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The thesis examines totalitarian regimes of the 20th century through comparative analysis of three selected literary works from different cultural backgrounds. The selected works are The Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Wild Swans by Jung Chang and Still alive by Ruth Klüger. The comparative analysis of the works will be carried out using an eclectically constructed hermeneutic method. This method will give structure to the analysis. The aim of the thesis is to answer the question of whether it is possible to use a literary-philosophical approach such as hermeneutics to study historical events recorded in literary works. In addition, the analytical part of the thesis deals with the question whether common and objective elements of a totalitarian system as such can be found across culturally different totalitarian systems.

The article reveals the signifi cance of the mythology of fi re in the study of pre Christian beliefs of I. Ohiienko and its fi gurative embodiment in the poetry ofI. Kalyncia. Attention is paid to the history of the prohibitions of pagan holidays told by the Metropolitan of the reactionary Moscow Orthodox Church. Ohiienko I. connects mythology of fi re with the pagan holiday Kupayla and reveals some of its sacred meaning, healing, cleansing, creativity and knowledge courtship. The sacred Kupala customs described by Ukrainian scholars became the key to the interpretation of I. Kalyncia’s poems from the collection «Fire of Kupala». This study explores the poetic fi gurative dialogues of I. Kalyncia with famous representatives of Ukrainian music and literature of the XIX-XX centuries, with representatives of ancient Ukrainian professions – masters of stained glass, icon painting, carpet weaving and Easter painting. It was proved in the process of analysing the poems, that the key idea of the Ukrainian dissident poet was to revive the images of patriarchs of the Ukrainian family, to emphasize the importance of tribal values, the importance of passing the baton of customs in building national life. The author also talked about demonstrating the uniqueness of Ukrainian culture, the need to preserve it for posterity. With ‘ established that the fi re Kupalo strongly associatedwith the idea of I. Kalyncia about the need to preserve Ukrainian family as an important in the collection is a series of intimate lyrics. In this way, the retransmission of Kupala codes into modern Ukrainian culture is traced. The article emphasizes that the main purpose of the Ukrainian poet – dissident, as well as Metropolitan Hilarion, was to defend the original national – spiritual values in the stateless life of Ukraine. The perspective of this work is the further study of the refl ection of culturological works of Ivan Ohiienko in modern Ukrainian literature, in particular, the poetic interpretation of pagan mythologists described by prominent Ukrainian scholars Igor Kalynets., У статті з’ясовано, що І. Огієнко міфологему вогню пов’язує з язичницьким святом Купайла та розкриває декілька її сакральних смислів: зцілення, очищення, творчість і знання, женихання. Досліджено поетичні образні трансформації міфологеми вогню у віршах І. Калинця: в українському героїчному минулому, у полікультурних діалогах зі славетними представниками українського мистецтва та представниками стародавніх українських професій. Наголошено, що авторам йшлося про демонстрацію унікальності української культури, необхідності її збереження для нащадків.

The paper aims to show that O sută de ani de zile la Porţile Orientului [One Hundred Years at the Gates of the East], Ioan Groşan’s historical picaresque postmodern novel, can be seen – due the presence of different techniques and devices of humour – as a weapon in and against a totalitarian system. In order to do so, our approach takes into account the problem of an East European totalitarian system, the East–West antipode, the condition of the author and his possible intention in a totalitarian system, the condition of the reader and his horizon of expectations in the same system, and the sources of humour used by the author. Humour as a weapon can have a lot of roles, for example, cracking, evading, or surmounting reality, and we want to show that Ioan Groşan succeeds in doing all that. In our paper, we grouped the humour-generating incongruences and contradictions into several categories: composition, frame (space and time, situations), identity (social status, names, physical appearance, ethnic and religious belonging), and language to underline the wide range of tools used by the author.

