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In this paper, the author attempts to arrive at a comprehensive outline of Winnicott's developmental theory. This theory encompasses the infant's emergence from total dependence and subject/object merging to what the author refers to as relative independence and relative subject/object separation (in Winnicott's words, “separation that is a not a separation but a form of union” [1971a, p. 98]). This conceptualization is based mainly on an amalgam of Winnicott's two well-known papers, on transitional objects and phenomena (1953) and on the use of an object (1969). The author also refers to André Green's notions of the importance of the negative and of the “dead mother” in reference to Winnicott's work. To demonstrate the clinical implications of the paper, the author discusses in detail the case of Rosemary Dinnage, as described by both Winnicott and Green and as reported directly by herself.

Adolescents with ASD who are living in dormitory with only the assistance of caregivers and without the presence of parents are demanded to be more independent in self-care. Complex disorders that occur in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) affect the child's self autonomy to fulfill self-care needs. This study aims to identify the description of self-care agency in adolescents with ASD who are living in dormitory of SLB “X” in Bandung District.This research used a quantitative descriptive design. The sample in this study was adolescents with ASD who are living in dormitory, used total sampling technique with the total of 35 people. The instrument of this study was Kenny Self Care Evaluation (KSCE) which was analyzed and presented in tabular form using frequency distribution in percentage.The results showed that in personal hygiene (74.3%) and toileting (71.4%) of respondents experienced total dependence. In transfer activities (77.1%), dressing (65.7%), and feeding (82.9%) of respondents needed minimal assistance or supervision. However, in activities in bed and locomotion all respondents were independent. The conclusion from this study shows that adolescents with ASD experienced the lowest level of independence where they needed total support in carrying personal hygiene and toileting activities. Thus, it is essential for school and dormitory managers to work closely with community nurses to improve adolescent's skills in self-care by providing education to both adolescents and caregivers.

Objetivos: Fue determinar la capacidad funcional en adultos mayores de un albergue ubicado Lima-Sur. Materiales y métodos: El estudio fue realizado desde el enfoque cuantitativo, siendo su diseño metodológico descriptivo-transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 115 participantes. La técnica utilizada fue la encuesta y el instrumento de medición fue el Índice de Barthel que contiene 10 indicadores relacionado a las actividades de la vida cotidiana. Resultados: En cuanto a la edad, el promedio fue de 79 años. En relación al sexo, predomino el masculino con 55,7% (n=64). En cuanto a la capacidad funcional, predomino el valor independiente con 40,9% (n=47), seguido de la dependencia total en un 32,2% (n=37), dependencia escasa o leve con 10,4% (n=12), dependencia severa en un 8,7% (n=10) y dependencia moderada con 7,8% (n=9). En relación a las dimensiones, en comer predomino totalmente independiente con 87,7% (n=101), en lavarse y vestirse predomino independiente en un 60% (n=69), en arreglarse predomino dependiente con 61,7% (n=71), en deposiciones predomino continencia normal en un 63,5% (n=73), en micción predomino continencia normal con 55,7% (n=64), en uso de retrete y trasladarse predomino independiente en un 59,1% (n=68), en deambular predomino independiente en un 57,4% (n=66), finalmente en subir escaleras predomino independiente con 47,8% (n=55). Conclusiones: En cuanto a la capacidad funcional, predominio el nivel independiente, seguido de dependencia total, dependencia leve, dependencia severa y dependencia moderada.

Brazil and Mexico are the two main economies in Latin America, similar in many respects: they were colonies of exploitation of Iberian countries, are relatively young democracies, have a large area and are populous. Thus, it is believed that a comparison between Brazilian and Mexican exports becomes more pertinent than a comparison between two antagonistic countries. Thus, this study aimed to present the characteristics of the exports of the two countries, in relation to the products that compose their exports and to the countries that receive them, analyzing the implications of the strategies that each country adopts. The analyses were based on data on the countries' exports. The study highlighted that the two countries analyzed decided to be part of economic blocs. In MERCOSUR, Brazil is the country that stands out most, both in economic and political relations. Despite this regional leadership, Brazil is not even among the twenty countries that export the most in the world, and its exports are based on agricultural and mineral products. Mexico, on the other hand, is part of NAFTA and has more significant numbers in the volume of exports. The country prioritized agreements mainly with the United States, generating an almost total dependence on its neighbor. However, it boosted the export of industrialized products, with higher added value. Through the work it was concluded that Brazil's strategy to diversify its trading partners is less risky. However, this country still lacks greater commitment to export products with higher added value, which would result in an increase in the financial volume of the operation.

The paper reviewed researches conducted in soil fertility management and plant nutrition of cashew in Nigeria. It also examines the history and importance of cashew to the Nigerian economy. The paper highlights ways of improving soil fertility and plant nutrition in cashew cultivation through the use of different sources of organic fertilizers which are cheap and readily available for the farmers rather than total dependence on costly chemical fertilizers. Also highlighted, are some recommended rates of organic and inorganic fertilizers for the cultivation of cashew from research findings. The paper also discussed status of Nigeria cashew production, research efforts, achievements, constraints, and areas of possible improvement in relation to soil fertility management and plant nutrition.

