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Using a touchscreen mobile device while walking in sunlight glare limits the visual attention. This situational visual impairment could affect the usability of these devices. This work focuses on the user interaction in situational visual impairment regarding touch gestures and no-visual feedbacks. We performed two user studies. In the first study, we modified the user interface of the two most used applications, phone calling and text messaging, using touch gesture and audio feedback while these features were not used before. Then a user study performed to extract the user preferences of modified applications in visual impairment situation. Our findings indicate that participants preferred gestures, but did not clearly indicate a preference for audio feedback. In the second study, we employed the computational evaluation to explore the distinctions between the made gestures by individuals in two different situations: with and without visual impairment. The outcomes show that in situations with visual impairment: (1) the people draw bigger and broader gestures, (2) there is higher error in features related to geometric shape, (3) familiarity of the user with gestures changes the speed and time for drawing them, and (4) there is not a critical distinctive conduct in how to apply strokes. The user interaction in situational visual impairment could be improved using touch gesture without audio feedback. This situation needs a wider area to make the gestures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With touchscreens being installed in aircraft flight decks, reach-and-turbulence-related challenges arise. Using the ISO 9241-411 multidirectional selection task (a 2D Fitts' task), we quantified the impact of vibration on touchscreen target selection throughput (a performance score combining both speed and accuracy) and error rate in a cockpit layout. 24 participants completed the task under 2 vibration levels (helicopter level flight versus static), 2 hand support methods (using the thumb, while holding onto the screen's edge, versus using the index finger freehand), 4 touchscreen types (two avionic and two consumer touchscreens), 2 touchscreen positions (main instrument panel versus pedestal), and 4 target sizes (0.8, 1, 1.5 and 2 cm). We found average throughput values of 6.5 bits per second (bps) in static conditions, versus 5.7 bps under vibration, and average error rates of 10.3% in static conditions, versus 16.6% under vibration. Similar to prior work, we found an exponential increase in error rate with decreasing target size. Larger target sizes helped mitigate the impact of vibration. We did not find evidence of a benefit to anchoring the hand on the touchscreen's bezel edge, compared to the freehand baseline, under vibration or static conditions. Under vibration, the pedestal outperformed the main instrument panel position, with higher throughput and lower error rate. In static conditions, the two positions performed similarly. This work contributes to vibration mitigation methods when interacting with touchscreens in the aviation context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of creativity plays a decisive role in the future development of human life as it stimulates divergent thinking and grants the critical ability to innovate and solve problems. Therefore, the question of how to encourage students' creativity has also attracted the attention of related research in various fields. Our study used the Scratch visual programming tool to allow students to create their own digital games. We used different technological devices as external stimuli during the research process to stimulate students' creative ideas. We provided four control devices: a keyboard and mouse, PicoBoard, a 65-inch touch screen, and a Wii remote control for 92 fifth-grade students in four S-shaped classes. After a 12-week experimental process, students designed their original Scratch game. The results of the study found that differences in device properties correspond to different items of creativity: devices highly relevant to students' life experiences improve the flexibility and elaboration of creativity. Innovative controls promote creative originality. The freedom of device control can increase the fluency of creativity. Therefore, providing control devices with different properties will allow teachers to establish learning environments that foster creativity. Finally, we speculate on the impact of other control devices on creativity based on the research results for future reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the design and implementation of a control system for a Pin-on-Disc wear testing machine using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The novel approach employed involves adjusting the applied pressure on the pin, rather than the conventional method of altering weights, to evaluate the impact of varying loads on the wear rate. This method enhanced the accuracy of wear results by 25% compared to traditional techniques. The control system was developed and implemented with a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) that interacts with the PLC to control and monitor key parameters, including applied load, temperature, rotational speed, sliding time, and friction force. Key wear parameters such as the coefficient of friction (COF), wear rate, and temperature were calculated. The wear tests were conducted under varying conditions, with rotational speeds ranging from 300 to 900 rpm, applied loads from 5 to 25 N, and sliding times from 5 to 25 minutes. The results indicated that an increase in applied load led to higher wear rates and temperatures, while the COF decreased. Conversely, an increase in rotational speed reduced the wear rate but increased both the COF and temperature. Prolonged sliding time resulted in higher wear rates and temperatures, while the COF decreased. Additionally, it was observed that the wear rate of the aluminum alloy AA6061 was higher than that of the CK45 steel alloy. The study utilized various software tools, including AutoCAD 2018, SoMove AC Drive Software, EcoStruxure Machine V1.2 VP1, Vijeo Designer 6.2, Ifs – Conf RTD, and MATLAB.