The article analyzes in detail the versions of the arrest (under the guise of evacuation) and mysterious death of Petro Franko who was the youngest son of Ivan and Olha Franko, at the time – a prominent cultural and public – political figure, people's deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of the USSR and the first director of the Ivan Franko’s Museum in Lviv. The purpose of the study is to reveal on the basis of all available sources: documental, press, memoirs, etc. the circumstances of the forced deportation of Petro Franko from Lviv with the beginning of the German-Soviet phase of World War II, the possible time and place of his violent death as a result of criminal repressive policy of totalitarian system of USSR towards Ukrainian cultural figures and leaders of public opinion of Galicia. The research methodology is based primarily on archival and source research, using biographical, political and cultural-historical approaches, analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the scientific substantiation of the documented facts of the arrest and death of Petro Franko on the basis of archival sources, as well as in the first introduction into scientific circulation a number of previously unknown documents (in particular from the archives of Soviet Secret Service). Based on a detailed systematic analysis and critical verification of all available sources, it was concluded that on June 28, 1941, exactly on the day of his birth, Petro Franko was arrested on the pretext of «evacuation» by employees of state security bodies of the USSR (namely by NKVD troops) and taken out of Lviv. in the eastern direction, together with Acad. Kyrylo Studynskyi. They were taken to Kyiv and subsequently detained in places of detention (prison or remand). In early July of the same year, P. Franko was sentenced to the «HP» («Highest punishment») and «shot for nationalist activities». This happened no sooner than July 6, 1941; more likely, July 9 or 10, 1941. Thus, Petro Franko became a victim of Soviet political repression, and his prematurely ended life is an act of accusation against Stalin's totalitarian system., {"references":["Derevianyi, I. (2011). Rozstrily viazniv v chervni–lypni 1941 r. Yak tse bulo [Executions of prisoners in June-July 1941. As it was].","Dovzhenko bez hrymu: Lysty, spohady, arkhivni znakhidky [Dovzhenko without makeup: Letters, memoirs, archival finds] / Uporiad. i komentar V. Aheievoi ta S. Trymbacha. (2014). Kyiv, Ukraine.","Dutchak, H. (2003). Sprava Mykhaila Dontsia [The case of Mykhailo Donets]. Muzyka – Music.","Dutchak, H. (2004). Velych i trahediia Mykhaila Dontsia [The greatness and tragedy of Mykhailo Donets]. Ukrainska kultura – Ukrainian culture.","Fedushchak, I. (2006). Do 65-richnytsi komunistychnoho zlochynu (cherven 1941 r.) [To the 65th anniversary of the communist crime (June 1941)]. Ukrainskyi vyzvolnyi rukh: nauk. zb. – Ukrainian liberation movement: a scientific collection. Lviv, Ukraine.","Franko, O. (2015). Ivan Franko dav svoiemu synu imia Taras v chest Shevchenka (rodynni spohady i doslidzhennia) [Ivan Franko gave his son the name Taras in honor Shevchenko (family memories and research)]. Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.","Franko, P. (2005). Kryvavi slidy «zolotoho veresnia» [Bloody traces of «golden September»]. Lviv, Ukraine.","Franko, T. (2015). Vybrane: U 2-kh tt. [Favorites: In 2 volumes] / Uporiad. Ye. Baran, N. Tykholoz. Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.","Franko, Z. (1992). Za nevidomykh obstavyn [Under unknown circumstances]. Aksiomy dlia nashchadkiv. Ukrainski imena u svitovii nautsi. Zb. narysiv – Axioms for descendants. Ukrainian names in world science. Collection of essays. Lviv, Ukraine.","Horak, R. (2007). Spohady Sofii ta Volodymyra Dutki [Memoirs of Sofiia and Volodymyr Dutko]. Naukovyi visnyk Muzeiu Ivana Franka u Lvovi – Ivan Franko Scientific Bulletin in Lviv. Lviv, Ukraine.","Klish, A. (2005) Suspilno-politychna diialnist akademika Kyryla Studynskoho v period utverdzhennia radianskoi vlady v Zakhidnii Ukraini (1939–1941) [Socio-political activity of Academician Kyrylo Studynskyi during the establishment of Soviet power in Western Ukraine (1939–1941)]. Naukovi zapysky Ternopilskoho natsionalnoho pedahohichnoho universytetu imeni Volodymyra Hnatiuka – Scientific notes of Volodymyr Hnatyuk Ternopil National Pedagogical University.","Klish, A. (2011). Kyrylo Studynskyi: zhyttia i diialnist [Kyrylo Studynskyi: life and work]. Ternopil, Ukraine.","Kuchabskyi, Yu., Franko, P. M. (1999). Petro Franko (storinky zhyttia) [Petro Franko (pages of life)]. Lviv, Ukraine.","Kyiashko, I. (2003). «Ya buv kolys dyrektorom Muzeiu Ivana Franka» [«I was once the director of the Ivan Franko Museum»]. Naukovyi visnyk Muzeiu Ivana Franka u Lvovi – Ivan Franko Scientific Bulletin in Lviv. Lviv, Ukraine.","Sakhno, A. (1999). Shchodennyk «kontrrevoliutsionera» [Diary of a «counter-revolutionary»]. Kyiv, Ukraine.","Tykholozy, N. i B. (2017). Dokumenty rodyny Frankiv z arkhiviv radianskykh spetssluzhb [Documents of the Franko's family from the archives of the Soviet secret services].","Vasyliev, V. (2010). «Beriivska vidlyha» v URSR (kinets 1938–1939 rr.): politychni aspekty [The «Beriev thaw» in the USSR (late 1938–1939): political aspects]. Kyiv, Ukraine.","Yedlinska, U. (1991). Vchenyi velykykh zasluh i dobroho sertsia [Scientist of great merits and good heart]. Lviv, Ukraine.","Zakharchuk, O. M. (2013) FRANKO Petro Ivanovych [FRANKO Petro Ivanovych]. Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy: T. 10: T–Ya. Kyiv, Ukraine."]}

�� ������������ �������������������������� �������� ���� ���������� ���������������������� �������������� �� �������������� ������������ ��� �������������� ������������������������������. �� ������������������ ������������������������������ ���������� ���������������������� ���������������� ���������������� ������������������, ���������������������������� ���������� ��������������-�������������������� �� ���������� ��������������-������������������. �������������������� ���������������������� ���������� �� �������������������� ������������ �������������� ��������������������, �� �������������� ������������������������ ���������������� ���������� �������� ������������ ���������� ������������������ ������������������. ���������������������� ���������������������������� �� ���������������������� �� �������� �������������������� �������������� ���������� ������������������������ ����������������, �������������������������� �� �������������� ������������������������������ ����������������. �� �������� �������������� ���������������� ���������� �� ������, ������ ������������ ������������������������ �������������� �������� ������������ ���� ������������ ������������������ ����������������, ���� �� ������������ ������������������ ���������������� ���������� ����������. �� ������������ ���� �������������� �������������� �������������� ��.-��.��. ������������������ �������������� �������� �������� �������������������� ���������������������������� ��������������, ���������������������������� ������������������ �������������������� ����������������-�������������������� �� ������������������������ ���������� �������������� �� ���������� �������������������� ������������. ������������������������ ���������������� ������������������������������ ������������������������ ������������������������ ������, ������ ������ ������������������ ���������� �������� ������������������������ �� ������������������������ ������������ ���� ������������ ������������������ ��������������������, ������ ���������������������� �������������������� ���� �������������������������������� ��������������������., The article analyzes one of the most tragic pages in the history of the country ��� the process of collectivization. In the context of the era under consideration, the problem of a female character is investigated, the image of a female activist and the image of an Ingush worker are compared. There is a tragic pathos in understanding the fate of a simple peasant woman, in which the main features of all women of the era of ���the great turning point��� are typified. In parallel, the image of a destitute person, developed with great psychological depth, is traced in the midst of social changes. The analysis concludes that the totalitarian system resulted in the disintegration of not only an individual, but also an entire institution of people���s spiritual life. In the article, with reference to the analysis of the story by H.-B. Sh. Mutaliyev ���The First Days��� the researcher identifies artistic approaches that contribute to the disclosure of the characters of peasant workers and the features of this period in the life of the Ingush people. The practical value of the presented research is determined by the fact that its materials can be used in teaching courses on the theory of Ingush literature, in the preparation of special courses on North Caucasian literature.