Pendahuluan: Stroke adalah kondisi gangguan peredaran darah yang mengakibatkan perubahan fungsi otak. Stroke mengakibatkan penurunan kemampuan aktivitas harian yang berdampak pada kualitas hidup penderita stroke. Penanganan yang baik dapat mencegah komplikasi, dan meningkatkan kemampuan aktivitas harian pasien stroke. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh music movemet therapy (MMT) terhadap kemampuan aktivitas harian pasien stroke di RSUP. Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado Metode: Metode penelitian Quasi experiment one group pretest and posttest. Penentuan sampel menggunakan teknik consecutive sampling, 65 responden yang diberikan penanganan standar rumah sakit dan MMT 5x/Minggu (30 menit setiap terapi) selama dua minggu. Hasil: Hasil penelitian didapatkan kemampuan aktivitas harian pasien sebelum intervensi 47,7% berada di ketergantungan total, sangat tergantung 46,2%, ketergantungan sebagian 4,6% dan sedikit tergantung 1,5% sedangkan kemampuan aktivitas harian sesudah intervensi MMT berada pada sangat tergantung 38,5%, ketergantungan sebagian 26,2%, mandiri 24,6%, ketergantungan total 7,7% dan sedikit tergantung 3.1%. uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan pengaruh MMT terhadap kemampuan aktivitas harian pasien stroke (p-value 0.000). Diskusi: Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penggunaan MMT sebagai dasar pertimbangan untuk terapi alternatif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan aktivitas harian pasien stroke. Keywords: Music, movement, therapy, aktivitas, harian.

El Contenido del artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación, la cual está enfocada, en el estudio de estrategias pedagógicas para trabajar y fortalecer los hábitos de autocuidado de los adultos con discapacidad intelectual moderada, con un grupo de seis estudiantes mayores de 18 años del grupo “SIN BARRERAS” del municipio de Bello-Antioquia. Este estudio se realizó entre las fechas de 03 de marzo del 2018 al 10 de noviembre del 2018. La intervención se orientó desde lo cualitativo con metodología de investigación acción participativa. se utilizaron instrumentos como fichas de observación para los objetos de estudio y encuestas para los padres de familia y/o acudientes de los estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual moderada. Donde en sus hallazgos se demostró que los padres de familia desean que sus hijos adquieran los hábitos básicos del autocuidado, pero no trabajan en estas estrategias prácticas para que ellos adquieran el aprendizaje como debe ser. También se pudo evidenciar que la mayoría de los padres de familia y/o acudientes de los adultos con discapacidad intelectual del Grupo Sin Barreras le realizan las actividades diarias del autocuidado, por diferentes razones, entre ellas por ahorrar tiempo, por pulir lo que el adulto con discapacidad realizo, porque le quedo mal hecho. Pero no le dan el espacio de que ellos realicen dichas actividades por si solos, creando en ellos la dependencia total en estas actividades del autocuidado, lo cual a la larga genera angustia en los padres de familia y/o acudientes. Con el desarrollo de la investigación se pudo realizar unas estrategias para el autocuidado las cuales se plasmaron en una cartilla didáctica que tiene como nombre DESCUBRIENDO UN NUEVO MUNDO. Estrategias pedagógicas desde el hogar para el autocuidado en personas con discapacidad intelectual moderada, con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida los adultos con discapacidad intelectual.

In the past ten years, the Baltic States have considerably increased security of gas supplies by diversifying infrastructure as well as moving away from total dependence on one gas supplier. The Klaipeda LNG terminal was one of the main linchpins of the progress. In this chapter, the author looks at the importance of the Klaipeda LNG terminal for enhancing competition and increasing energy security in the Baltic States. Moreover, he explores political and economic challenges, which had an impact on the construction and still affects operation phase of LNG terminal. Lastly, the author explores the importance of Poland for the development of an effective and efficient gas market in the region.

Background : Disability prevalence in the elderly in Indonesia as much as 1.6% experienced total dependence, 1% experienced heavy dependence, 74.3% were able to carry out independent activities, 22% could only do light activities, and 11% were able to carry out moderate activities. Results obtained in Central Java province 1.8% experienced total dependence, 1% experienced severe dependence. Objective: Analyze the relationship between the need for sleep and physical activity in the elderly at the Bhakti Surakarta Dharma Nursing Home. Method : This type of research is quantitative, with an observational analytic method with a cross sectional design, sampling using the purpose sample method with a sample of 44 respondents with a research instrument using a GPAQ (Global physical activity questionnaire) from physical activity. This data analysis uses Fisher Test. Results: Statistical test results on respondents showed ρvalue (0.018)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a sobrecarga do cuidador informal, o nível de independência de idosos hospitalizados e verificar a relação entre eles. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo, realizado por meio de entrevistas individuais junto a 40 cuidadores de idosos internados no setor de Clínica Médica de um hospital público em Uberaba-MG. Dos cuidadores foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, referentes ao cuidado e nível de sobrecarga (Zarit Burden Interview) e dos idosos, sexo, idade, diagnóstico e nível de independência (Índice de Barthel). Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas e o Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson para verificar a correlação entre sobrecarga do cuidador e nível de independência do idoso (p

