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The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in faba beans (FB) and field peas (FP) fed to growing pigs were estimated by the difference procedure in two experiments using the total collection method. Twenty-four barrows with mean initial body weight (BW) of 20.0 kg (SD = 1.13) and 20.4 kg (SD = 0.56) in the first (Exp. 1) and second experiments (Exp. 2), respectively, were assigned to three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. A reference diet was prepared using corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil as the energy-contributing ingredients. Organic FB and DS Admiral FP (FPD) in Exp. 1 and Hampton FP (FPH) and 4010 FP (FP4) in Exp. 2 were included at 30% in the reference diet. In Exp. 1, the determined DE and ME were 3772 and 3606 kcal·kg−1 dry matter (DM) in FB and 3683 and 3589 kcal·kg−1 DM in FPD, respectively. In Exp. 2, the respective DE and ME were 4164 and 4014 kcal·kg−1 DM in FPH and 3574 and 3467 kcal·kg−1 DM in FP4. In conclusion, the determined ME values for FB and FP were 77% to 90% of gross energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different diet formulations: F1 (Two complicated basal diets containing different crude protein levels plus tested feedstuff) vs F2 (A simple corn soybean meal [SBM] basal diet plus tested feedstuff) combined with total collection (TC) or chromic oxide (Cr2O3) marker or acid-insoluble ash (AIA) marker method, and freeze-dry or oven-dry (OD) technique on estimation of nutrient digestibility in diets fed to growing pigs. Methods In F1, twelve barrows were allocated to two 6×4 Youden Squares. The treatment diets included a high protein basal (HPB) diet, a low protein basal (LPB) diet, a corn diet and a wheat bran (WB) diet formulated based on the HPB diet, and a SBM diet and a rapeseed meal (RSM) diet formulated based on the LPB diet. In F2, eight barrows were allocated to two 4×4 Latin Squares. The treatment diets included a corn basal diet, a SBM basal diet formulated based on the corn diet, and a WB diet and a RSM diet formulated based on the SBM diet. Results Concentration of digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, ash, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre determined by Cr2O3 marker method were greater than those determined by TC and AIA marker methods in HPB, LPB, and RSM diets formulated by F1 and in corn diet formulated by F2 (p

This study examined the influence of the external markers chromium oxide (CO), titanium dioxide (TD), isolated, purified and enriched lignin (LIPE®) and isolated, purified, enriched lignin in nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) as well as the internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers on the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers at an average live weight of 363 ± 28 kg were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design where they received diets in which Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) hay was replaced with passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%, as-fed basis). The CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers did not differ from the total collection method (p > 0.05) in the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. The TD and iDM markers overestimated, while iADF underestimated fecal output. Under the presented conditions, we recommend using the CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers to estimate fecal output and nutrient digestibility in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes that contain condensed tannins may have lower ruminal protein degradation than alfalfa. The present study investigated the effects of feeding birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) hay on lactational performance and N utilization and excretion. Eight multiparous Holstein cows in midlactation (150 ± 22.3 d-inmilk) were randomly assigned to 2 treatments [alfalfa hay-based total mixed ration (AHT) or birdsfoot trefoil hay-based total mixed ration (BHT)] in a crossover design with 2 experimental periods. Each experimental period lasted 17 d (14 d of adaptation and 3 d of sampling and total collection). Hays comprised approximately 50% of DM in experimental diets. There were no treatment effects on dry matter intake (DMI; 21.4 vs. 20.7 kg/d), milk yield (29.4 vs. 28.1 kg/d), milk fat concentration (3.20% vs. 3.21%), and milk protein concentration (3.20% vs. 3.16%) for AHT and BHT, respectively. In addition, dietary treatments did not affect milk yield/DMI or energy- corrected milk yield/DMI. In contrast, apparent crude protein digestion decreased in cows fed BHT compared with those fed AHT (60.7% vs. 69.1%). Concentration of milk urea-N decreased by feeding BHT compared with AHT (11.9 vs. 13.3 mg/100 mL), whereas total N excretion did not differ between AHT and BHT diets. However, cows fed BHT excreted more N in feces (194 vs. 168 g/d), whereas urinary N excretion was lower compared with cows fed AHT. The shift of N to feces resulted in a decrease in urinary N:fecal N ratio in cows fed BHT relative to those fed AHT. Overall results in the current study suggest that feeding birdsfoot trefoil in dairy diets shifts routes of N from urine to feces compared with feeding alfalfa hay, with little effect on lactational performance. Reduction in urinary N and any impact on environment may be attributed to functional effect of condensed tannins in birdsfoot trefoil hay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of nutritional correction on the partial diet replacement or pure-food methodology to determine the energy values (apparent metabolizable energy - AME and nitrogen-correct apparent metabolizable energy - AMEn) and coefficient of metabolizability of nutrients of maize. The method of total excreta collection was used, with 120 female Cobb 500® broilers weighing 1,339±3 g and at 28 days of age distributed in a completely randomized design with five replicates and four birds per experimental unit. The treatments were pure maize with three levels of nutritional correction (0, 50 and 100%) and a maize-replaced basal diet (400 g/kg) with two levels of correction (0 and 100%). The corrections were made in order to meet the nutritional requirements of calcium, available phosphorus and sodium yonder trace minerals, vitamins, choline, lysine, methionine + cystine, threonine and tryptophan. The AME and AMEn of maize and coefficient of metabolizability of dry matter were higher when correction at 100% was made, regardless of the methodology used (pure feed or replaced basal diet). The correction at 50% of nutrients increased the coefficient of metabolizability of crude protein in pure maize when compared with 0 or 100% of correction. The values determined with pure maize were lower than those determined with the method of partial replacement. The absence of nutritional correction underestimates the energy values and metabolizability of nutrients from maize.

