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The aim of this study was to report a rare case of a giant cell tumor of the patellar tendon sheath. This indicates the diagnostic procedures and treatment options for giant cell tumors of the patellar tendon. This study reported a case of a 13-year-old male patient with a giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath. In our case, open arthrotomy was performed with complete surgical excision of the lesion. Histopathological examination revealed a giant cell tumor. At the last follow-up, 2 years after surgery, no complications were reported. The giant cell tumor of the patellar tendon sheath is an uncommon benign tumor. It mimics common knee symptoms. A differential diagnosis is definitely a challenge. Available operation approaches have demonstrated similar results, which lead to symptom relief and a low recurrence rate., (This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: The objective of our study was to compare a novel squared section, tapered design - with four conicity - short stem, the MINIMA® short stem with the cementless Profemur® TL standard femoral stem in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) in terms of functional outcomes, radiologic evaluation and other peri-operative and post-operative data., Material and Methods: This is a comparative study including 46 patients undergoing primary THA. In 23 patients, the MINIMA® short stem was used. These patients were matched with another 23 patients in whom a cementless Profemur® TL standard femoral stem was used. The levels of the pain were evaluated according to the Visual Analog Scale/Numerical Rating Scale (VAS/NRS). The functional and clinical evaluation of the patients was performed with Harris Hip Score (HHS), Charnley's Hip score, EuroQol (EQ-5D)-(EQ-100), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and neuropathic pain questionnaire (DN-4). The rest of the comparison data included demographic data, the American Society of Anesthesiologists score (ASA), Charlson Index score, the pre-operative diagnosis, radiographic evaluation, the days of hospitalization, the operating time, incision length, blood loss, and blood transfusion requirements and complication rates., Results: The two cohorts had comparable results regarding all patients' peri-operative data. The radiographic assessment revealed considerable higher levels of femoral offset and femoral subsidence for the MINIMA group, but within acceptable limits for both cohorts. The majority of the functional and other scores did not give strong prominence to one specific femoral stem., Conclusion: Our comparative study underlined the efficacy of the MINIMA® short stem, due to the fact that it revealed comparable and, in some cases, relatively better short-term outcomes compared with the TL standard femoral stem. Yet, more well-designed long-term research is required in order to further establish its effectiveness., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Tottas et al.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to systematically review case reports and case series about meniscal ossicle, to summarize existing evidence. Specifically, to identify the etiology, demographic characteristics, localization, clinical features, diagnostic procedures and treatment options of this rare entity. Although, case reports/ series are of low level of evidence, a systematic review of such studies can provide and help us to gain a better understanding and awareness of meniscal ossicle., Methods: Two authors searched three online databases (MEDLINE, SCOPUS and GOOGLE SCHOLAR) from inception until March 2020 for the literature on meniscal ossicle. Inclusion criteria included case series, case reports and case-based reviews, available in full-text version, in English and that concern humans. Reports published in languages other than English were excluded, as well as articles with no electronic full text availability. Case reports using the term "meniscal ossicle" to describe an acute avulsion fracture of the tibial root of the meniscus, were also excluded., Results: Of 453 initial studies, 38 studies satisfied inclusion criteria. In total 169 patients were included of whom 107 (63%) were males and 62 (37%) were females. Mean age was 44 years (range 12-87). According to Magnetic resonance imaging findings, in 144 knees (86%) the ossicle was localized at the posterior root or horn of the medial meniscus. 60% of the patients had a history of trauma. The predominant symptom in 87% of patients was knee pain. In all patients was detected an intra-articular density structure in computed radiography. 76% had associated meniscal tear, 61% had intraarticular cartilage loss, 34% meniscal extrusion and 28% anterior cruciate ligament injury. Treatment modalities included conservative regimen in 40 patients, while 59 patients underwent surgical excision., Conclusion: The most possible etiology of meniscal ossicle is posttraumatic heterotopic ossification and small occult bony avulsion fracture. It is commonly observed in individuals complaining about knee pain with history of antecedent trauma. The presence of a meniscal ossicle should alert the physician to the high likelihood of the patient having an associated meniscal tear, articular cartilage loss, ACL injury or meniscal extrusion. Along with the meniscal ossicle, the associated meniscal tear should be treated as well., (© 2020. European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy (ESSKA).)