Introduction . Functional fitness enables satisfying and performing basic everyday needs in a safe and independent way. Its assessment is currently the basic component of the overall assessment of the patient. Aim . The aim of the study was to evaluate the functional capacity of patients after brain tumor surgery. The analysis included selected factors that may affect patient’s performance after the surgery. Material and Methods . The study included 165 patients of neurosurgical wards hospitalized for a brain tumor. Surgeries were performed in all of them — and consisted in partial or complete removal of the pathological mass by craniotomy. Patient’s functional assessment on the day of admission and on the discharge day was analyzed with the use of FCS, KPS, BI, FIR, GOS scales. Results . The largest number of respondents on the day of admission were patients in the first group according to FCS scale — independent — 138 respondents (83.6%). None of the patients qualified for group IV with total dependence. In turn, on the day of discharge, the percentage of respondents qualified to group I was 127 people (77.0%), whereas 1 person became completely dependent. Similar results were obtained in other measuring tools. The observed differences in each of the tests carried out did not turn out to be statistically significant. On KPS, BI and GOS scales, the age turned out to be statistically significant at p=0.000. On the other hand, on FCS, KPS and GOS scales, the state of consciousness was also statistically significant at p=0.000. Conclusions . Most of the respondents show very good functional capacity both on the day of admission and on the day of discharge. However, patients scored slightly better on the day of admission to the ward. Such factors as age and consciousness before surgery significantly affect patient’s functional capacity on the day of discharge. (JNNN 2018;7(3):111–117)

Objective To determine the prevalence of frailty in elderly people living in the community with and without cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and describe the main sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of these patients. Material and method Descriptive and cross-sectional study carried out between January and July 2016 in elderly people living in two specific areas of northern Portugal. Data were collected using a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire. The existence of previous CVD was evaluated through an initial assessment and application of the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Frailty was assessed using the criteria of phenotypic methodology. Results A total of 435 participants, aged >65 years (mean = 74.3 years), mostly women (62.3%), were studied. Six point nine percent of the elderly people had a history of CVD. The prevalence of frailty syndrome was 60.0% in the elderly people with a history of CVD, and 20.5% in the other cases (p Conclusion Most of the elderly with a history of CVD were frail. According to the phenotypic theory, frailty is a state that precedes total dependence. The diagnosis and management of frailty may help to prevent adverse events that precipitate the institutionalisation of the elderly with CVD.

The mass use of biological agents for pharmaceutical purposes started with the development and distribution of vaccines, followed by the industrial production of antibiotics. The use of dynamic systems, such as bioreactors, had been already applied in the food industry in fermentation processes and started being used for the development of pharmaceutical agents from this point on. In the last decades, the use of bioreactors and microfluidic systems has been expanded in different fields. The emergence of the tissue engineering led to the development of in vitro models cultured in dynamic systems. This is particularly relevant considering the urgent reduction of the total dependence on animal disease models that is undermining the development of novel drugs, using alternatively human-based models to make the drug discovery process more reliable. The failure out coming from animal models has been more prevalent in certain types of cancer, such as glioblastoma multiform and in high-grade metastatic cancers like bone metastasis of breast or prostatic cancer. The difficulty in obtaining novel drugs for these purposes is mostly linked to the barriers around the tumors, which these bioactive molecules have to overcome to become effective. For that reason, the individualized study of each interface is paramount and is only realistic once applying human-based samples (e.g. cells or tissues) in three-dimensions for in vitro modeling under dynamic conditions. In this chapter, the most recent approaches to model these interfaces in 3D systems will be explored, highlighting their major contributions to the field. In this section, these systems' impact on increased knowledge in relevant aspects of cancer aggressiveness as invasive or motile cellular capacity, or even resistance to chemotherapeutic agents will have particular focus. The last section of this chapter will focus on the integration of the tumor interfaces in dynamic systems, particularly its application on high-throughput drug screening. The industrial translation of such platforms will be discussed, as well as the main upcoming challenges and future perspectives.

Background and objective: In an aging population, it is increasingly common for older adults to take care of other older adults. Caregiving tasks may be conditioned by the aging process. This study aims to analyze the perceived physical strength of older caregivers and its impact on the functional capacity to engage in caregiving activities. Methods: A discretionary sampling of caregivers (N = 107), &ge, 65 years old, in the rural health area of Badajoz (Spain) participated in this cross-sectional study. Measurements included questions about the caregiver&rsquo, s role (experience, years, hours, difficulties, demands) and their perceived physical strength, ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL), need for help or difficulty for caring. Results: Older caregivers from rural areas perceived a lack of physical strength (71%). These caregivers need more help, have more difficulties, and show less ability to perform ADL. Furthermore, around 80% of the people who had a lack of strength were caring for people with severe or total dependence. There is a direct correlation between the perceived lack of physical strength and the ability to perform basic (r = 0.382, p &lt, 0.01) and instrumental (r = 0.370, p &lt, 0.01) activities. Conclusions: Therefore, the perception of strength and the characteristics of the cared for person may be crucial variables to successfully conduct caregiving tasks.