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reducing cumbersome mechanical control components is one of the trends of modern agricultural machinery towards a high degree of automation. Whether the control components of sugarcane harvesters can gradually be replaced by central control screens, similar to car cabins, is an unresolved question. At the level of human machine interaction, this involves comparing the efficiency between joystick and touch screen control. This paper conducts a simulated experiment to compare and study the efficiency and user experience of joystick and touch screen control in adjusting the topper and base cutter heights of sugarcane harvesters, aiming to provide a reasonable basis for the design of control interfaces in sugarcane harvester cabins. The electromyographic signals, experiment duration, and subjective cognitive evaluations of participants in both the topper and base cutter groups were analyzed. The results showed that the efficiency, learnability, and ease of use of different control methods varied under different operational tasks. For the topper that corresponds to the operating behavior and height transformation in real time, joystick control demonstrated superior ease of use and operational efficiency compared to touch screen control, with weaker learnability. There was no discernible difference in muscle activation levels between the two control methods. Consequently, joystick control is deemed more suitable for the height adjustment of the topper. Regarding the base cutter with non-real-time mapping of operating behavior and height changes, no significant disparity in ease of use and learnability was observed between the two control methods. Touch screen control yielded lower muscle activation levels and garners higher overall subjective cognitive scale ratings. Thus, touch screen control is considered more suitable for base cutter height adjustment. Lastly, the paper proposes the optimal combination of software and hardware for control components in sugarcane harvester cabins, and provides an objective and multidimensional experimental analysis method for future research on similar human machine interaction interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key size of the touchscreen menu will significantly affect the user's operation experience and task completion performance. This paper explores the influence of different shortcut menu sizes on users' operation performance in the touch-screen application situations with two tilting angles (6. 6 ∘ and 18 ∘) . The results show that the tilt angles of the two display screens have no significant influence on the response time of operators and the change trend of menu size. When the shortcut menu size is less than 2.5 × 2.5 cm , the operator's response time increases significantly with the reduction of shortcut menu size. When the shortcut menu size is more than 2.5 × 2.5 cm , the increase of size has no significant impact on the operator's response time. The shortcut menu recommends sizes between 2.0 × 2.0 cm and 2.5 × 2.5 cm , with 2.25 × 2.25 cm being a key size value. The research content can be used as the supporting condition of information system design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Since technology has been entering into human beings’ everyday life, individuals established a deep relationship with digital technology, thus an embodied link between people and digital instruments has been born. This is particularly evidenced by recent literature about screen time (duration of time spent by the individual in using electronic/digital media like television, smartphone, tablet or computer), it significantly influences different human beings’ dimensions: physical, psychological and neurological functions. Impact of digital technology on human beings can be considered as a result of syntonic functioning in order to improve different people’s life areas (e.g., work, social or intimate relationship, learning), while the dystonic relationship is evidenced as a result of human addiction to digital technology. The present study aims to provide a cognitive and social psychology perspective on how screen time is changing our existences, defining digital technology as a gift which people should be aware of in terms of positive but even negative consequences in everyday life.