У статті вперше розглянуто історію взаємин між видатною українською оперною співачкою Соломією Крушельницькою та тоталітарною системою радянської держави. В дослідженні автор акцентує увагу на тому, що радянська тоталітарна система всі- ляко намагалася морально знищити всесвітньо відомому оперну співачку. Однак, вона не лише розпочала нове життя при ворожому для неї режимі, а й сама не змінилася, зберегла притаманну їй гідність та простоту в поведінці. The article considers for the fi rst time the history of relations between the outstanding Ukrainian opera singer Solomiya Krushelnytska and the totalitarian system of the Soviet state. In the study, the author emphasizes that the Soviet totalitarian system tried in every way to morally destroy the world-famous opera singer. However, not only did she start a new life under a regime hostile to her, but she herself did not change, retaining her inherent dignity and simplicity of behavior.

Celem niniejszego opracowania będzie przedstawienie kolejnych kroków i decyzji Hitlera, jako kanclerza, które doprowadziły do utworzenia systemu totalitarnego w III Rzeszy. Do tego, aby przeanalizować proces podporządkowywania sobie kolejnych najważniejszych elementów systemu państwowego i ustroju III Rzeszy zostaną wykorzystane elementy metody instytucjonalno – prawnej uzupełnione o metodę opisową. Eksplikacja zebranych materiałów oraz danych pozwoli na zweryfikowanie tezy, mówiącej o tym, iż Hitler był zręcznym politykiem, który wprowadzając system totalitarny i podporządkowując sobie najważniejsze elementy państwa (tj. społeczeństwo, policję, administrację oraz gospodarkę), doprowadził do wzmocnienia państwa niemieckiego. Tematyka pracy obejmuje okres kanclerstwa Hitlera, od momentu powołania go na urząd kanclerski dnia 30 stycznia 1933 roku, aż do wybuchu II wojny światowej. Teza, częściowo potwierdzona, przyczyniła się do wysnucia najważniejszego wniosku, iż Hitler prowadząc przedwojenną politykę, rozpędził gospodarkę krajową i zdyscyplinował służby policyjne, lecz z drugiej strony doprowadził do całkowitego zniesienia swobód obywatelskich oraz rozbudowania systemu indoktrynacji społeczeństwa The purpose of this master thesisis to present Hitler's next steps and decisions as Chancellor, who led to the establishment of a totalitarian system in the Third Reich. In order to analyze the process of subordinating itself to the most important elements of the state system and the system of the Third Reich, the elements of the institutional and legal method will be used, complemented by a descriptive method. The expediency of collected material and data will allow us to verify the thesis that Hitler was a clever politician who, by introducing a totalitarian system and subordinating himself to the most important elements of the state (society, police, administration and economy), strengthened the German state. The subject of the work covers the period of Chancellery of Hitler, since its establishment as chancellor on January 30, 1933, until the outbreak of World War II. The thesis, partially confirmed, contributed to the most important conclusion that Hitler led a pre-war policy, dissolved the national economy and policed ​​the police, but on the other hand led to the complete abolition of civil liberties and the extension of the indoctrination system

В публікації на основі широкої історіографічної та джерельної бази проаналізовано ключові чинники встановлення більшовицької монополії у площині діяльності національних суспільно-громадських товариств. Віддзеркалено механізми державної протидії становленню та розвитку національних організацій і об’єднань на території УСРР періоду першого більшовицького десятиліття. Доведено, що основною метою заходів більшовицької влади з регулювання діяльності об’єднань національних меншин був повний контроль за їх функціонуванням, залучення їх представників до формування радянської державної політики в національній сфері, встановлення тоталітарного режиму. The article analyzes key factors of Bolshevik monopoly in the sphere of national associations on the basis of a wide range of archival sources. A deep analysis of the past will help construct a political system, which prevents undemocratic regimes, oppression, and supports the free development of national minorities. The article highlights the role of state power and punitive structures in the establishment of the party members’ control over the public sphere. As a result, the functioning of national minority organizations was determined solely by the licensing procedure for their creation and activities. Attention is focused on subordination of national minority organizations to the Bolshevik party, which strengthened their influence on the society and controled yet harder some of its own members. Bolsheviks, who declared freedom and social choice as a prerequisite for the development of nationalities in the multinational republics and particularly Ukraine, in practice established the system of restrictions and prohibitions. It is proved that the state ideological control led to a crisis of the national social movement, its nationalization. Almost all organizations in the late 1920s started implementing tasks from the Communist party, engaging in historical and revolutionary, military-Patriotic, ideological work, justifying in the eyes of society all the negative actions and decisions of the government. This has resulted in the suppression of the internal interests and prospects of community organizations of national minorities. Thus, the policy of their de facto nationalization led to the loss of their non-governmental character.