Traumatic vascular injury of the brachial artery by closed posterolateral complete elbow dislocation, without fracture is an unusual injury. Based on clinical and radiological evidence, emergency treatment is necessary.We present a case of complete brachial artery rupture, with a clot resulting from a closed posterolateral elbow dislocation, without fracture. We report the early assessment and operative treatment.A brachial artery injury due to a closed elbow dislocation, without fracture is uncommon. The diagnosis poses a dilemma and the operation is a challenge. It is addressed by Orthopaedic and Vascular team., (This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Supercapsular Percutaneously Assisted total hip arthroplasty (SuperPATH approach) is a relatively new minimal invasive approach which has been associated with encouraging postoperative outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare the minimal invasive (MIS) SuperPATHapproach with the standard modified Hardinge approach at the base of muscle damage due to serum markers, functional results and other perioperative and postoperative data., Material and Methods: Forty eight (48) consecutive patients undergone primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) by the same surgeon (GD), were enrolled in our study. From this study population, the modified Hardinge approach was performed in 23 patients and the SuperPATH approach was performed in 25 patients. Soft tissue impairment was studied based on three representative markers, C-reactive-protein (CRP) and two enzymes, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). We measured these markers 10 min after surgery, on 1st and 2nd postoperative day. The levels of the perceived pain were evaluated according to the Visual Analog Scale/Numerical Rating Scale (VAS/NRS) score which was registered 6 h, 12 h, 1 day and 2 days postoperatively. The functional and clinical evaluation of the patients was achieved with Harris Hip Score (HHS), Charnley's Hip score, EuroQol (EQ-5D)-(EQ-100), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and neuropathic pain questionnaire (DN-4) 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. The rest of the collected data included patient's age, gender, body mass index (BMI), other comorbitities, the American Society of Anesthiologists score (ASA), Charlson Index score, the pre-operative diagnosis, implant positioning through radiographic evaluation, the type of anesthesia, the days of hospitalization, the operating time, incision length, blood loss and blood transfusion requirements and complication rates., Results: SuperPATH approach was related with statistically considerable lower levels of CRP at 10 min (p = 0,001) and at 24 h (p = 0,047) postoperatively, as well as lower LDH levels in all time points postoperatively. It was also associated with shorter incision length (p <  0.001) , longer operating time (p <  0.001) , higher mean cup inclination p <  0.001 , decreased postoperative pain levels the first 6 and 12 h (p <  0.001) and relatively better clinical and functional results 6 months after surgery, but not at 12 months., Conclusion: Our study revealed some advantages in favor of the SuperPATH approach comparing with the standard modified Hardinge approach, mainly in terms of less muscle damage and less perceived pain postoperatively. More research is required in order to further elucidate its efficacy., Competing Interests: Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2020 Professor P K Surendran Memorial Education Foundation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Total hip replacement has become one of the most successful orthopaedic procedures. The length of the femoral stem constitutes one of the most important geometrical and mechanical features of the prosthesis. Several different implants are currently available but data are limited concerning the clinical results for some of these implants., Aim: To report the short-term clinical and radiological results of a novel squared section, tapered design - with four conicity - short stem in total hip replacement., Methods: This is a retrospective study of a prospectively