AbstractTablet apps that simulate caring for virtual characters have gained considerable popularity among preschoolers. These games involve taking care of virtual pets, babies, or distressed characters on touch screens. Although there are claims that these games enhance empathy and prosocial behavior, there is little research on their impact. The two experiments here explored whether playing touch screen tablet games that involve caring for virtual characters had an influence on preschoolers’ compassion and how young children’s emerging theory-of-mind and developing emotional regulation abilities moderate the relationship between these caring games and compassion towards real others. In both experiments, 3 to 6-year-olds were randomly assigned to one of three game conditions (caring, violent, or neutral). Children’s empathic concern and prosocial behavior towards distressed characters were assessed on laboratory tasks and on vignettes after playing the game. Experiment 1 (N = 192) showed that playing a caring game led to higher levels of empathic concern and helping behavior towards a distressed experimenter than violent or neutral games. In Experiment 2 (N = 188), playing a caring game resulted in higher levels of empathy and prosocial behavior towards hypothetical same-aged peers in need, as compared to the violent or neutral game conditions. Compassion after playing the caring game increased the most in children who scored low on theory-of-mind, or who scored high on emotional regulation abilities. These results suggest that playing caring touch screen games lend weight to the assumption that they may promote empathic concern and compassionate behavior towards distressed others in early childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of creativity plays a decisive role in the future development of human life as it stimulates divergent thinking and grants the critical ability to innovate and solve problems. Therefore, the question of how to encourage students’ creativity has also attracted the attention of related research in various fields. Our study used the Scratch visual programming tool to allow students to create their own digital games. We used different technological devices as external stimuli during the research process to stimulate students’ creative ideas. We provided four control devices: a keyboard and mouse, PicoBoard, a 65-inch touch screen, and a Wii remote control for 92 fifth-grade students in four S-shaped classes. After a 12-week experimental process, students designed their original Scratch game. The results of the study found that differences in device properties correspond to different items of creativity: devices highly relevant to students’ life experiences improve the flexibility and elaboration of creativity. Innovative controls promote creative originality. The freedom of device control can increase the fluency of creativity. Therefore, providing control devices with different properties will allow teachers to establish learning environments that foster creativity. Finally, we speculate on the impact of other control devices on creativity based on the research results for future reference.

(1) Background: Applications using touch screens are increasingly deployed in medical facilities, as well as in public areas. When touching the display with fingers, potentially pathogenic microorganisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be transmitted. An automated process to decontaminate the device in between users would be highly useful. (2) Methods: Thin glass plates were superficially contaminated with the non-pathogenic Staphylococcus carnosus in a controlled manner. Subsequently, UVA radiation of 400 or 380 nm was laterally coupled into the glass plate, which acted as a light guide. Contact agar plates recorded the change in the staphylococci concentration over time. Additionally, the UVA radiation emitted by the glass plates was measured and the potential risk to humans assessed. (3) Results: Staphylococci concentration decreased as a result of UVA radiation for both wavelengths. At 400 nm, it took about 7.5 h and at 380 nm about 1 h until a reduction of 90% was reached. To meet higher disinfection requirements, disproportionately longer irradiation times were necessary. The potential UVA irradiation of humans in front of the glass pane was about 35 µW/cm2 or less and posed no risk to humans. (4) Conclusions: Side-coupled UVA radiation is in principle capable of safely automatically disinfecting microorganisms on touch screens. However, the required irradiation times are still in the hour range, so that a rapid disinfection within a minute or less is not yet possible with the presented setup. However, higher UVA intensities might reduce the current disinfection durations.

