex applications, we have seen a large market for the internet of things rise. In fact, Smart Irrigation is very complicated, but the combination of IoT with Smart wireless sensors brings with it a fantastic management framework. The sensor detects both the contents of water vapor and the temperature around the plant. If the water level dropped below the minimum demand, water sources from a water tank through a relay. The Soil Moisture Indicator tracks the ground moisture of a plant. The entire system is automated and calibrated to require a minimal amount of time and energy. A mega-farming operation can be tracked and regulated from a single position with this system.

The Pictet-Spengler reaction continues to be widely employed in the synthesis of bioactive natural products, as well as synthetic compounds containing the THβC and THIQ moieties. The asymmetric version of this reaction has been central to the enantiospecific total synthesis of >150 sarpagine/macroline/ajmaline alkaloids. The diastereospecific Pictet-Spengler reaction under thermodynamic control is crucial to the large-scale synthesis of the important tetracyclic bicyclo[3.3.1] core in >98% ee towards many indole alkaloids from this superfamily. Extensive exploration of the Pictet-Spengler reaction for the emerging class of C-19 methyl-substituted sarpagine/macroline/ajmaline alkaloids has resulted in the ambidextrous version, which has enabled access to both the natural and unnatural enantiomers of alkaloids starting with either D- or L-tryptophan, at will. Some noteworthy recent applications of the large scale Pictet-Spengler reaction in the total synthesis of sarpagine-related alkaloids and the development of the ambidextrous Pictet-Spengler reaction are described in this chapter.

Background: One fifth Bangladeshi adults are hypertensive. Forty percent of them know that they are hypertensive. 53% to 75% hypertensive people have got uncontrolled hypertension. One of the most important causes of uncontrolled hypertension is nonadherence to drugs. We tried to find the causes of non adherence of drugs among the patients with HTN in a secondary care hospital of Bangladesh. Methods: The study was conducted from March 2018 to June 2018. Total 144 patients with HTN were included in the study. Taking drugs in less than 80% of the days of previous six months was defined as nonadherence. We used Hill Bone compliance scale to find out the causes of nonadherence to drugs. Results: Out of 144 patients 79 patients (55%) were non adherent to drugs. 36.8% patients forget to take their drugs, 34.02% patients run out of drugs, 29.86% patients miss taking drugs when they feel better, 15.27% patients skip their drugs before going to the doctor and 14.58% patients decide not to take drugs anymore without any specific reason. In most of the patients there are more than one causes of nonadherence. 85.9% patients with nonadherence had uncontrolled hypertension and 66.6 % of the nonadherent patients had target organ damage. Nonadherence is more in elderly patients and with increased duration of hypertension. Conclusion: Fifty five percent of the diagnosed hypertensive population is nonadherent to their drugs. We must take measures to diagnose HTN among our population and find the ways to make them adherent to their treatment. Cardiovasc. j. 2019; 11(2): 105-113

Background: The Chiari network is mobile, serpentine, filament-like structures occasionally seen in right atrium near the opening of inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. Sometimes it may cause diagnostic confusion with right atrial pathologies. Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted from September 2017 to August 2018 in a private consultation center in Dhaka. All patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography were included. Chiari network was diagnosed and any relevant clinical condition was recorded. Results: Out of 1832 echo studies, Chiari network was found in 90 subjects giving a prevalence of 4.91%. More than half (55.6%) had otherwise normal heart, 20% had ischaemic heart disease, 7.8% had cardiomyopathy, 6.7% congenital heart disease, while 3.3% had valvular heart disease. Conclusion: The Chiari network is often an incidental diagnosis, though it may not be so rare. Clinicians should be aware of it to avoid diagnostic dilemma and to overcome difficulties while performing cardiovascular interventions. Cardiovasc. j. 2019; 11(2): 93-97

Depicted in the following is the proof of concept, which is important to illustrate the full potential of the ambidextrous Pictet–Spengler (P-S) reaction. Previously, both d-tryptophan and l-tryptophan were employed to synthesize the key intermediates toward the natural enantiomers of C-19 methyl-substituted alkaloids. Now the enantiomeric series of the same key intermediates could also be synthesized from both d- or l-tryptophan in high yield and optical purity via this P-S/Dieckmann protocol. One can make either the natural or the unnatural alkaloids from either of the chiral starting amino acid esters, stereo- and enantiospecifically for biological screening.