collected data using of MINIMA ® short stem in 61 consecutive patients with at least 1 year follow-up. The collected data included patients' demographics, type of arthritis, bone morphology, perioperative data, clinical results using Harris Hip Score, EuroQol (EQ-5D), pain score and satisfaction rate, complications and radiological results., Results: Total 61 patients were included in our study with a mean age of 56 years of age (range 25-73 years). The majority of them (68.6%) were women, thirty seven patients (56.9%) were less than 60 years of age and almost half of patients (45.1%) suffered from secondary osteoarthritis (hip dysplasia, osteonecrosis, etc .). The mean time of follow-up examination was 33.4 mo (2.8 years) with a range of 12-57 months (1-4.8 years). In 35 patients (56.9%) the follow-up examination was more than 3 years. No major complications such as revision, periprosthetic fracture, dislocation or infection were presented. Re-admission 90 d postoperatively or laterwas deemed unnecessary for any reason regarding the operation. Respectively, the mean pain score, mean Harris hip score, and mean EQ-5D were improved from 6.3, 58.7 and 77.3 preoperatively to 0.1, 95.1, and 79.8 postoperatively. The Satisfaction rate at the final follow-up was 9.9 (SD 0.3, range 8.0-10.0). All stems were classified as stable bone ingrowth and no radiolucent lineswere revealed in any of the modified Gruens' zone at the postoperative X-rays. Stem subsidence was within acceptable limits and the incidence of distal cortical hypertrophy was relatively low., Conclusion: The clinical and radiological results concerning the MINIMA ® short stem are excellent according to this first report of this specific design of the short femoral stems. Because of the small number of cases and short-term follow-up of this study, a longer follow up time and more patients' enrollment is required., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no conflicts-of-interest related to this article., (©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Several reports have shown that enhanced recovery or fast-track (FT) regime introduction in patients undergoing total knee replacement (TKR) and total hip replacement (THR) results in significant reduction in length of stay (LOS) with no associated increase of complications or readmission rate. Despite that, FT programs for arthroplasty have has not been uniformly recognized or accepted by many orthopaedic surgeons and there is still no consensus on the best implementation process. The aim of this study was to report the results of a stepwise implementation of a FT regime in TKR and THR patients in a general orthopaedic department., Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study of prospectively collected data (from 2014 to 2017) concerning all consecutive unselected patients who underwent TKR or THR on Monday morning. At stage 1 the rehabilitation and physiotherapy component was changed, at stage 2 and 3 a patient's blood management program and a pain management program were prospectively recorded (i.e. respectively Patients' demographics, ASA classification, Charlson index, LOS, blood loss, transfusion rate, complications and 30 - day readmissions)., Results: Four hundred and thirty four patients underwent either TKR (n: 302) or THR (n:132) and were included in this study. A gradual reduction of mean LOS was found in THR patients from 5.7 days to 3.0 days and in TKR patients from 5.6 days to 3.4 days. Furthermore, no significant difference was found in complications or regarding the 30-day readmission rate at the different stages of implementation of the different FT components (i.e. at the final stage 96.7% of THR and 86.7% of TKR patients were discharged to home by the fourth post-operative day)., Conclusion: The stepwise implementation of a FT program in an unelected population of THR and TKR patients was effective and safe, reducing the post-surgical recovery time and patients' LOS with no major complications and no increase of 30-day re-admissions., Competing Interests: Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Professor P K Surendran Memorial Education Foundation.)