Reducing cumbersome mechanical control components is one of the trends of modern agricultural machinery towards a high degree of automation. Whether the control components of sugarcane harvesters can gradually be replaced by central control screens, similar to car cabins, is an unresolved question. At the level of human machine interaction, this involves comparing the efficiency between joystick and touch screen control. This paper conducts a simulated experiment to compare and study the efficiency and user experience of joystick and touch screen control in adjusting the topper and base cutter heights of sugarcane harvesters, aiming to provide a reasonable basis for the design of control interfaces in sugarcane harvester cabins. The electromyographic signals, experiment duration, and subjective cognitive evaluations of participants in both the topper and base cutter groups were analyzed. The results showed that the efficiency, learnability, and ease of use of different control methods varied under different operational tasks. For the topper that corresponds to the operating behavior and height transformation in real time, joystick control demonstrated superior ease of use and operational efficiency compared to touch screen control, with weaker learnability. There was no discernible difference in muscle activation levels between the two control methods. Consequently, joystick control is deemed more suitable for the height adjustment of the topper. Regarding the base cutter with non-real-time mapping of operating behavior and height changes, no significant disparity in ease of use and learnability was observed between the two control methods. Touch screen control yielded lower muscle activation levels and garners higher overall subjective cognitive scale ratings. Thus, touch screen control is considered more suitable for base cutter height adjustment. Lastly, the paper proposes the optimal combination of software and hardware for control components in sugarcane harvester cabins, and provides an objective and multidimensional experimental analysis method for future research on similar human machine interaction interfaces.

(1) Background: Applications using touch screens are increasingly deployed in medical facilities, as well as in public areas. When touching the display with fingers, potentially pathogenic microorganisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be transmitted. An automated process to decontaminate the device in between users would be highly useful. (2) Methods: Thin glass plates were superficially contaminated with the non-pathogenic Staphylococcus carnosus in a controlled manner. Subsequently, UVA radiation of 400 or 380 nm was laterally coupled into the glass plate, which acted as a light guide. Contact agar plates recorded the change in the staphylococci concentration over time. Additionally, the UVA radiation emitted by the glass plates was measured and the potential risk to humans assessed. (3) Results: Staphylococci concentration decreased as a result of UVA radiation for both wavelengths. At 400 nm, it took about 7.5 h and at 380 nm about 1 h until a reduction of 90% was reached. To meet higher disinfection requirements, disproportionately longer irradiation times were necessary. The potential UVA irradiation of humans in front of the glass pane was about 35 µW/cm2 or less and posed no risk to humans. (4) Conclusions: Side-coupled UVA radiation is in principle capable of safely automatically disinfecting microorganisms on touch screens. However, the required irradiation times are still in the hour range, so that a rapid disinfection within a minute or less is not yet possible with the presented setup. However, higher UVA intensities might reduce the current disinfection durations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many diseases are associated with excess abdominal fat like cardiovascular diseases. Monitoring and controlling abdominal fat led to one of the many factors that can change the status of a person's health. Awareness of the waistto- height ratio (WHtR) can be a guide to adjusting to a person's lifestyle and maintaining a normal WHtR value. This study developed the WHtR assessment device that automatically calculates the WHtR value, displays the health status, and suggests the ideal waist circumference. The device is composed of a microcontroller that interconnects the other components of the device. A touchscreen liquid crystal display component was used as an input and output unit at the same time. The several testing that was conducted revealed accurate WHtR value calculation. The device is effective in assessing the health status of all age groups. The ideal waist circumference from the device was compared to manual computation and found that the success rate is one hundred percent (100%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract As an organic cation, quaternary ammonium salt was introduced as a control agent to synthesize silver nanowires. The important influence of quaternary ammonium salt on the preparation of silver nanowires was seriously investigated by varying the length of carbon chain and its amount. Results showed that using quaternary ammonium salt as the control agent can successfully control the growth of silver nanowires, of which the diameters ranging from 35.06 to 46.60 nm. The diameters of the as‐prepared silver nanowires tended to be smaller with a longer carbon chain. This work provides a new aspect for controllable preparation of silver nanowires. Furthermore, the as‐prepared silver nanowires were used to prepare transparent electrodes. They exhibited good optical performance with 95.6% transmittance at a low sheet resistance of 18 Ω/square, demonstrating their great potential in the application for touch screens.