The objective of this study was to estimate the urinary creatinine excretion by the shrunk body weight (SBW). In experiment I, 32 Nellore bulls with initial body weight of 259±24.9 kg and 14±1 months-old were used. The group was divided in four animals to maintenance and twenty eight animals feeding ad libitum and separated in four groups; each group was slaughtered at different times of feedlot (42, 84, 126 and 168 days). The diet was composed of corn silage and concentrate (55:45). Before the slaughters, the total urinary collection was realized during three days. A database of creatinine excretion was collected from other five studies that had been conducted with Nellore cattle. In all the studies, the total urinary collection was realized during at least three days. At the end of each collection, the animals were weighted. Urinary creatinine excretion (UCE) was related with the shrunk body weight and it can be estimated by the equation: UCE (g/day) = 0.0345 × SBW0.9491.

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical and energy composition of spirulina (Spirulina platensis), the nutrient metabolizability coefficients, and the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in broilers. A digestibility trial was carried out by using total excreta collection method, with 90 Cobb 500 lineage chicks, with initial weight of 256 ± 5 g at 11 days of age. Birds were allotted in metabolic cages for 10 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and six repetitions with five birds each. Diets consisted on a reference-ration based on corn and soybean meal and two test diets, one containing spirulina (30%) and the other one with soybean meal (30%). Spiruline was superior to soybean meal for contents of dry matter (DM), gross energy (9.60%), crude protein (26.56%), ether extract (54.45%), mineral matter (42.77%), calcium (100%) and total phosphorus (130.77%) and also for most amino acids, except lysine, glutamate, histidine and proline. Nevertheless, spiruline presented lower values of gross fiber (83.95%), acid detergent fiber (85.12%) and neutral detergent fiber (6.15). The AME and AMEn values (kcal/kg of DM) were, respectively, 2,906 and 2,502 for the spirulina and 2,646 and 2,340 for the soybean meal and AMEn of spirulina was 6.92% higher than soybean meal.Objetivou-se determinar a composição química e energética da espirulina (Spirulina platensis), os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) em frangos de corte. Realizou-se um ensaio de digestibilidade utilizando-se a metodologia de coleta total de excretas com 90 pintos machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com peso inicial de 256 ± 5 g aos 11 dias de idade. As aves foram alojadas em gaiolas de metabolismo durante dez dias, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e seis repetições, cada uma com cinco aves. As dietas consistiram de uma ração-referência formulada à base de milho e farelo de soja e duas rações-teste, uma contendo espirulina (30%) e outra com farelo de soja (30%). A espirulina foi superior ao farelo de soja quanto aos conteúdos de matéria seca, energia bruta (9,60%), proteína bruta (26,56%), extrato etéreo (54,45%), matéria mineral (42,77%), cálcio (100%) e fósforo total (130,77%) e também para a maioria dos aminoácidos, exceto lisina, glutamato, histidina e prolina. No entanto, apresentou menores valores de fibra bruta (83,95%), fibra em detergente ácido (85,12%) e fibra em detergente neutro (6,15%). Os valores de EMA e EMAn (kcal/kg de MS) foram, respectivamente, 2.906 e 2.502 para a espirulina e 2.646 e 2.340 para o farelo de soja, e a EMAn da espirulina foi 6,92% superior à do farelo de soja.