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) represents the current gold standard as an antibiotic delivery carrier in orthopaedic surgery. Despite the accepted use of local antibiotic carriers, there aren't any conclusive data comparing PMMA to Bone Graft Substitutes. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the elution profile of gentamicin from various preparations of PMMA cements and Herafill beads. All cements had high initial elution during the first hour which then slowly decreased, Herafill beads on the other hand showed its higher elution around the eighth hour. Herafill, in general, presented the highest elution of gentamicin regardless of its input amount., Competing Interests: None., (© 2019 Professor P K Surendran Memorial Education Foundation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this article, two cases of ulnar nerve neuropathy in Guyon's canal caused by a ganglion cyst are reported. A review of the literature found 73 cases reported in 35 articles of ulnar neuropathy at the wrist secondary to a ganglion cyst. We investigated the pathogenesis of ganglion cysts, which are separated as extraneural and intraneural. At this anatomical area, there are a variety of clinical factors that can also lead to ulnar nerve compression such us trauma, fracture of the hamate's hook, arterial thrombosis, tumors and other anatomical variations. The symptoms may include weakness, paresthesia, numbness and atrophy of hypothenar muscles. Except the careful clinical assessment, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and electrophysiological control are useful tools regarding our differential diagnosis. The treatment of this clinical condition is surgical. We consider that instant surgical decompression is of the essence and enables postoperatively total recovery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Background: Bone marrow edema (BME) is a radiological term which can be found in many conditions with varied pathogenesis and histopathological images. It usually presents with pain in the affected joint and is diagnosed with MRI. Subchondroplasty (SCP) and core decompression (CD) are the surgical methods that are available to achieve pain relief and functional improvement. Both surgical methods have their own indications and are used depending on the patient's history. The aim of this literature review article is to discuss the surgical modalities for the management of bone marrow edema focusing on the knee joint. Such topic which analyzes both surgical methods for treatment of bone marrow edema of the knee joint has never been described in a review article before., Materials and Methods: For the purpose of our manuscript we thoroughly searched electronic databases such as Pubmed and Medline to acquire the appropriate material for our review paper. Only English articles were used in this review. In our study we included every article that had described the surgical management of BME of the knee by CD and SCP. In the discussion we included 18 studies (9 CD and 9 SCP) with a total number of patients equal to 397, while 206/397 had undergone surgical intervention (169 underwent SCP and 37 CD)., Results: Follow-up of 180 patients out of 206 were available for our review. A total number of 166 patients (92.2%) were successfully treated. Specifically, 29 (100%) patients were treated by CD and 137 (90.7%) by SCP. In a study, 10 patients who underwent SCP for BME secondary to advanced osteoarthritis (OA) yielded poor results. In other studies, pain persistency was observed in 2 patients, 1 patient had postoperative infection and another patient eventually underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA). 70% prevention of TKA was achieved by SCP in a study of 66 patients with BME secondary to advanced OA. Thus, a total number of 166 patients were considered as clinical success and 14 patients as clinical failure., Conclusions: The included studies that have been published referred to the surgical methods of CD or SCP for the management of BME of the knee but none of that summarizes all current studies on both methods. Those studies seem that CD is a surgical technique that is proposed to perform in patients without findings of OA that usually fail to respond to conservative treatment. On the other hand, the option of SCP technique is carried out in patients with varied stage of OA associated with subchondral BME. Both methods aim to reduce the pain and to improve function in the setting of subchondral BME. Nevertheless it is not clear in literature which method is the best according to the criteria of the use. This literature review shows a lack of standardized guidelines with respect to diagnosis and surgical treatment., (© 2019 Professor P K Surendran Memorial Education Foundation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Osteochondromas or exostoses are the most common benign tumors of the bones, which appear during the growth period. The involvement of lower extremities is common, particularly in metaphyseal structures of the femur and humerus and around the knee joint. However, the incidence of the development of the tumor at the proximal fibula is rare. The most common signs and symptoms of the disease are pain, pulsatile mass, limb swelling, neurologic sequelae, bursa formation with subsequent bursitis, and impairment of the developmental growth. Vascular complications are rare, yet osteochondromas can cause catastrophic arterial complications threatening the life of the patient if they occur and can include vessel perforation and thrombosis, arterial thromboembolic events, and pseudoaneurysm formation., Methods: We report a case of a 24-year-old male patient presenting with tibioperoneal arterial trunk entrapment caused by a massive osteochondroma derived from the proximal fibula. A combined vascular-orthopedic approach was initiated with the excision of the tumor, in which the neurovascular structures (tibial nerve, popliteal artery and vein, anterior tibial artery, and tibioperoneal trunk) were carefully recognized and protected., Results: The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful., Conclusions: High clinical suspicion of a vascular complication should be raised by physicians when investigating a young patient with a suspected osseous tumor in the popliteal fossa and symptomatology of concurrent peripheral arterial disease. Prompt surgical management is crucial for the salvage of the affected limb in cases of arterial involvement. Furthermore, quick surgical exposure of the mass and regular postoperative follow-up check minimizes the risk of irreparable impairments and tumor recurrence., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)