Humans have discovered the ideology of the locking system since the classical times in order to maintain his own space and safeguard their belongings, this system has been practiced continuously followed over years for improved protection. The difficulty in the locking system is the fact that the humans may ignore to lock the door or else the accessing of the locked door are unchallenging tasks. Humans may also have the ability to effortlessly fail to remember about the closure of the doors. For the sake of maintaining our belonging protectively several modern technologies have been initialized such as the use of code or use of mobile phones or via use of cards the doors have been locked. As a result, there is a need to maintain the limits for specific requirement due to that we are in a need of combining entire technology and developing a single lock system with monitoring features, which would be better suited for all to maintain their belongings carefully. Hence, we procure an eminent surveillance, convenient closing and an opening system. Thus, this enables an easy access to the doors and all specifications do not collide with each other and thus the better safety and secure closure of doors is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Water Conservancy Science & Techonlogy & Economy is the property of Water Conservancy Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this research a portable potentiostat was built for electrochemical sensing measurements with three electrodes, specifically SPCEs. The circuit uses a microcontroller as the main controller to manage all activities, starting from adjusting the input voltage for the SPCEs, setting measurement parameters, measuring the resulting current, displaying graphics on the touch screen, sending data to the computer via the USB port, and connecting to the SD card. Measurements and errors with cyclic voltammetry techniques have been compared with commercial potentiostats. The measurement results on a dummy circuit and commercial SPCEs have an accuracy of more than 90% compared to commercial potentiostats. In addition, measurement data can also be saved to an SD card in.CSV format for further purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests a setup for using remote eye-tracking on a touchscreen tablet to evaluate user interaction for older adults interacting with a user-driven hearing test. By using video recordings to support the eye-tracking data, it was possible to evaluate quantitative usability metrics that could be compared to other research findings. The video recordings revealed useful information to distinguish between reasons for gaps in data and missing data and to inform future similar studies of human-computer interaction on a touch screen. Using only portable equipment allows researchers to move to the location of the user and investigate the user interaction of devices in real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an image-audio dataset and a mid-level image sonification system that strives to help visually impaired users understand the semantic content of an image and access visual information via a combination of semantic audio and an easily decodable audio generated in real time, both triggered by sliding, taping, holding actions when the users explore the image on a touch screen or with a pointer. Firstly, we segmented the original image using a label fusion model and based on the user position in the image, a sonified signal is generated using musical notes and meaningful visual information within the active region like the color and the luminance, then the gradient and the texture. Secondly, we integrated the semantic understanding of the image into our model using DeepLab semantic segmentation of the image and created a dataset of audio and images aligned on the 20 classes of the PASCAL VOC 2012 dataset. The dataset of images are organized based on color, gradient, texture for low-level sonification and on semantic content with sounds for mid-level sonification. Thirdly, in order to provide both types of information in a complementary way, the slide, tap and hold actions of a touch screen are incorporated in the model. The semantic audio providing a brief description of the visual object is played on slide action, the generated signal with color details of the object on the tap action, gradient and texture of the object on hold action. Finally, we validated our sonification model on the provided dataset during a pilot study and the subjects were generally able to identify the objects in the image, the color of the objects and even provide a general description of the scene of the image. Our system could be useful to visually impaired persons in a photo sharing application using a smartphone or for painting art description in a digital museum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the traditional keyboard and mouse input method, touch screen technique has high convenience for users. With the development of technology, touch screen is widely application in various electronic products because of their high transmittance, clear images, and convenient operation. This review mainly introduces the optical clear adhesive (OCA), liquid optical clear adhesive (LOCA), and the most commonly used LOCA ultra violet (UV)‐curable adhesives. Preparation and performance of UV‐curable adhesives are deeply explored. The structure of touch screen, such as one glass solution (OGS), on‐cell and in‐cell is discussed. Moreover, lamination process includes full lamination and non‐full lamination is also discussed. This review introduces the alignment technique