Background: Family caregivers in many African countries bear the burden of caregiving alone, with the paucity of research, especially for caregivers of End-Stage Renal Disease patients, having concealed their needs. Aim: To explore the caregiver burden of family caregivers of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients in South-West Nigeria. Design: Following a complementary mixed method data collection strategy, the quantitative data was collected using the Zarit Burden Interview questionnaire to measure the burden of caregiving. Qualitative data was thereafter obtained through in-depth, individual interviews and was analysed using content analysis. Settings: The three research settings consisted of two state hospitals and one private hospital that provide renal care in South-West Nigeria. Result: The mean burden of caregiving for the sample was 50.18 thus indicating that family caregivers experienced moderate to severe burden, which is high compared to the other studies. The participantsâ experiences of caregiving revealed the following categories: total dependence, acceptance of caregiving role, competing responsibilities, financial sacrifice and ânot making mistakesâ. Conclusion: Understanding the extent of caregiver burden, what constitutes burden to family caregivers in low/middle-income countries, and the difficulties associated with caregiving for care-recipients with ESRD, allows appropriate strategies and interventions to be developed. Keywords: End Stage Renal Disease, Family caregivers, Caregiver burden, Complementary mixed methods, Nigeria

Phytosanitary irradiation, the use of ionizing radiation to disinfest traded agricultural commodities of regulated pests, is a growing use of food irradiation that has great continued potential for increase in commercial application. In 2015 approximately 25,000 t of fresh fruits and vegetables were irradiated globally for phytosanitary purposes. Phytosanitary irradiation has resulted in a paradigm shift in phytosanitation in that the final burden of proof of efficacy of the treatment has shifted from no live pests upon inspection at a port of entry (as for all previous phytosanitary treatments) to total dependence on certification that the treatment for target pests is based on adequate science and is commercially conducted and protected from post-treatment infestation. In this regard phytosanitary irradiation is managed more like a hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) approach more consistent with food safety than phytosanitation. Thus, phytosanitary irradiation offers a more complete and rigorous methodology for safeguarding than other phytosanitary measures. The role of different organizations in achieving commercial application of phytosanitary irradiation is discussed as well as future issues and applications, including new generic doses.

Introdução: A inatividade física figura como um dos principais fatores associados à mortalidade. Por outro lado, os possíveis prejuízos provocados pelo excesso de exercícios físicos não devem ser negligenciados.Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar o nível de dependência ao exercício entre diferentes modalidades, estimar a prevalência de lesões musculoesqueléticas e a vulnerabilidade imunológica em jovens assintomáticos.Métodos: Estudo observacional. Uma amostra com 219 pessoas foi dividida em cinco grupos: sedentários (e/ou insuficientemente ativos) (n=50), controle (moderadamente ativos) (n=31), praticantes de crossfit superativos (n=45), praticantes de musculação superativos (n=47) e corredores superativos (n=46). Além de uma anamnese para caracterizar a amostra e inferir o número de lesões musculoesqueléticas, gripes e infecções nos seis meses anteriores à coleta de dados, foi utilizada a Escala de Dependência de Exercício. Utilizou-se a ANOVA one way para analisar as diferenças estatísticas e para comparar os níveis de dependência total ao exercício, e a prevalência de lesões musculoesqueléticas, gripes e infecções.Resultados: O grupo musculação apresentou os maiores níveis de dependência ao exercício quando comparado com os grupos sedentários e controle (p

This paper designs a Markov-switching mixture Copula-based model with a mixed Markov-transition mechanism to investigate the mixed housing-cycle structures and asymmetric tail dependences for the Pacific and Mountain divisions of American regional housing markets. The empirical results demonstrate four interesting findings. First, the Markov-switching process can capture the housing cycle of each housing market. Second, the evidence of the mixed Markov-switching specification indicates that the joint housing-cycle behaviors are related not only to the total dependence mechanism, but also to the independent mechanism. Specifically, each housing market has its own characteristics, and these characteristics play relatively more important roles in determining the joint housing-cycle pattern than do common factors related to the total dependence framework. Third, the two housing markets have asymmetric tail dependences. Tail dependence exists when two markets experience the same housing-cycle modes, but does not occur when two markets experience distinct housing-cycle modes. In addition, the intensity of tail dependence is stronger when two markets remain in recession mode, as opposed to when they remain in recovery mode. This finding suggests that downward price rigidity does not exist in regional housing markets. Fourth, the spillover effects between housing returns are asymmetric.