Foram realizados quatro ensaios para determinar a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) de dez alimentos de origem vegetal para aves em diversas idades. Os alimentos estudados foram: farelo de soja 45%, farelo de soja 48%, soja integral extrusada, soja integral desativada, soja integral micronizada, farinha de soja desativada, concentrado proteico de soja, farelo de glúten de milho 21%, gérmen de milho e quirera de arroz. Utilizou-se o método de coleta total de excretas, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 11 tratamentos e 6 repetições nos quatro ensaios. No primeiro, segundo e terceiro ensaios, foram utilizados frangos de corte com 10 a 17; 26 a 33; e 40 a 47 dias de idade, respectivamente, e no quarto ensaio galos com 25 semanas de idade. Os valores de EMAn (kcal/kg), na matéria natural, determinados no primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto ensaios foram, respectivamente: 2.069, 2.148, 2.272 e 2.231 para o farelo de soja 45%; 2.214, 2.225, 2319 e 2.247 para o farelo de soja 48%; 3.322, 3.331, 3.405 e 3.493 para a soja integral extrusada; 3.016, 3.067, 3.139 e 3.388 para a soja integral desativada; 3.557, 3.638, 3.828 e 3.869 para a soja integral micronizada; 2.292, 2.348, 2.518 e 2.502 para a farinha de soja desativada; 2.356, 2.399, 2.509 e 2.486 para o concentrado proteico de soja; 1.826, 1.882, 2.110 e 1.942 para o farelo de glúten de milho 21%; 2.605, 2.764, 2.925 e 2.832 para o gérmen de milho; e 2.967, 3.029, 3.096 e 3.026 para a quirera de arroz.Four assays were carried out to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of ten feedstuffs of vegetable origin for poultry at different ages. The chemical composition of the ten feedstuffs was also determined: 45% soybean meal, 48% soybean meal, extruded full-fat soybean, deactivated full-fat soybean, micronized full-fat soybean, deactivated soybean meal, soybean protein concentrate, corn gluten meal 21%, corn germ and broken rice. The method of total excreta collection was used and a randomized complete experimental design was used with 11 treatments and six replications, in the four assays. In the 1st, 2nd and 3rd assays broiler chicks were used aged 10 to 17, 26 to 33 and 40 to 47 days, respectively, and in the 4th assay roosters were used with 25 weeks of age. The AMEn values (as-fed basis) determined in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th assay were, respectively: 2069, 2148, 2272 and 2231 for 45% soybean meal; 2214, 2225, 2319 and 2247 for 48% soybean meal; 3322, 3331, 3405 and 3493 for extruded full-fat soybean; 3016, 3067, 3139 and 3388 for deactivated full-fat soybean; 3557, 3638, 3828 and 3869 for micronized full-fat soybean; 2292, 2348, 2518 and 2502 for deactivated soybean meal; 2356, 2399, 2509 and 2486 for soybean protein concentrate; 1826, 1882, 2110 and 1942 for corn gluten meal 21%; 2605, 2764, 2925 and 2832 for corn germ; and 2967, 3029, 3096 and 3026 for broken rice.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os indicadores internos fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDAi), obtidos por incubação in situ durante seis dias, e os indicadores externos óxido crômico (Cr2O3), dióxido de titânio (TiO2) e lignina isolada, purificada e enriquecida (LIPE®) em dois esquemas de coleta total de fezes (3 ou 5 dias) para estimativa da digestibilidade em bovinos. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizadas cinco novilhas mestiças alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar com 1% de ureia/sulfato de amônio e concentrado (1% do peso vivo). Não houve diferenças entre as metodologias de coleta para a digestibilidade da matéria seca. Quando estimada utilizando-se FDAi, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi subestimada, mas, quando estimada utilizando-se FDNi e os indicadores externos (óxido crômico, dióxido de titânio e LIPE®), não diferiu significativamente daquela determinada por coleta total de fezes. No segundo experimento, foram utilizadas oito vacas em lactação alimentadas com silagem de milho e 4 kg de concentrado. Não houve diferença na digestibilidade da matéria seca entre os períodos de coleta. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes, quando estimada utilizando-se FDNi, foi superestimada, mas, quando estimada utilizando-se FDAi e os indicadores externos (óxido crômico, dióxido de titânio e LIPE®), não diferiu significativamente daquela determinada por coleta total de fezes. Três dias de coleta são suficientes para estimativa da digestibilidade e os indicadores testados são eficientes na determinação da digestibilidade.Two studies were carried out to evaluate indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) as internal markers obtained by 144-h incubation in situ and chromium oxide (Cr2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and isolated, purified and enriched lignin (LIPE®) as external markers, and two total fecal collection schemes (3 or 5 days) to estimate digestibility in bovines. The experimental procedure was a randomized block design in a split plot arrangement. In the first trial, five crossbreed heifers fed sugar cane plus 1% of urea/ammonium sulfate and concentrate (1% of body weight) were used. There was no difference for dry matter digestibility when the collection schemes were compared (5 days vs 3 days). The nutrient digestibility estimated by iADF was underestimated and those estimated by iNDF, chromium oxide, titanium dioxide and LIPE®, did not differ from the digestibility calculated on total fecal collection. In the second trial, eight lactating cows fed corn silage and concentrate (4 kg/cow/day) were used. There was no difference for dry matter digestibility when the collection schemes were compared (5 days vs 3 days). The nutrient digestibility estimated by iNDF was overestimated and those estimated by iADF, chromium oxide, titanium dioxide and LIPE®, did not differ from the digestibility calculated on total fecal collection. Three days of fecal collection and the markers tested can safely be used to estimate digestibility.