comprise mechanical alignment technique and non‐mechanical alignment technique (such as machine vision) and laminating equipment. The recent development and existing problems with the touch screen lamination process are discussed. Furthermore, this review describes the latest developments in the adhesive of touch screen lamination process and predicts possible future development trends, which could provide references for subsequent research work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A loom monitoring system was designed and developed to realize monitoring loom in both industrial field and remote network environments and to meet the on-site workers’ convenient operation and centralized management of enterprises. This article uses the touch screen as the main carrier of the field system and cooperates with configuration technology and expert system to realize fault diagnosis. And this article uses the B/S architecture as the remote system cloud platform network architecture which builds the Redis database and Nginx server operating environment, and the front-end technology such as HTML5 is used to design a web client interface to meet the functional needs. This implementation method has three advantages: First, it breaks the traditional way of mechanical button matching with touch screens in the textile manufacturing industry; second, it can quickly find out the reason for loom failure; and third, it lifts the regional restrictions, thus improving the intelligence and information level of textile machinery and equipment. Article Highlights This monitoring system combines configuration technology with computer technology to realize monitoring in both industrial fields and remote environments. Industrial site workers quickly and directly operate the loom through the on-site touch screen. Enterprise management personnel centrally manage the loom through remote means. Therefore, the system is convenient for different types of users in the enterprise. The industrial field monitoring system has comprehensive functions and friendly interface operation, which realizes the comprehensive monitoring and operating parameter setting of each link of the loom production. It can also meet functional requirements such as fault alarm and debugging and maintenance. The use of the cloud platform and other technologies to achieve remote monitoring of the loom, breaking through the geographical restrictions. It is possible to log in to the remote system anytime and anywhere to monitor the running status and production information of the loom, which also provides convenience for later maintenance and upgrades.

As an organic cation, quaternary ammonium salt was introduced as a control agent to synthesize silver nanowires. The important influence of quaternary ammonium salt on the preparation of silver nanowires was seriously investigated by varying the length of carbon chain and its amount. Results showed that using quaternary ammonium salt as the control agent can successfully control the growth of silver nanowires, of which the diameters ranging from 35.06 to 46.60 nm. The diameters of the as‐prepared silver nanowires tended to be smaller with a longer carbon chain. This work provides a new aspect for controllable preparation of silver nanowires. Furthermore, the as‐prepared silver nanowires were used to prepare transparent electrodes. They exhibited good optical performance with 95.6% transmittance at a low sheet resistance of 18 Ω/square, demonstrating their great potential in the application for touch screens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the self‐capacitive ring like touch sensor design and algorithm for OLED on‐cell touch panel is proposed by rearranging the touch sensor pad, and using hybrid algorithm to calculate touch position. Base on ring like touch sensor design and hybrid algorithm, we can improve the touch accuracy of ring region and realize sliding function on smart watch edge without real rotating bezel mechanical parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The existing lumped parameter circuit models do not capture the true (experimentally observed) behavior of electrostatic forces between human finger and a touch screen under electroadhesion, changing as a function of stimulation frequency. In order to address this problem, we first conducted an experiment to measure the voltage-induced frictional forces acting on the finger of a user sliding on a touch screen under constant normal force for stimulation frequencies ranging from 1 to 10 $^6$ Hz. The steady-state values of coefficient of sliding friction for those frequencies and the value for voltage-free sliding (no electroadhesion) were utilized to estimate the magnitude of electrostatic force as a function of frequency. The experimental data shows that electrostatic force follows an inverted parabolic curve with a peak value around 250 Hz. Following the experimental characterization of electrostatic forces, an electro-mechanical model based on the fundamental laws of electric fields and Persson's multi-scale contact mechanics theory was developed. Compared to the existing ones in the literature, the proposed model takes into account the charge accumulation and transfer at the interfaces of finger and touch screen. The model is in good agreement with the experimental data and shows that the change in magnitude of electrostatic force is mainly due to the leakage of charge from the Stratum Corneum (SC) to the touch screen at frequencies lower than 250 Hz and electrical properties of the SC at frequencies higher than 250 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]