Nuclear power in Singapore would have both advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages are a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, a reduction in particulate pollution of the air, and a reduction of the nation's current total dependence on imported fossil energy. Among the problems are public resistance to the idea and the difficulty of finding an acceptable site on a crowded island. A previous study concluded that the best onshore site is underground on Jurong Island. The alternative examined here is to site the nuclear power plant on a floating vessel, moored in a quiet location remote from population and seaways. Subsidiary advantages are that the plant could be built somewhere else, and at the end of its useful life it could be towed away.

Children with intellectual disabilities are one type of disabilities that frequently occur in Indonesia. The total number of children with intellectual disabilities in Semarang based on the data of poor citizens’ management information system (SIMGAKIN) in 2012 is 667 children. The condition of children with intellectual disabilities that occurs will result in a lack of self-care in maintaining health. Self-care such as good dental and oral hygiene status and toilet training independence is needed to deal with the problems of children with intellectual disabilities. The purpose of this study is to describe the dental and oral hygiene status and toilet training independence in children with intellectual disabilities. The research method used is descriptive with the quantitative method. The sampling technique used is a total sampling of 55 respondents. Retrieving data using OHI-S inspection sheet for dental and oral hygiene status and independence questionnaire for toilet training. The results showed that the depiction of the dental and oral hygiene status of children with intellectual disabilities in the category of good is 43.6%, medium is 50.9%, and poor is 5.5%, while the toilet training independence in the category of independent is 21.8%, less independent is 50.9%, and total dependence is 27.3 %. Schools are expected to facilitate the implementation of the program to maintain and improve self-care on dental and oral hygiene and independence in toilet training.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing maize with composite cassava tuber meal (C), brewers dried grain (B) & palm oil (P)mixed thoroughly at the ratio of 65%, 25% and 10% respectively to form CBP-mix in pig diets. The CBP which had a crude protein content of about 10.54%cp, ME value of about 3.57 Mcal/kg and crude fibre (CF) content of about 7.87% was included at 0.75 and 100% levels in diets 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Eighteen young boars were divided into three groups of 6 boars each and randomly allocated to these three diets. Each dietary treatment consists of 2 replicates with three boars in each replicate. The results show that dietary treatment did not have significant effect (P > 0.05) on feed intake, daily weight and feed conversion ratio. The cost of producing a unit weight of pig was greatly reduced by replacing maize with CBP. CBP may therefore be used instead of maize in pig diets to reduce cost of feed and the total dependence on maize thereby enhancing farmer’s profit.

The existence of data with different dependence structures motivates the development of models which can capture several types of dependence. In this paper we consider a stationary sequence of moving maxima vectors $$\{{\mathbf {X}}_n=(X_{n1},\ldots ,X_{nd})\}_{n\ge 1}$$ having innovations $${\mathbf {Z}}_{l,n}=(Z_{l,n,1},\ldots ,Z_{l,n,d})$$ with totally dependent margins for certain values of $$l,$$ $$l\in I_1,$$ and independent margins for the remaining values of $$l,$$ $$l\in I_2.$$ We obtain in this way a $$d$$ -dimensional process $$\{{\mathbf {X}}_n\}_{n\ge 1}$$ whose extremal dependence, measured by the tail dependence coefficients, lies between asymptotic independence and total dependence. The extremal properties of these M4 processes are studied and examined both theoretically and through simulation studies: we derive the multivariate extremal index, the tail dependence coefficients and co-movement indices.

Methodological issues regarding the correct assessment of the activity conducted by regional and municipal executive bodies are considered. A conceptual rationale is presented for the potential of such an assessment on the condition of a clearer definition of its object (specific functions and empowerment) and the degree of the real impact on the parameters of territorial situations attainable with the available resources under the conditions of total dependence on the federal policy, legislation, etc. The official methods of the above-mentioned assessment and the technologies of assignment and redistribution of authority between regional and local governments have been considered. The problems and potential of taking into account the results of public opinion polls in the activity of government bodies are discussed.

This is the text of the Annual Lecture of the Society for Applied Philosophy, delivered in Oxford on 22-5-12. I kept the talk style of the paper. It examines a central aspect of the relations between duration and quality of life by considering the moral right to voluntary euthanasia, and some aspects of the moral case for a legal right to euthanasia. Would widespread acceptance of a right to voluntary euthanasia lead to widespread changes in attitude to life and death? Many of its advocates deny that seeing it as a narrow right enabling people to avoid ending their life in great pain or total dependence, or a vegetative state. I argue that the right cannot cogently be conceived as a narrow right, confined to very limited circumstances. It is based on the value of having the normative power to choose time and manner of one’s death. Its recognition will be accompanied by far reaching changes in culture and attitude, and these changes will enrich people’s life by enabling them to integrate their death as part of their lives.