The deportations to Siberia of the populations consist of one of the forms of political repression carried out in the USSR under the Stalinist regime. In Lithuania, part of the former Soviet bloc, around 130,000 people were deported (1940-1941, 1945-1953). For families who survive the journey and the first particularly difficult years, a new life is woven progressively working towards a paradoxical rooting in this land of forced exile. Yet, below the potential pathogenic effects on the affected individual and group, collective violence also generates new forms of relationships and psychic life. During the exile, couples are created, and a succession comes into the world carrying a double and potentially conflictual belonging conveyed in this status of children of deportees. The de-Stalinization policy (from 1953) will gradually grant these families the right of return. But they will find a changed country, struggling with the totalitarian regime submitting their history to denial and defamation. Their persecutions and discriminations will cease only with the collapse of the USSR and the event of independence in 1990 which will mark the opening of collective commemorative spaces. Different individual and family destinies unfold as to the possibilities of getting out of a traumatic repetition, of integrating, even of creating, from this history of violence conveyed in family transmissions. For some, specific individual and collective spaces and rituals emerge, and are sometimes revisited and reinvented from one generation to the next; such as the work of (co) -writing, the (return) journey in the old places of exile, the different voices of testimony. They work within a quest for meaning, a creation of symbols, and the inscription in the memory (collective and intimate) of family history, and at the same time of the History, remained long in need of words and place.; Les déportations en Sibérie des populations sont une des formes de répressions politiques menées dans l'EX URSS durant le régime stalinien. En Lituanie, pays faisant parti de l'ancien bloc soviétique, c'est environ 130 000 personnes qui ont été déportées (1940-1941, 1945-1953). Pour les familles qui survivent au voyage et aux premières années particulièrement difficiles, une nouvelle vie se tisse progressivement créant un enracinement paradoxal sur cette terre d'exil forcé. À ce propos, en deçà des effets pathogènes potentiels sur l'individu et le groupe touchés, les violences collectives génèrent également ici de nouvelles formes de vie psychique et de nouveaux liens. Durant l'exil, des couples se fondent et une descendance vient au monde, portant une appartenance double et potentiellement conflictuelle véhiculée dans ce statut d'enfant de déportés. La politique de déstalinisation (dès 1953) accordera progressivement à ces familles un droit de retour. Mais ils retrouveront un pays changé, aux prises avec le régime totalitaire accueillant leur histoire par le déni et la diffamation. Leurs persécutions et discriminations ne cesseront qu'à la chute de l'URSS et à l’avènement de l'indépendance en 1990, qui marquera l'ouverture d'espaces collectifs de commémoration. Des destins individuels et familiaux distincts se déploient quant aux possibilités de sortir d'une répétition traumatique, d'intégrer, voire de créer, à partir de ces transmissions familiales marquées par la violence. Pour certains, des espaces et des rituels individuels ou collectifs spécifiques émergent, et se voient parfois revisités et réinventés d'une génération à l'autre ; tels que le travail de (co)-écriture, le voyage (de retour) dans les anciens lieux d'exil, les différentes voies de témoignage. Ils œuvrent au sein d'une quête de sens, à une création de symboles, et à l'inscription dans la mémoire (collective et intime) de l'histoire familiale, et en même temps de l'Histoire, restées longtemps en manque de mots et de lieu.

The deportations to Siberia of the populations consist of one of the forms of political repression carried out in the USSR under the Stalinist regime. In Lithuania, part of the former Soviet bloc, around 130,000 people were deported (1940-1941, 1945-1953). For families who survive the journey and the first particularly difficult years, a new life is woven progressively working towards a paradoxical rooting in this land of forced exile. Yet, below the potential pathogenic effects on the affected individual and group, collective violence also generates new forms of relationships and psychic life. During the exile, couples are created, and a succession comes into the world carrying a double and potentially conflictual belonging conveyed in this status of children of deportees. The de-Stalinization policy (from 1953) will gradually grant these families the right of return. But they will find a changed country, struggling with the totalitarian regime submitting their history to denial and defamation. Their persecutions and discriminations will cease only with the collapse of the USSR and the event of independence in 1990 which will mark the opening of collective commemorative spaces. Different individual and family destinies unfold as to the possibilities of getting out of a traumatic repetition, of integrating, even of creating, from this history of violence conveyed in family transmissions. For some, specific individual and collective spaces and rituals emerge, and are sometimes revisited and reinvented from one generation to the next; such as the work of (co) -writing, the (return) journey in the old places of exile, the different voices of testimony. They work within a quest for meaning, a creation of symbols, and the inscription in the memory (collective and intimate) of family history, and at the same time of the History, remained long in need of words and place.; Les déportations en Sibérie des populations sont une des formes de répressions politiques menées dans l'EX URSS durant le régime stalinien. En Lituanie, pays faisant parti de l'ancien bloc soviétique, c'est environ 130 000 personnes qui ont été déportées (1940-1941, 1945-1953). Pour les familles qui survivent au voyage et aux premières années particulièrement difficiles, une nouvelle vie se tisse progressivement créant un enracinement paradoxal sur cette terre d'exil forcé. À ce propos, en deçà des effets pathogènes potentiels sur l'individu et le groupe touchés, les violences collectives génèrent également ici de nouvelles formes de vie psychique et de nouveaux liens. Durant l'exil, des couples se fondent et une descendance vient au monde, portant une appartenance double et potentiellement conflictuelle véhiculée dans ce statut d'enfant de déportés. La politique de déstalinisation (dès 1953) accordera progressivement à ces familles un droit de retour. Mais ils retrouveront un pays changé, aux prises avec le régime totalitaire accueillant leur histoire par le déni et la diffamation. Leurs persécutions et discriminations ne cesseront qu'à la chute de l'URSS et à l’avènement de l'indépendance en 1990, qui marquera l'ouverture d'espaces collectifs de commémoration. Des destins individuels et familiaux distincts se déploient quant aux possibilités de sortir d'une répétition traumatique, d'intégrer, voire de créer, à partir de ces transmissions familiales marquées par la violence. Pour certains, des espaces et des rituels individuels ou collectifs spécifiques émergent, et se voient parfois revisités et réinventés d'une génération à l'autre ; tels que le travail de (co)-écriture, le voyage (de retour) dans les anciens lieux d'exil, les différentes voies de témoignage. Ils œuvrent au sein d'une quête de sens, à une création de symboles, et à l'inscription dans la mémoire (collective et intime) de l'histoire familiale, et en même temps de l'Histoire, restées longtemps en manque de mots et de lieu.