Dois trabalhos foram conduzidos para estimativa do consumo individual de vacas em lactação alimentadas em grupo. No primeiro, para validar a metodologia, foram utilizadas oito vacas, alojadas em baias individuais recebendo silagem de milho e 4 kg de concentrado. Dois indicadores externos (óxido crômico e dióxido de titânio) foram avaliados para estimativa do consumo individual de concentrado. A fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) foi utilizada para estimativa do consumo de silagem. A produção de matéria seca fecal (PMSF) foi determinada pela coleta total de fezes e estimada pelo LIPE®. Tanto o óxido crômico quanto o dióxido de titânio permitiram estimar com eficiência o consumo de concentrado, independentemente do método para estimativa da PMSF. A FDAi estimou de forma satisfatória o consumo de silagem de milho. No segundo experimento, foram utilizadas 31 vacas, distribuídas em três grupos de alimentação, alojadas em estábulo tipo free stall e alimentadas com silagem de milho e concentrado de acordo com a produção de leite (8,0; 5,5 e 4 kg, para os grupos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente). Não houve diferença entre o óxido crômico e o dióxido de titânio no consumo de MS do concentrado, que foi muito próximo da quantidade média fornecida por vaca/dia (6,99 vs 7,12; 4,81 vs 4,96 e 3,49 vs 3,52 kg/vaca/dia). Verificou-se grande variação individual no consumo de concentrado, silagem e matéria seca total, independentemente do grupo de alimentação. Não foi verificada relação entre o consumo de matéria seca, a produção de leite e o peso metabólico dos animais. O óxido crômico e o dióxido de titânio podem ser usados para estimativa do consumo individual de concentrado e a FDAi é adequada para estimativa do consumo de silagem de milho por vacas em lactação alimentadas em grupo.Two studies were carried out to evaluate individual dry matter intake of group-fed lactating dairy cows. In the first trial, eight cows were housed in individual pens and fed corn silage and 4 kg of concentrate meal. Two external markers (chromium oxide and titanium dioxide) were used to predict individual concentrate intake. Indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) was used to estimate individual silage intake. Fecal dry matter output (FDMO) was determined by total collection and also by LIPE®. Chromium oxide and titanium dioxide were able to estimate individual concentrate intake, regardless of the FDMO method. The iADF marker was able to estimate the individual silage intake. In the second trial, 31 cows were distributed in three groups, housed in a free stall and fed corn silage and concentrate according to milk yield (8.0, 5.5, and 4 kg, for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). There was no difference between chromium oxide and titanium dioxide in the estimates of individual concentrate intake which were similar to the observed values (7.12 vs 6.99, 4.96 vs 4.81 and 3.52 vs 3.49 kg/cow/day). Individual intakes of concentrate, silage and total dry matter varied considerably, regardless of the group. There was no relationship among dry matter intake, milk yield and metabolic body weight. Chromium oxide and titanium dioxide and iADF can be used to estimate individual intakes of concentrate and corn silage, respectively, by group-fed lactating dairy cows.

Este experimento foi conduzido com a finalidade de determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e analisar a composição química de alguns alimentos. Utilizou-se o método tradicional de coleta total de excretas com pintos de corte machos nos períodos de 21 a 30 dias e de 41 a 50 dias de idade. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 11 dietas, 10 com alimentos-teste e uma dieta-referência), cada uma com seis repetições de seis e quatro aves por unidade experimental para o primeiro e o segundo período, respectivamente. Os alimentos estudados foram: quirera de arroz; farelo de arroz integral; milho; sorgo; farelo de trigo; farelo de soja; farelo de amendoim; farelo de algodão 28% PB; e duas leveduras de cana-de-açúcar (40 e 43% PB). Os valores de EMAn (kcal/kg matéria natural, MN), no primeiro e segundo períodos experimentais foram, respectivamente: para levedura 40%PB: 2.395 e 2.483; para levedura 43%PB: 2.626 e 2.726; para o farelo de soja: 2.202 e 2.306; para farelo de algodão 28%: 1.605 e 1.786; para farelo de amendoim: 2.155 e 2.471; para farelo de trigo: 1.683 e 1.877; para sorgo: 3.165 e 3.364; para milho: 3.351 e 3.524; para farelo de arroz integral: 2.446 e 2.650; e para a quirera de arroz: 3.138 e 3.278. Os valores EMA e EMAn, de todos os alimentos, foram superiores no segundo período experimental, indicando que, com o avançar da idade, as aves melhoram o aproveitamento dos alimentos.This experiment was carried out to determine of the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and to determine of the chemical composition of some feeds. The traditional method of total excreta collection was used with male broilers chickens in the period from 21 to 30 days old and 41 to 50 days old. The birds were distributed to a completely randomized experimental design, with eleven diets, ten with tested feeds and one reference diet, and each diet with six replications and six and four birds per experimental unit. The following feeds were studied: broken rice, whole rice meal, corn, sorghum, wheat bran, soybean meal, peanut meal, and cottonseed meal, 28%CP, and two sugarcane yeast (40 and 43% CP). The values of AMEn (kcal/kg as fed), in the first and second experimental periods were, respectively, for sugarcane yeast 40% CP: 2.395 and 2.483, for sugarcane yeast 43% CP: 2.626 and 2.726, for soybean meal: 2.202 and 2.306, for cottonseed meal 28% CP: 1.605 and 1.786: for peanut meal: 2.155 and 2.471, for wheat bran: 1.683 e 1.877, for sorghum: 3.165 and 3.364, for corn: 3.351 and 3.524, for whole rice meal: 2.446 and 2.650 and for the broken rice: 3.138 and 3.278. All values of AME and AMEn, for al feeds, were higher in second experimental period, showing that, with advancing of the age, birds improve the utilization of feeds.