Objective: to analyze the differences between quality of life and functional capacity in elderly participants and non-participants of groups with social activities. Methods: cross-sectional and analytical study that evaluated 31 participants of the social group (Group 1) and 31 non-participants (Group 2). The quality of life was evaluate for WHOQOL -Bref and WHOQOL- Old questionnaires and the functional capacity for Katz and Lawton scales. Results: elderly from Groups 1 and 2 showed quality of life scores in WHOQOL -Bref corresponding to 73.20 and 71.40 points. Regarding the WHOQOL- Old , both groups reached equal results (84 points). Regarding functional capacity, most elderly (77.4%) of the Group 2 had partial or total dependence on others to accomplish instrumental activities of daily life. Conclusion: the results indicated that elderly who participate in the social group have better quality of life scores in social and intimate domains. Objetivo: analisar as diferenças entre qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional em idosas participantes e não participantes de grupos com atividades sociais. Métodos: estudo transversal, analítico, que avaliou 31 participantes de grupo social (Grupo 1) e 31 não participantes (Grupo 2). A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo WHOQOL- Bref e WHOQOL- Old , e a capacidade funcional pelas escalas de Katz e Lawton. Resultados: as idosas do Grupo 1 e 2 apresentaram escores de qualidade de vida no WHOQOL- Bref de 73,20 e 71,40 pontos. No WHOQOL- Old ambos os grupos obtiveram os mesmos resultados (84 pontos). Em relação à capacidade funcional a maioria das idosas (77,4%) do Grupo 2 apresentou dependência parcial ou total nas atividades instrumentais de vida diária. Conclusão: os resultados indicaram que as idosas participantes de grupo social apresentam melhores escores de qualidade de vida nos domínios social e intimidade.

The accuracy of the results obtained by using multicriteria evaluation methods largely depends on the determination of the criteria weights. The accuracy of expert evaluation decreases with the increase of the number of criteria. The application of the analytic hierarchy process, based on pairwise comparison of the criteria, or similar methods, may help to solve this problem. However, if the number of the pairs of criteria is large, the same problems, associated with the accuracy of evaluation, arise. In the present paper, a new method of determining the criteria weights, FARE (Factor Relationship), based on the relationships between all the criteria describing the phenomenon considered, is offered. It means that, at the first stage, a minimal amount of the initial data about the relationships between a part of the set of criteria, as well as their strength and direction, is elicited from experts. Then, based on the conditions of functioning and the specific features of the complete set of criteria, the relations between other criteria of the set and their direction are determined analytically in compliance with those established at the first stage. When the total impact of each particular criterion on other criteria of the set or its total dependence on other criteria of a particular set is known, the criteria weights can be determined.

The objective of this study is to advance a theoretical framework pertaining to how interpartner learning in international joint ventures (IJV) may affect IJV instability in emerging economies. The proposed framework expands the interpartner learning theory of IJV instability in the current literature, which is focused on absorptive learning of IJV partners, by incorporating IJV partners’ joint learning. Using longitudinal dyadic data from IJVs in China, we found that local and foreign IJV parties’ absorptive learning capacity decreases one party's dependence on the other, while joint learning capacity in IJV increases both parties’ dependence on each other. In addition, an IJV partner's absorptive learning capacity positively moderates the effect of joint learning capacity on its dependence on another partner. These findings lend support to the expanded interpartner learning perspective of IJV instability, and have important theoretical and managerial implications for IJVs in emerging economies. The results underscore the importance of the IJV actively developing organizational rules, procedures, and structures to create and embed new knowledge in order to maintain the stability of the IJV. Finally, we found that IJV partners’ dependence asymmetry increases IJV instability, whereas their total dependence decreases IJV instability.

Over the past 25 years research on boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has progressed relatively slowly but steadily with the greatest progress in the field of clinical studies. These specifically have included the use of BNCT to treat a variety of malignancies other than high grade gliomas and melanomas. However, there are a number of key areas where little, if any, significant progress has been made. First and foremost among these has been the lack of new boron delivery agents. Improvement in drug delivery and the development of the best dosing paradigms for both boronophenylalanine (BPA) and sodium borocaptate (BSH) are of major importance and these still have not been optimized. Dosimetry for BNCT is still imprecise and is based on treating to normal tissue tolerance, based on blood boron values, rather than any real-time information on the boron content of the residual tumor that is to be irradiated. Another major problem has been the total dependence on nuclear reactors as neutron sources for BNCT. However, this will change in the near future when a clinically useful accelerator comes into use in 2009. Like it or not, in order to gain the credibility of a broad community of physicians who treat brain tumor patients, there will have to be a randomized clinical trial. Finally, BNCT will have to compete with new therapeutic approaches that are less costly and more effective for the treatment of brain tumors. These challenges notwithstanding, BNCT can fill an important niche for those malignancies, whether primary or recurrent, for which there is currently no effective therapy.

It was F. D.E. Schleiermacher who introduced the main concept of defining piety as the feeling of our total dependence on God in the theology of religion. In this study, the author provides precise evidence that Schleiermacher was not the first person to define this idea, but that this can be traced back to J. J. Spalding. Spalding was acting on a suggestion received from a book written by B. Hoadly, and he worked on this concept continuously and developed it into a definition of the essence of religion and piety from 1760 on. In his memorial sermon for Frederick the Great (1786), this process of the creation of a concept reached its completion.