Paranoyanın kökenleri yaşamın en erken dönemlerine kadar uzasa da, M.S. 5. Yüzyıl'da Yunan medeniyetinde ifade edilene kadar bir terim olarak ortaya çıkmamıştır. Kelimenin çağrıştırdığı anlam ise zamandan zamana farklılık göstermekte ve zihinsel rahatsızlıklardan psikolojik sorunlara, sanrılı düşüncelerden hakiki tehditlere kadar değişen bir anlam yelpazesinde yer almaktadır. Kökenleri endüstri devrimine dayanan teknolojik gelişmeler ise beraberinde getirdikleri çeşitli karmaşıklıklar nedeniyle paranoya olgusunu daha da tartışmalı bir hale getirmiştir. Teknoloji (medya da dâhil olmak üzere) öncelikli olarak devlet görevlilerinin veya politikacıların egemenliği altında kaldığında, teknolojinin getirdiği imkânları kendi çıkarları için kullandıkları inkâr edilemez bir gerçektir ve bu durum nihayetinde korkuya, bilinmezliğe ve paranoyaya neden olmaktadır. Başka pek çok edebiyat yazarının yanı sıra George Orwell ve Thomas Pynchon da politikacıların gerçeği saklayıp korku ve propaganda yoluyla başkalarını yanlış yönlendirerek, teknolojiyi nasıl da kendi çıkarlarına kullanabildiklerini göstermek ve incelemek adına edebiyata büyük katkılarda bulunmuşlardır. İşte bu katkılar bu çalışmanın ana konularını oluşturmaktadır.Bu çalışma üç bölüme ayrılmış olup her bölüm de kendi içlerinde üçer kısma bölünmüştür. İlk bölümün ilk kısmı paranoya hakkında genel bir taslak oluşturmak adına tanımları, kelimenin kökenlerini ve taşıdığı anlamları açıklamaktadır. İkinci kısımda iseIIparanoyanın genel tarihi ve gelişimi, özellikle edebiyattaki yeri gözetilerek incelenmektedir. Paranoyanın edebiyattaki tasvirleri ise üçüncü kısımda tartışılmaktadır. İkinci bölüm George Orwell'in politik duruşuna dair olup, ilk kısmında yazarın edebiyata katkıları, biyografisi, tarzı ve büyük eserleri ile prensip haline getirdiği temaları açıklanmaktadır. Orwell'in dünya çapında bilinen iki eseri olan Hayvan Çiftliği ve Bindokuzyüzseksendört ise sırasıyla ikinci ve üçüncü kısımlarda politik bakış açılarıyla ele alınmakta ve analiz edilmektedir. Bu bölümün temelinde, totaliter bir rejimin teknolojiyi kötüye kullanarak toplumu nasıl ciddi şekilde istismar, dehşet ve paranoyaya açık hale getirilebildiğinin gösterilmesi vardır.Üçüncü bölümün odağında ise Thomas Pynchon'un yazınsal eserlerinin analitik olarak incelenmesi yer almaktadır. Bu bölümün ilk kısmı yazarın yaşamı, tarzı, öne çıkan eserleri ve temaları üzerine panoramik bir bakış sunmaktadır. Tezin son iki kısmı ise Pynchon'un en beğenilen iki eseri olan 49 Numaraları Parçanın Nidası ve Yerçekiminin Gökkuşağı'nı ele alarak, teknolojinin totaliter bir rejim altındaki modern topluma olan etkilerine yönelik yazarın kötümser bakışını vurgulamaktadır.Bu tezin temelinde Orwell ve Pynchon perspektifinde politik ve despot rejimlerin sayısız elleri ile idare edilen ileri seviyede gelişmiş hazır ve nazır teknolojiyle, tüm dünyanın nasıl da örümcek ağı benzeri bir güvensizlik, kırılganlık, denetlenme ve paranoya hissiyle sarmalandığına ışık tutulması vardır. Çalışma bu konulara dair bir sonuç bölümü ile son bulmaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Paranoya, teknoloji, totaliter rejim, George Orwell, Thomas Pynchon ABSTRACGTWhile the roots of paranoia date back to the very early stages of life, paranoia as a term did not occur until in the Greek civilization about five centuries BC. The connotations of the term, however, have been expanding from time to time ranging from mental illnesses, psychological troubles, delusional thoughts and to factual threats. The progress in technology whose roots start from the Industrial Revolution made paranoia further controversial due to the complexities it has brought with itself. While technology (including the media) is primarily under the state figures or politicians' hegemony, it is undeniable that they are utilizing technology according to their own ends, which ultimately lead to fear, uncertainty and paranoia. Among many other literary authors, George Orwell and Thomas Pynchon are two great literary figures having made an incredible contribution to examine and uncover how politicians manipulate technology via misleading the others, hiding truth and spreading out fear and propaganda which is the prime objective of this study.The present study is divided into three chapters in which each chapter is sub-divided into three sections. The first chapter offers a panoramic sketch of paranoia in which definitions, origin of the term together with its connotations are depicted in the first section. The history and development of paranoia in general and particularly in literature is the main stance of the second section while characterizations of paranoia areIVstudied in the third section. Chapter two is dedicated to George Orwell's political outlook through which the author's contribution to literature, including his biography, style and major works as well as principal themes are studied in section one. Both of Orwell's world known works Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four are critically analyzed from a political perspective in section two and three successively. The core of this chapter is to observe how a society can be put into a severe state of exploitation, terror and paranoia under a totalitarian reign whose key means is the misusage of technology in doing so.An analytic study of Thomas Pynchon's literary canon is the focal objective of chapter three. Section one offers a panoramic attribute as to the life, style, prominent works and themes of the author. The last two sections of the thesis deal with two of Pynchon's most celebrated novels The Crying of Lot 49 and Gravity's Rainbow through which the author's pessimistic outlook regarding the impact of technology on the modern society under totalitarian system is highlighted. The core of the present thesis is to shed light on how the world has been entangled into a spider net-like state of insecurity, vulnerability, scrutiny and paranoia through the highly advanced omnipresent technology under the unlimited hands of political or despotic regimes from both Orwell and Pynchon's perspectives. The study ends, thus, with a conclusion.Key Words: Paranoia, technology, totalitarianism, George Orwell, Thomas Pyncho 127