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O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de rações com diferentes teores de proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR) e fonte de amido de baixa degradabilidade ruminal (milho moído) em ovinos. Utilizaram-se quatro ovinos castrados, sem raça definida (SRD), com peso vivo médio de 38,5 kg, em um delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4 x 4. As quatro rações experimentais utilizadas foram compostas de 75% de volumoso (feno de aveia) e 25% de concentrado à base de milho moído (MM), farelo de soja (FS), farelo de algodão (FA), farinha de peixe (FP), uréia e sal mineral, compostas com quatro teores de PDR (46, 50, 54 e 58% de PDR nas rações). Determinaram-se a digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes e o balanço de nitrogênio nos animais alimentados com as rações experimentais. Os consumos de MS, MO, PB, amido, FDN e FDA não diferiram entre as rações testadas. Da mesma forma, o nitrogênio ingerido (NI), o N excretado nas fezes e na urina, em g/dia, o balanço de nitrogênio (%NI) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB, FDN e FDA não diferiram entre as rações experimentais, sendo estimados valores médios de 31,68; 6,34; 11,31 g/dia e 44,27% NI, respectivamente, e de 71,90; 73,00; 79,70; 61,10; e 52,00%, respectivamente. Independentemente dos teores de PDR em rações contendo milho como fonte de amido de baixa degradabilidade ruminal, não houve efeitos sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e o balanço de nitrogênio em ovinos.Four castrated sheep averaging 38.5 kg of body weight were randomly assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance (NB) on diets containing different levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP): 46, 50, 54, and 58% and ground corn. The four experimental diets were composed by 75% of forage (oat hay) and 25% of concentrate containing ground corn (GC), soybean meal (SM), cottonseed meal (CM), fish meal (FM), urea, and mineral salt. No significant differences were observed on the intakes of DM, OM, CP, starch, NDF, and ADF by increasing the dietary RDP levels. Nitrogen intake (NI), urinary N excretion, fecal N excretion, and NB expressed as % NI averaged, respectively, 31.68 g/d, 6.34 g/d, 11.31 g/d, and 47.27% and did not differ across diets. Similarly, apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, OM CP, NDF, and ADF averaged, respectively, 71.90, 73.00, 79.70, 61.10, and 52.00% and did not differ when the RDP level was increased in the diet. It can be concluded that both digestibility of nutrients and NB were not affected by different dietary RDP levels under the conditions of this trial.

Avaliaram-se os valores de energia metabolizável aparente e aparente corrigida (EMA e EMAn, respectivamente), os coeficientes de metabolização da energia bruta (CMEB e CMEBn) e da digestibilidade da MS e MO (CDAMS e CDAMO) de alguns alimentos para emas (Rhea americana) de sete meses de idade, utilizando-se as técnicas de coleta total de excretas e do óxido de cromo como indicador. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com seis tratamentos, cada um com três repetições. O experimento foi realizado três vezes, seqüencialmente. Os valores dos CDAMS, CDAMO, EMA, EMAn, CMEB e CMEBn dos alimentos, determinados por meio da técnica de coleta total de excretas, foram, de modo geral, superiores aos determinados pela técnica do óxido de cromo. A técnica do óxido de cromo mostrou-se inadequada para determinar os CDAMS, CDAMO, EMA, EMAn, CMEB e CMEBn dos alimentos para emas em comparação à técnica de coleta total de excretas. Recomenda-se a realização de ensaios similares envolvendo outras técnicas indiretas para estimar parâmetros de digestibilidade nesta espécie.It was evaluated the values of apparent metabolizable and apparent corrected energy (AME and AMEn, respectively), the coefficients of metabolization of gross energy (MCEC and MCECn) and the digestibility of DM and OM (ADDMC and ADOMC) of some feedstuffs for greater rhea averaging seven months old, by the techniques of total feces collection and chromium oxide as external marker. The experiment was analyzed as a complete randomized design with six treatments and three replications per experiment. The experiment was carried out three times senquentially. The values of ADDMC, ADOMC, AME, AMEn, MCEC and MCECn of feedstuffs determined by total feces collection were greater than those determined with chromium oxide. The use of marker was not efficient to determine ADDMC, ADOMC, AME, AMEn, MCEC and MCECn of the feedstuffs for greater rhea when compared to total feces collection method. It is recommended more studies of indirect techniques to estimate the digestibility parameters in similar assays.