The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of interdependence on the influence strategies and investigate the moderating role that “shared norms and values” play in the relationships between interdependence and influence strategies. The results reveal that when the degree of total dependence between suppliers and retailers gets higher, the suppliers adopt fewer hard coercive strategies and more promise and noncoercive strategies. When retailers dependent much more on suppliers, suppliers adopt more hard coercive strategies and fewer noncoercive strategies, but there is no significant effect on promise strategies. Under a higher degree of shared norms and values, the negative relationship between total interdependence and hard coercive strategies, and the positive relationship between total interdependence and (1) promise strategies and (2) noncoercive strategies increase. Moreover, the relationship between interdependence asymmetry and influence strategies is also moderated by shared norms and values. It implies that under a higher degree of shared norms and values and a higher extent to which retailers depend on suppliers, suppliers adopt fewer hard coercive strategies and more promise and noncoercive strategies.

The revolution of technology in education has heralded a new wave of learning styles and in some cases total dependence on technology. Yet, statistics reveal no significant improvement in student performance in Mathematics and a downward trend in basic algebra skills. The major impediment in the learning process is lack of understanding of the concepts and a virtual total dependence on technology. We expose the dangers of total dependence on technology by using the much-ignored function f(x) = xx as a case study and conclude that technology can be a valuable tool provided the student has complete understanding of related concepts.

Using accounts from the Old Bailey Proceedings, this article examines the economic side of military marriages in eighteenth-century London, outlining a fundamental disjuncture in eighteenth-century attitudes to working wives. While all wives were expected to work, state and parish records of military wives repeatedly stress their total dependence on men's wages and bounty money. In actual fact, soldiers, sailors and their wives made use of a much wider range of survival strategies. By stealing, taking odd jobs, pawning goods, and accepting aid from kin or friends, both husbands and wives might significantly augment military pay and/or poor relief.

Dementia is an umbrella term that refers to an acquired loss of intellectual function that features a disturbance in memory and impairment in function in at least one other domain, such as language, executive functioning, or visuospatial ability. Although most dementias are progressive, a few are reversible, such as dementia due to B 12 deficiency. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) usually presents with impairments in short-term memory and progresses through several stages to total dependence in all activities of daily living. Stages of this illness can be described using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale and Global Deterioration Scale. The most frequently used criteria for dementia in epidemiologic studies are the DSM and ICD criteria, which have evolved over the past 40 years. Classification of subtypes of dementia is usually done with the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for AD and the NINDS-AIREN criteria for vascular dementia (VaD). Early stages of AD and VaD are defined by amnestic mild cognitive impairment and vascular cognitive impairment, for which criteria have been developed.

Quality of life (QOL) after an episode of pulmonary embolism (PE) may be influenced by the factors related with the PE and its complications.

The road transport profile in the highly developed urban areas in South Africa (SA) is characterized by sizeable and total dependence on cars. For over the years now, the amount of vehicles users on SA roads has increased enormously and is becoming a major concern to transportation specialists and decision makers. At present there is no automatic system available for vehicle traffic monitoring and congestion avoidance in SA. The existing methods for traffic management, surveillance and control are not adequately efficient in terms of performance, cost, maintenance, and support. In this paper, we present the results of the implementation of our novel model for vehicles traffic monitoring using wireless sensor network between two major cities in South Africa namely Johannesburg and Pretoria. Our novel model uses a wireless sensor network (WSN) as an instrument to control traffic signals along the roadsides, while the RFID scanner is used to identify vehicles in the congestion areas so that the traffic officer at the Traffic Monitoring Centre (TMC) can make use of Global Positioning System (GPS) by establishing the position of the vehicle at any point on the roads and to determine the appropriate roads for motorists.

Domestic animals are susceptible to a large number of parasitic diseases, which lead to severe economic losses to livestock industry. So, it is necessary to control parasitic infections in these animals. Control of these helminths is undertaken mostly by anthelmintics, but because of their widespread use there is development of resistance across the globe. However, total dependence on a single method of control has proved to be non-sustainable and cost ineffective in the long term. A combination of treatment and management is necessary to control parasitism so that it will not cause further economic losses to producer as well as to livestock industry. To become practically and ecologically sustainable, parasitic control schemes need to be based on integrated parasite management.

The major excavations at Cadbury Castle, Somerset, which took place in the 1960s, owed their inspiration in part to the identification of the site as ‘Camelot’, thus forging an association with ‘King Arthur’. John Leland, the sixteenth-century antiquary, was the author of this identification and this paper considers how he might have arrived at this conclusion. Factors identified include the role in Tudor politics of ‘King Arthur’ and of the owners of the site – the Hastings family. Consideration of the evidence of later writers on the site, both national and local, shows their almost total dependence on Leland's original description, but the evidence of the HerefordMappa Mundisuggests a new dimension. It is suggested that the interpretation of the archaeology of the site would benefit from a clearer understanding of John Leland's description and of Tudor and Stuart activity at the site.

Selecting bands with the lowest redundant information from a hyperspectral dataset is always desirable. This study obtains the most independent bandset by using a state-of-the-art single metric measuring the overall dependence of multivariate systems.