Bu çalışmanın amacı Almanya'da 1919 - 1945 yılları arasındaki yönetim sistemlerini inceleyerek demokrasi ve diktatörlük arasındaki farklı uygulamaları ortaya çıkarmaktır. Devlet kavramı ve teorileri gözetilerek, egemenlik kavramı ve teorilerine yer verilmiş, demokrasi kavramı, demokrasinin türleri ve demokrasinin doğuşu, Antik Yunan ve Roma uygarlıklarından başlayarak günümüze kadar incelenmiştir. Demokrasinin ideolojik boyutlarına yer verilmiş ve liberalizm, faşizm ve nasyonal Sosyalizm penceresinden demokrasi gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca hak ve özgürlüklerle birlikte insan haklarının gelişimine değinilmiştir.İkinci bölümde Alman tarihi geniş bir perspektifte incelenmiş, konfederasyon dönemine, imparatorluk dönemine, Weimar Cumhuriyeti ve Nazi Hükümeti dönemlerine odaklanılmıştır. 1919'dan İkinci Dünya Savaşı'na kadar geçen süreçteki siyasi sistem ve seçimler ele alınmıştır. Weimar Anayasası incelenmiş ve anayasal boşluklar üzerinde durulmuş, ayrıca Versailles Barış Antlaşması maddelerinin tanıklığında, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası Almanya'nın ekonomik, siyasal ve sosyolojik değişimleri aktarılmış, diktatörlük rejimine zemin hazırlayan nedenler incelenmiştir. Demokrasinin çöküşünü hızlandıran siyasal, hukuki, ideolojik, psikolojik, ekonomik ve dış politik nedenler üzerinde durulmuş, Alman toplumu ve Nazi Hükümeti ile ilgili bir takım çıkarımlar yapılmıştır.Almanya'nın 1919 - 1945 yılları arasında deneyimlediği bu süreç, siyasal ve sosyolojik yönden bir çok sonuç doğurmuş, Almanya'nın Doğu ve Batı Almanya olarak ayrılmasına sebebiyet vermiş ve iki kutuplu sistemin simgesi haline gelen Berlin Duvarı'nın yapımıyla sonuçlanmıştır. The aim of this study is to reveal the different practices of democracy and dictatorship through an examination of the administrative systems in Germany between 1919 and 1945. In the first chapter, the concept and theories of sovereignty are discussed while also paying attention to the concept and theories of state. Additionally, the rise and types of democracy, starting from Ancient Greece and Rome to our day, are studied. The ideological aspects of democracy are also included and democracy is observed within the frameworks of liberalism, fascism, and National Socialism. Furthermore, the development of human rights is touched upon alongside with rights and liberties.In the second chapter, the history of Germany is viewed from a broad perspective; the confederation era, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, and the Nazi Germany are focused on. The political system and the elections that took place between 1919 and World War II are also dealt with. Weimar Constitution is investigated; constitutional gaps are discussed; the financial, political and sociological changes in Germany after the World War I, in the presence of Treaty of Versailles, are underlined and the reasons that formed the basis for dictatorship are analysed. The political, legal, ideological, psychological, financial, and diplomatic reasons that accelerated the collapse of democracy are emphasized; and several inferences are made regarding the German society and the Nazi Government.This process that Germany experienced between the years of 1919 and 1945 resulted in many political and sociological changes, caused Germany's separation into East and West Germany, and culminated in the construction of Berlin Wall which is the symbol of the bipolar system. 139