The aim of this study was to determine endogenous losses and true total digestibility of phosphorus (P) in piglets fed with diets containing rice bran (RB), and supplemented or not with phytase. The experiment was divided into three periods of 12 days each, seven for adaptation and five for total feces collection, with an interval of three days between periods. Twelve barrows with average body weights of 13.40±1.00kg at 46 days of age were distributed among six treatments consisting of diets formulated with three levels of RB (5%, 10%, and 20%) with or without the addition of 750FTUkg-1 of phytase. The amount of total daily feed was divided into four daily meals and water was available ad libitum. The method of total feces collection was used with ferric oxide as the fecal marker. The total consumption of P of RB origin was 0.37, 0.85 and 1.73gd-1 for concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20% of RB, respectively. Both RB and phytase levels had an effect on the apparent digestibility of P in RB. Results of the regression analysis of ingested P originating from the RB and absorbed P indicated endogenous losses of 527mg of Pkg-1 of dry matter intake, independent of phytase. Additionally, the true digestibility of P in RB was 47%, and it was not influenced by the inclusion of phytase. We concluded that the addition of 750FTU of phytase does not affect endogenous losses or the true digestibility of P in RB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Em um ensaio de digestibilidade, avaliou-se o método de coleta total de excretas e o método do óxido crômico como indicador. Determinou-se a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo nitrogênio retido (EMAn) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (CDAMS) de uma ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, contendo 19% de PB e 3.100 kcal de EM/kg. Foram utilizados 60 galos Leghorn, com peso de 2.350±105 g. Cada galo foi avaliado pelos dois métodos simultaneamente em períodos consecutivos. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas, para as duas metodologias avaliadas. Com o uso do óxido crômico, os tratamentos foram definidos em um arranjo fatorial 4x5 (quatro níveis de óxido crômico, 0,2; 0,4; 0,6 e 0,8%, e cinco tempos de coleta de excretas, 1 a 5 dias), totalizando 20 tratamentos na parcela (galo), em dois períodos consecutivos (subparcelas), com três repetições por período. Na coleta total de excretas, os tratamentos foram definidos como cinco tempos de coleta (1 a 5 dias) na parcela e dois períodos consecutivos na subparcela, com 12 repetições por período. O uso dos períodos consecutivos de coleta não afetou a EMAn nem o CDAMS. No método de coleta total, os valores de EMAn e CDAMS atingiram um platô acima de dois dias de coleta, comprovando que o tempo de coleta pode ser reduzido para três dias sem comprometer os valores determinados. Os resultados indicaram interação dos níveis de óxido crômico na ração e do tempo de coleta para os valores de EMAn e CDAMS. Concluiu-se que três dias de coleta são suficientes para determinar a EMAn e o CDAMS de rações à base de milho e farelo de soja. Com três dias de coleta e com o uso de 0,665% de óxido crômico na ração, foi possível determinar valores semelhantes de EMAn e CDAMS nas duas metodologias.A digestibility assay were carried out to evaluate, in consecutives periods, the total excreta collection method and the chromium oxide method as a marker. Apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen retention (AMEn) and aparent digestibility of dry matter coefficient (ADDMC) of broiler diet based in a ground corn and soybean meal containing 19% crude protein and 3.100 kcal ME/kg. Sixty adult Leghorn cockerels weigh, in average, 2.350±105 g were used. Each cockerel participates in the evaluation of the two methods simutannialy in consecutives periods. A split plots experimental design experiment was used to evaluate the two métodhs. In the chromium oxid method the treatments were defined as a 4x5 factorial arrangemente (chromium oxide levels 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% and collection time 1 to 5 days), totalizing 20 treatments in the plot, in two continuous periods (sub-plots), with three replicates by period. In the total excreta collection method the treatments were defined as five collection times (1 to 5 days) in the plot and the two continuous periods in the subplot with twelve replicates per period. The use of continuous periods did not affect AMEn or ADDMC. In the total excreta collection method the values of AMEn and ADDMC reached a plateau after two days of collection, showing that the collection time could be reduced by three days without affecting the determinated values. The data showed interaction between chromium oxide levels with collection times for the AMEn and ADDMC. Three days of excreta collection were enough to determine with accuracy both AMEn and ADDMC of the diets based on ground corn and soybean meal. The use of three days of collection and 0.665% of chromium oxide in the diet was possible to determine similar values for AMEn and ADDMC in the two methods.