This paper is an attempt to analyze the consumers’ perception of various types of advertising media and to know which media is preferred most regarding respondents’ age, gender, and occupation. A sample of 150 respondents from different areas of Chittagong city has been surveyed through a structured questionnaire from June to October 2018.Descriptive Statistics, reliability test, SPSS software has been used to analyze and results show that Internet was the first preferred media for all types of respondent and TV was the immediate choice. According to profession analysis, the newspaper has been preferred most by the business person (52.94%), and TV (50%) was the most favorite media for housewives. Media preferences also differ according to age; young has been addicted to the internet (65%) most whereas mid and aged people like TV (80%) and newspaper (20%) most. Regarding their perceptions to all types of media was positive but some negative perception has been found mostly on trust (mean value=3.15), and they don’t think that advertisements present a real picture (mean value= 3.18) of the product being advertised.If the company or advertisers recover the shortcomings by enhancing the genuineness of advertising, consumers perception regarding advertising media will be more positive.

RATIONALE: GABA(A) receptors containing the α5 subunit (i.e., α5GABA(A)) appear to be critically involved in the reinforcing and subjective effects of alcohol. Their role in alcohol relapse remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: Pharmacological approaches were used to probe the role of α5GABA(A) receptors in alcohol seeking induced by re-exposure to an sweetened alcohol-paired cue, as well as in alcohol+sucrose vs. sucrose self-administration. METHODS: For reinstatement studies, rats were trained to self-administer alcohol under a fixed-ratio schedule in which responding was maintained by alcohol+sucrose deliveries and an alcohol-paired stimulus. Sweetened alcohol seeking was extinguished by eliminating solution deliveries and the sweetened alcohol-paired stimulus. During reinstatement tests, animals received pretreatments of an α5GABA(A) inverse agonist (L-655,708) or an agonist (QH-ii-066) prior to sessions in which presentation of the sweetened alcohol-paired stimulus was restored, but no solution was delivered. For self-administration studies, rats were trained to self-administer alcohol+sucrose or sucrose under a fixed-ratio schedule. Once stable, animals received pretreatments of QH-ii-066, L-655,708, the inverse agonist RY-023 or naltrexone. RESULTS: L-655,708 attenuated reinstatement of sweetened alcohol seeking by alcohol+sucrose-paired cues; whereas sweetened alcohol-seeking behavior was augmented by QH-ii-066, albeit at different doses in different rats. Both L-655,708 and RY-023 selectively reduced alcohol+sucrose vs. sucrose self-administration. In contrast, naltrexone reduced both alcohol+sucrose and sucrose self-administration; whereas QH-ii-066 enhanced sucrose self-administration only. CONCLUSIONS: α5GABA(A) receptors play a key role in the modulation of sweetened alcohol cue-induced reinstatement, as well as in alcohol+sucrose but not sucrose self-administration. Inverse agonist activity at α5GABA(A) receptors may offer a novel strategy for both reduction of problematic drinking and the prevention of relapse.

not availableCardiovasc. j. 2018; 11(1): 67-80

Background: The prognosis of patients with persistent occlusion of the infarct related artery (IRA), despite lytic therapy is poor. Early detection of successful reperfusion and IRA patency is of great importance in terms of prognosis and identification of candidates for rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). P wave dispersion (PWD), a new parameter measured before and after fibrinolytic therapy (FT) is supposed to predict successful reperfusion in patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Objectives:To examine the prediction of successful reperfusion and infarct related artery (IRA) patency by measuring P wave dispersion in 12-lead surface ECG.Method:132 patients were selected and divided into two groups on the basis of ST segment resolution (STR) after 120 minutes of thrombolysis. Group I: patients with STR >70%; Group II: patients with STR < 70%. All patients underwent coronary angiography (CAG). IRA patency was considered if TIMI flow grade was >2.Results: Mean age of the successfully thrombolysed group was 49.12±9.54 and mean age of failedthrombolysis group was 52.08±8.23 years. Though higher age was associated with failed thrombolysis and it was statistically insignificant (p=0.06). Patients with higher BMI showed no significant difference in thrombolysis. It was observed that diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia were significantly higher in group II patients (p=0.04 and p=0.03, respectively). The mean level of PWD after 120 minutes of thrombolysis (PWD120) was statistically significant (p=0.001) between two groups. After multivariate regression analysis PWD120 was found to be the significant predictor of ST segment resolution as well as IRA patency (OR = 1.101; 95% CI = 1.012 – 1.240; p = 0.01).Conclusion: P wave dispersion (PWD) in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy can be a predictor of successful reperfusion and patent infarct related artery (IRA). PWD values, in combination with other reperfusion parameters, can contribute to the identification of rescue PCI candidates.Bangladesh Heart Journal 2017; 32(2) : 100-105