У статті досліджуються кримінальні справи репресованих мешканців Миколаївщини в 1932–1933 роках. Здійснюється спроба привернути увагу читачів не просто до ста- тистики жертв тоталітарного радянського режиму, а підняти проблему свідомості народу до вчинюваних злочинів посадовців та вшанування пам’яті невинних жертв, про яких залишились дані кримінальних справ і одночасно віддати данину поваги до замор- дованих голодом і не зафіксованих на сторінках документів. Розкривається антигу- манний, протиправний характер діяльності партійного та державного апарату в спра- ві тотального знищення селянства Півдня України і тотальної експропріації їхнього майна, В статье исследуются уголовные дела репрессированных жителей Николаевщины в 1932–1933 годах. Осуществляется попытка привлечь внимание читателей не прос- то к статистике жертв тоталитарного советского режима, а поднять проблему со- знания народа к совершаемым преступлениям чиновников и почтение памяти невин- ных жертв, о которых осталась информация в уголовных делах. Одновременно поч- тить память замученых голодом и не зафиксированых на страницах документов. Рас- крывается антигуманный, противоправный характер деятельности партийного и хо- зяйственного аппарата тотального уничтожения крестьянства Юга Украины и то- тальное изъятие их имущества., Today the Ukrainian archives show the extraordinary openness of access to the documents associated with the embodiment of the Soviet state policy of the Holodomor to the Ukrainian peasantry. Started the return process is prohibited historical memory creates the conditions for the formation of a complex objective coverage of the historical path of the Ukrainian ethnos in a variety of situations tests of strength. Existing scientific groundwork for the return of nonexistence of documents certifying the fact of mass starvation, the scope and forms of realization of the terrible Soviet state policy is significant, but still remain insufficiently researched and not open to the public the life stories of real people and their lives, attitudes and actions. The author tries to implement one of the attempts to explore the tragedy of the Ukrainian people language real criminal cases and to prove not only the absurdity of the very terms of the sentence, and also the procedure of fabrication of cases and sentencing. The researcher convincingly prove consistency, not uniqueness, randomness, repressive cases against the Ukrainian peasantry of Mykolaiv region and manifest life-destinies of specific people who have become innocent victims of a deliberate and purposeful state policy of the Soviet leadership at all levels of government in 1932–1933. So, recently, a special relevance, according to the author, becomes the study of local history material, lighting for a wide range of readers of historical memory, truth, justice for documented sources of oral history. With a huge array of preserved criminal cases is one of the proofs of criminal activity of system of bodies of the Soviet power against Ukrainian peasants, regardless of nationality or religious preference. On the basis of the investigated cases it becomes clear that the whole system of proceedings in respect of the peasants was constructed in such a way that the evidence base has played a facilitating and not a mandatory part of proceedings, but the main thing was that the man was a farmer, led self-management had a clear life goals regarding farming, land use, form of ownership and organization of agriculture. To a large extent this was revenge for past activities that were not always friendly to the Bolshevik government. The records documented facts total withdrawal of all food and doom humans to extinction. Even thought became one of proofs of fault of defendants. The goal is reducing the number of Ukrainian rural population, which did not support Soviet reforms, and became the Foundation for the resistance movement and remained potentially dangerous. But politics of the Holodomor, the Soviet system has also used an open repressive policies against the Ukrainian population. To date, documented 2008 citizens of nikolayevshchina who are in the grip of terror. Exploring the tragic events of 1932–1933 staggering casualties, and behind each figure is an individual, his life, the hope, the frustration and the terrible tragedy of death. The number of casualties and remains controversial today, but we should not forget to explore modern processes in the Ukrainian society. Be constantly mindful of from 3,5 to 9 million tortured for two years the Soviet totalitarian system it is also necessary to analyze the statistics of the population today, for example, in the first nine months of the current 2016 only in the Mykolaiv area the population decreased by 5,3 thousand people, and this without imposing terrible policies of the famine, that is, only during this period, the Ukrainian population decreased by 2–3 villages. Relevant statistics and other areas. So after a certain time, the current economic and social policies have not received the definition of genocide of the Ukrainian population. The required memory of the victims of Ukrainians on the altar of the Soviet regime need to be protected and used in the education of new generations of our free and independent States. Criminals also have to name and pay tribute on the wall of shame. It is therefore necessary to continue research on existing documents of criminal cases and collected oral testimony

İki Dünya Savaşı arasındaki dönem radikal değişim ve dönüşümlerin yaşandığı bir süreç olmuştur. Bu durum Avrupa'da özellikle Almanya ve İtalya'da otoriter/totaliter yapıların ortaya çıkmasına ve güçlü lider anlayışına vurgu yapılmasına neden olmuştur. Mustafa Kemal önderliğinde kurulan yeni devlet modeli de Avrupa'da yaşanan süreçten etkilenmiştir. Bu etkileşimle birlikte tek partiye dayalı otoriter bir yapı ve gücünü liderin otoritesinden alan Şeflik sistemi uygulanmıştır.Çalışmamızda, Avrupa'da ortaya çıkan faşist ideolojinin tarihsel arka planı ve ortaya çıktığı dönemin koşulları, Türkiye kurulan tek partili yapının inşası ve Avrupa'daki otoriter-totaliter rejimlerden etkileşimi, tek parti döneminde fiili olarak uygulanan şeflik sisteminin özellikleri ve yansımaları incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Faşizm, Otoriter Rejim, Totaliter Rejim, Şeflik, Tek Parti. The period between two World war have been a process that radical changes and transformations occurred. This situation caused occurrence of authoritarian/totalitarian structures in Europe especially in Germany and Italy and caused emphasizing onstrong leader mentality. The new state model which has been established under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal also influenced by the encountered process in Europe. With that interaction a one party based authoritarian structure and Chiefdom system which derives its power from the authority of leader has been implemented.In our study, historical background and conditions of the fascist ideology that occurred in Europe, construction of one party structure which established in Turkey and its interaction with authoritarian/totalitarian regimes in Europe, features and reflections of the Chiefdom system which have been implemented at one party period have been tried to examine.Keywords: Fascism, Authoritarian Regime, Totalitarian Regime, Chiefdom, One Party.