This article explores the question of “did how we learn affect what we learn in social science?” through a case study of economic development research. Total dependence on a single method can be a dangerous practice as the method may dictate research findings and make it impossible to eliminate the rival hypothesis of methodological bias. When the multimethod approach is preferred, a mechanical application of multiple methods will not make it better than a single method approach. Using the case of state and local economic development studies, this article illustrates the promise of multimethod research and the danger of its misuse. Poor implementation of the approach can create equally misleading findings and a false sense of confidence in our theories. Among other factors identified in the article, a major key to its successful implementation is having researchers well trained in multiple methods.

This paper is an attempt to delineate the ways of nowadays industrialization of ornamental Rocks in Santo Antônio de Pádua (RJ) It is very important to emphasize the almost total dependence of the local economy with this kind of activity. A extração e o beneficiamento de Rochas Ornamentais no Município de Santo Antônio de Pádua (RJ), vem registrando um considerável crescimento à partir da década de 90. Este trabalho é uma tentativa de delinear a forma como esta industrialização vem ocorrendo e a atual dependência da economia local com esta atividade.

The Alzheimer's disease is characterized by being a degenerative disease that affects the brain, promoting progressive impairment of mental function. The disease progresses to a stage of total dependence, which requires the assistance of health professionals and family caregivers. This study aimed to describe the relationship between the patient and family caregiver; and, to understand how the family caregivers experiences the care. The methodology adopted was the oral history with the technique of semi-structured interview and content analysis. The themes were: Family Caregivers and patients: initial experience; The discovery of the disease: how it happens; How the family caregiver experiences the disease. The experience of care for patients of Alzheimer's disease requires changes in the family dynamics of caregivers, which require knowledge about the disease, symptoms and evolution. These changes generate anxiety and despair in family caregivers and adaptation to exercise the care in different situations that are emerging with the disease.

Resume Objectifs Definir une strategie de chirurgie orthopedique pour faciliter les soins d'hygiene et ameliorer le confort des adultes cerebroleses tres handicapes. Determiner les parametres d'evaluation des resultats chez des patients tres dependants. Materiel et methode Etude retrospective de 14 adultes cerebroleses totalement dependants (mesure d'independance fonctionnelle [MIF] inferieure a 30). Trente-neuf interventions chirurgicales orthopediques realisees. Criteres d'evaluation qualitative : evaluation de la facilitation des soins, d'hygiene et de nursing par le personnel infirmier et la famille, maintien des amplitudes articulaires, type et frequence des complications. Criteres d'evaluation quantitative : evaluation de la charge des soins infirmiers par la duree de soins pour une fonction donnee. Resultats Âge moyen des patients : 27 ans (extremes : 19–47 ans). Score moyen de MIF : 19,7 (extremes : 18–30). Intervention pratiquee : tenotomie des adducteurs de hanche (18 fois), des flechisseurs de hanche (12 fois), des flechisseurs de genou (neuf fois), des flechisseurs de coude (une fois), tenoplastie d'allongement du biceps femoral (trois fois), du tendon d'Achille (six fois), des orteils (deux fois), capsulotomie posterieure du genou (trois fois), exerese de para-osteoarthropathie de hanche (deux fois) et de genou (une fois). Des gestes simples, precoces, etages et simultanes, reduisent les complications postoperatoires et perennisent les resultats articulaires a la revision a 20 mois (extremes : six moisquatre ans). Le resultat est juge satisfaisant dans tous les cas par l'entourage familial et infirmier ; l'intervention serait acceptee de nouveau si elle etait proposee. La charge de soins (nombre de personnes x temps de soins par 24 heures) est reduite de 40 % en moyenne. Discussion - conclusion Les interventions chirurgicales orthopediques chez les cerebroleses dependants ont une justification medicotechnique de prevention secondaire, de diminution de la charge de soins et une justification ethique de respect de la personne humaine et d'amelioration de la qualite de vie. Elles doivent etre integrees dans la strategie des soins des grands handicapes dans leur milieu de vie (environnement humain et technique). Des outils d'evaluation adaptes (echelle d'evaluation comportementale de la douleur, qualite de vie, quantite de soins infirmier requis) sont indispensables pour valider cette strategie therapeutique de chirurgie orthopedique precoce et finalisee a « l'aide aux aides .

Within the EU France devotes to defence the largest financial and human resources although it is not the richest country, nor has it the largest population or labour force. The cost of nuclear weapons accounts for only a small fraction of this abnormally high French defence effort. If France had restructured its military capabilities at the same rate as its principal Allies during the 1985–1994 period, then French defence outlays would be about 20% less than at present. The fundamental reasons for France's excess defence outlay comprise virtual total dependence on French sources for equipment, produced in very small numbers; a military presence outside of Europe; and too many personnel. These deficiencies, and the consequent absence hitherto of a “peace dividend”, indicate a failure to identify the country's real strategic requirements, and a lack of will to reorganise efficiently French defence. The recently announced reform towards an all‐professional force is unlikely to achieve the potential and desir...