Background: Early detection IRA patency following thrombolytic therapy is of great importance in terms of prognosis and identification of candidates for rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). P wave dispersion (PWD), a new parameter measured before and after thrombolytic therapy is supposed to predict successful reperfusion in patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods: 132 patients were selected and divided into two groups on the basis of ST Segment resolution (STR) after 120 minutes of thrombolysis. Group I: patients with STR >70%; Group II: patients with STR < 70%. P wave dispersion was measured in both groups before and after thrombolysis. All patients underwent coronary angiography (CAG). IRA was considered patent if TIMI flow grade was e”2.Results: It was observed that diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia were significantly higher in group II patients (p=0.04 and p=0.03, respectively). PWD before thrombolysis (PWD0) and 90 minutes after thrombolysis (PWD90) in both groups were statistically insignificant (p=0.45 and p=0.19, respectively). The mean level of PWD120 was statistically significant (p=0.001). After multivariate regression analysis PWD120 was found to be the significant predictor of IRA patency (OR = 1.101; 95% CI = 1.012 – 1.240; p = 0.01).Conclusion: P wave dispersion in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy can be a predictor of successful reperfusion and patent IRA. PWD values, in combination with other reperfusion parameters, can contribute to the identification of rescue PCI candidates.Cardiovasc. j. 2018; 10(2): 158-163

Associated with frank neuropathology, patients with Alzheimer’s disease suffer from a host of neuropsychiatric symptoms that include depression, apathy, agitation, and aggression. Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of α5-containing GABAA receptors have been suggested to be a novel target for antidepressant action. We hypothesized that pharmacological modulation of this target would engender increased motivation in stressful environments. We utilized electrophysiological recordings from Xenopus oocytes and behavioral measures in mice to address this hypothesis. In the forced-swim assay in mice that detects antidepressant drugs, the α5β3γ2 GABAΑ receptor NAM, RY-080 produced a marked antidepressant phenotype. Another compound, PWZ-029, was characterized as an α5β3γ2 receptor NAM of lower intrinsic efficacy in electrophysiological studies in Xenopus oocytes. In contrast to RY-080, PWZ-029 was only moderately active in the forced-swim assay and the α5β3γ2 receptor antagonist, Xli-093, was not active at all. The effects of RY-080 were prevented by the non-selective benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil as well as by the selective ligands, PWZ-029 and Xli-093. These findings demonstrate that this effect of RY-080 is driven by negative allosteric modulation of α5βγ2 GABAA receptors. RY-080 was not active in the tail-suspension test. We also demonstrated a reduction in the age-dependent hyperactivity exhibited by transgenic mice that accumulate pathological tau (rTg4510 mice) by RY-080. The decrease in hyperactivity by RY-080 was selective for the hyperactivity of the rTg4510 mice since the locomotion of control strains of mice were not significantly affected by RY-080. α5βγ2 GABAA receptor NAMs might function as a pharmacological treatment for mood, amotivational syndromes, and psychomotor agitation in patients with Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative disorders.

An enterprise resource planning (ERP) project is a sizable enterprise application either in the business and engineering perspective. It creates huge alterations and frequently entails calling into question several traditional roles within the business, for which individuals are rarely well ready. It frequently involves the execution of numerous new approaches and their integration with existing programs and frequently reflects one of the bigger IT jobs -- one of the highly crucial ones in many businesses, cooperation between industry and IT extends into international cooperation between many small business units and many entities of their IT division. The achievement of this undertaking will count on the caliber of the cooperation. Before beginning such a difficult endeavor, certain conditions have to be ensured. The business has to see to adulthood in ERP and also the management and technical capacities of their IT division and the capability of the business and IT to work together. Without these requirements, companies wouldn't have the ability to lead and get different stages of an ERP project. This preparation could require a few educational and communication efforts which can be essential for success. This study has been undertaken to address the viability of installing ERP in any enterprise and its benefits and challenges in Bangladesh. ERPs are highly technical issues with numerous benefits. It requires a lot of preconditions to be installed. By reviewing the literature and going through several recent research, a concept is tried to be developed here in this study. Idea about current status of ERP practices in Bangladesh has been generated from various circulars and reports produced by the companies. The study found that productivity and profits are increased by implementing ERP in the local enterprises but a lot of challenges are to be addressed. The infrastructure of IT and power supply should be ensured to gain optimum advantages. The employees should be well trained to run the system successfully.

Background: This study evaluated the association of body mass index (BMI) and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: Data were analyzed from 100 acute STEMI patients who underwent coronary angiogram. The patients were grouped based on BMI; those with normal BMI, 18.5- 24.9 kg/m 2 (group I) and those with increased BMI, >25 kg/m 2 (group II). Each group contained 50 patients. Angiographic severity of the three groups was compared and the relation between BMI and angiographic severity was assessed. Results: The mean BMI of subjects with normal angiographic findings was 20.81 ± 1.03 kg/m2. The mean BMI of single, double and triple vessel disease were 23.85 ± 2.24, 24.25 ± 2.41 and 32.06 ± 7.86 kg/m 2 respectively. The number of vessel involvement increased in proportion with increased BMI and the differences were statistically significant (p=0.001). Conclusion: Increased BMI is associated with angiographic severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. j. 2017; 10(1): 68-73