Bu tezin konusu totaliter rejimlerde iktidar ilişkilerinin nasıl işlediğinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırmada iktidar ve totaliter rejim kavramları açıklanmış, ve iktidar ilişkileri kavramsallaştırması disiplin, özne ve bilgi temaları ile birlikte Michel Foucault'dan alınmıştır. Tezin amacı iktidar ilişkilerinin yoğun bir biçimde yaşandığı totaliter rejimlerde bireyin deneyimlerini inceleyerek iktidarın doğasının ve teknolojisinin ortaya konmasıdır. Bu tezde nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden döküman incelenmesi benimsenmiştir. Fenomenolojik araştırma deseni için totaliter rejim deneyimi yaşamış üç yazarın distopya türündeki bir eseri ve anı türündeki iki eseri incelenmiştir. Bu eserler sırası ile Kallocain, Tutsak Edilmiş Akıl ve Tanrı'nın Yeraltı Dünyası'dır. Veriler bilgisayar destekli nitel veri analizi yazılımı MAXQDA ile çözümlenmiştir. Totaliter rejimlerde iktidar ilişkilerinin bastıran bir doğası olduğu ancak etkili normalizasyon süreçleri için daha rasyonel hakikat rejimleri üretmesi gerektiği tespit edilmiştir. Ek olarak, bilginin yerel düzeyde ürettiği iktidarın sistemde iktidar ilişkilerini yeniden yarattığı sonucuna varılmıştır. The subject of this dissertation is inspecting power relations in totalitarian regimes. In this research power and totalitarian regime concepts are explained and power relations conceptualization is taken from Michel Foucault with discipline techniques, subject and knowledge themes. The purpose of this dissertation is to enlighten the nature and technology of power by inspecting power relations in totalitarian regimes where power has its most extreme form. In this study, qualitative research methodology is used. The sample consists of three books whose writers lived under totalitarian rules. The books are as follows: Kallocain, The Captive Mind and In God's Underground. The data is analyzed by using MAXQDA which is a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software. As a result, in totalitarian regimes power has a suppressive nature. However, it needs to create more rational truth regimes in order to produce more effective normalization processes. In addition, the power which is created by knowledge at a local level redefines power relations in the system. 78

В статті розглядається низка питань, пов’язаних з умовами діяльностікіномитців в умовах формування тоталітарного режиму. Показано механізмиперетворення кіномистецтва на засіб ідеологічного впливу на суспільство., В статье рассматривается ряд вопросов, связанных с условиями деятель-ности работников кино, режиссеров в условиях формирования тоталитарногорежима. Показан механизм превращения киноискусства в инструмент идеоло-гического влияния на общество, In the article number of problems is considered connected with the cinema worker’sactivity in the conditions of totalitarian system. The author shows the mechanisms of transformation off cinema art into the way of ideological influence on the society

İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın ardından Kore, ikiye bölünmüştür. Kuzey Kore'nin hem iç hem de dış politikası uluslararası toplumun önemli bir kısmı tarafından tehdit olarak algılanmıştır. Ayrıca Kuzey Kore'de siyasal otorite, totaliter rejimin inşasında milliyetçilik araçlarından istifade etmiştir. Kim İl Sung'un Kuzey Kore için oluşturmaya çalıştığı milliyetçi ruh ve totaliter yapı ile birlikte lider, kendi kendine yeterlilik politikası olan Juche ideolojisini oluşturmuş ve ordu merkezli totaliter rejim yapısını Kuzey Kore'nin ulusal bütünlüğünü güçlendirmek için kurmuştur. Bu çerçevede bu tezin amacı; Kuzey Kore'nin ulusal kimliğini ve totaliter rejim yapısını milliyetçiliğin etkisi altında nasıl yeniden ürettiğini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Dolayısıyla bu tezin vardığı sonuç; siyasi tarihteki diğer totaliter rejim örneklerinde olduğu gibi, Kuzey Kore'de de milliyetçiliğin günümüze kadar olan süreçte ulusal kimliğin ve totaliter rejimin kendisini yeniden üretmesinde vazgeçilemez bir rol oynadığını ortaya koymuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kuzey Kore, Milliyetçilik, Lider, Ulusal Kimlik, Yeniden Üretim, Totalitarizm., After the Second World War, Korea was divided into two. The domestic and foreign policies of North Korea have been perceived as a threat for most of the international community. During the construction of totalitarian regime in North Korea, political authority has benefitted from tools of nationalism. Kim Il Sung created the idea of national self reliance – Juche ideology for the nation and then established the army based on the regime type to strenghten North Korea's national integrity. Within this framework, this thesis aims to reveal how North Korea reproduces its national identity and totalitarian regime type under the influence of nationalism.Therefore, the result of this thesis is that; as with other examples of totalitarian regimes in the political history, nationalism has been playing an essential role for reproduction of North Korea's national identity and totalitarian regime. Keywords: North Korea, Nationalism, Leader, National Identity, Reproduction,Totalitarianism