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a composição química e os valores energéticos de oito alimentos (milho grão, milho pré-cozido I e II, farelo de canola, plasma sangüíneo, farinha de vísceras, glicose e amido de milho) para aves. Para determinação dos valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn), foi utilizado o método tradicional de coleta total de excretas, com 400 pintos de corte, machos e fêmeas, de 21 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 10 tratamentos (oito alimentos e duas rações referências), e cinco repetições de oito aves por unidade experimental. Os milhos grão e pré-cozido I e II substituíram em 40% e o amido e a glicose, em 20%, uma ração referência contendo 26% proteína bruta (PB). O farelo de canola substituiu em 40% e o plasma sangüíneo e a farinha de vísceras, em 20%, uma ração referência contendo 18% PB. Os valores de matéria seca MS (%), PB (%), EMA (kcal/kg) e EMAn (kcal/kg) foram, respectivamente, para o milho: 87,72; 7,33; 3.246; e 3.235, o milho pré-cozido I: 87,75; 7,14; 3.385; e 3.379, o milho pré-cozido II: 87,88; 7,34; 3.187; e 3.179, o farelo de canola: 87,53; 37,89; 1.793; e 1.778, o plasma sangüíneo: 90,67; 74,24; 3.503; e 3.474 e a farinha de vísceras: 90,35; 64,98; 4.293; e 4.268. Para os alimentos glicose e o amido de milho foram determinados apenas os valores de MS (%), EMA (kcal/kg) e EMAn (kcal/kg), sendo que para a glicose os valores encontrados foram de 99,12; 3.170; e 3.168 e para o amido de milho, de 85,52; 3.203; e 3201, respectivamente.The experiment was carried out to determine the chemical and the energetic values of eight feedstuffs (corn grain, corn pre-cooked I and II, canola meal, spray-dried plasma, poultry by-product meal, glucose and corn starch) for birds. To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected apparent (AMEn) values, the traditional method of total excreta collection was used, with 400 broiler chicks, male and female, 21 days old. A completely randomized design, with ten treatments (eight feedstuffs and two reference diets), and five replications of eight birds per experimental unit, was used. The corn grain and pre-cooked I and II replaced 40%, and the starch and glucose 20% of the reference diet containing 26% crude protein (CP); the canola meal replaced 40%, and spray-dried plasma and poultry by-products meal 20% of the reference diet containing 18% CP. Dry matter - DM (%), CP (%), AME (kcal/kg) e AMEn (kcal/kg) values were, respectively, for corn grain: 87.72, 7.33, 3,246, and 3,235; for pre-cooked I: 87.75, 7.14, 3,385, and 3,379; for pre-cooked II: 87.88, 7,34, 3.187 and 3.179; for canola meal: 87,53, 37,89, 1,793 and 1,778; for spray-dried plasma: 90,67, 74,24, 3.503 and 3.474; and for poultry by-product meal: 90.35, 64.98, 4,293 and 4,268. For the glucose and corn starch, only the values of DM (%), AME (kcal/kg) and AMEn (kcal/kg) were determined, and for the glucose the values were 99.12, 3,170, and 3,168 and for corn starch, 85.52, 3,203, and 3201, respectively.

Methodological aspects of digestibility measurements of feedstuffs for equines were studied in four Welsh pony geldings consuming four grass-hay diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Diets contained either a low (L), medium (M), high (H), or very high (VH) ADF content (264, 314, 375, or 396 g⋅kg-1 DM, respectively). Diets were supplemented with minerals, vitamins, and TiO2 (3.9 g Ti⋅d-1). Daily feces excreted were collected quantitatively over 10 consecutive days and analyzed for moisture, ash, ADL, AIA, and titanium (Ti). Minimum duration of total fecal collection (TFC) required for an accurate estimation of apparent organic matter digestibility (OMD) of grass hay was assessed. Based on literature and the calculated cumulative OMD assessed over 10 consecutive days of TFC, a minimum duration of at least 5 consecutive days of fecal collection is recommended for accurate estimation of dry matter digestibility (DMD) and OMD in ponies. The 5-d collection should be preceded by a 14-d adaptation period to allow the animals to adapt to the diets and become accustomed to the collection procedures. Mean fecal recovery over 10 d across diets for ADL, AIA, and Ti was 93.1% (SE 1.9), 98.9% (SE 5.5), and 97.1% (SE 1.8), respectively. Evaluation of CV of mean fecal recoveries obtained by ADL, AIA, and Ti showed that variation in fecal Ti (6.8) and ADL excretion (7.0) was relatively low compared to AIA (12.3). In conclusion, the use of internal ADL and externally supplemented Ti are preferred as markers to be used in digestibility trials in equine fed grass-hay diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Two experiments were conducted to estimate the amount of muscle tissue and crude protein (CP) in carcasses and in empty body (EB) weight from urinary creatinine excretion (UCE). In experiment I 32 Nellore bulls were used with an initial body weight of 259±24.9kg and 14±1 month old, as follow: four bulls were fed at maintenance level and the 28 bulls had ad libitum access to feed throughout the experiment. The diet consisted of corn silage and concentrate (55:45). Three days before each slaughter, total urine was collected from all bulls within a slaughter group. After harvest, a complete dissection (fat, lean and bone) of the left half of the carcass was conducted and subsampled. Sub-samples were lyophilized, partially defatted and ground for further evaluation. In experiment II 15 Nellore heifers were allocated by body weight into three groups: 127±24.2kg (low), 221±22.3kg (medium) and 434±29.2kg (high). Heifers were fed a diet consisting of 60% of corn silage and 40% of concentrate. After 30 days of adaptation, total urine was collected over a three day period using Folley catheters. After urine collection, the animals were slaughtered to estimate the physical composition of the carcasses and EB. The amounts of muscle tissue present in the carcasses of Nellore bulls and heifers (Mcarc) was estimated using the following equation: Mcarc (kg)=14.40×UCE (g/d). The amount of CP in the carcasses (CPcarc) and the empty bodies (CPEB) of Nellore bulls was estimated by: CPcarc=3.85×UCE (g/d) and CPEB=5.86×UCE (g/d), respectively. It was concluded that each gram of UCE corresponded with 14.40kg of muscle tissue, 3.85kg of CP in the carcass and 5.86kg of CPEB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Due to environmental concern a lot of effort has been dedicated to improve the utilisation of phytate phosphorus (P) in cereals and seeds. Consequently, microbial phytases are added to pig diets at the expense of feed phosphates. However, there is still a need for inclusion of feed phosphate, especially in diets for young piglets and lactating sows in order to meet their P requirement. This creates a demand for feed phosphates with a high P availability. Fourteen feed phosphates, including two newly developed monocalcium phosphates (MCP), were tested in this experiment. For each source, a series of 5 diets was prepared by inclusion of increasing amounts of either MCP or MSP. These diets were offered to pigs kept in metabolism crates (6 pigs on each of the 5 diets). After 5 days adaptation, total collection of faeces and urine was performed for 7 days. P availability in each source was determined by regression of the net absorption of P on P-intake. The experiment revealed that MSP had the highest availability (79%) and the availability of all the tested phosphates varied between 50 and 79%. The new MCPs proved to be 71 and 75% available. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The apparent digestibility of hays plus two commercial mixed feeds containing about 14% and 11.8% crude fiber (CF), respectively as feeds was determined by means of two in vivo digestibility trials, each performed on 4 or 5 saddle horses weighing on average about 550 and 535 kg, respectively, over a 6 day feces total collection period with a previous 14 day adaptation period. The diets were based on a first cut meadow hay – whose digestibility was estimated in each trial – and different percentages of the mixed feeds at a feeding level close to maintenance. The two mixed feeds were rich respectively in a by-product from the citrus fruit industry (citrus pulp) and in a by-product from the apple fruit industry (apple pectin pulp). The forage to concentrate ratio was, respectively, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 on a dry matter basis (Diets 1, 2 and 3) in the first trial and, 50:50 and 100:0 (Diets 4 and 5) in the second trial. The apparent digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, and crude protein was measured by the ingesta/excreta procedure and using the most abundant n-alkanes (C27, C29, and C31) as internal markers for all the rations and the hays. No differences were found among the digestibility coefficients obtained by the total collection method or using the different n-alkanes. The use of n-alkanes for digestibility determinations in horses is neither precise nor accurate, but can be advised for free ranging animals, when the total collection of feces is impossible. Taking into account that the accuracy of this later method is comparable, we suggest selecting n-alkanes with a high concentration and the highest fecal recovery; C29 and C31 n-alkanes (the first in particular) resulted to be the best choice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This experiment was conducted to compare total collection (TC) and index method (IM), including Cr2O3, TiO2, and AIA, for determining the energy values of full fat soybean (FFS) using the regression method. Twenty-four barrows with an average initial BW of 20 kg were assigned to 3 diets in a randomized complete block design. The 3 diets consisted of a corn-soybean meal reference diet (RD) and the RD + 75 or 150 g/kg FFS, and all diets contained 3 index markers (5 g/kg Cr2O3, 5 g/kg TiO2, and 20 g/kg AIA). Each diet was fed to 8 barrows in individual metabolism crates for a 5-d acclimation followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine separately. All data were analyzed as split-plot experiments, where the FFS level was the main-plot factor and measurement method including TC or IM with different markers was the split-plot factor. Results showed that the fecal marker recovery was 90.0, 90.9, and 93.3% for TiO2, Cr2O3, and AIA, respectively, when compared with total collection. The substitution of FFS linearly reduced (P < 0.05) both dietary DE and ME. With the increase of FFS level, the dietary DE was linearly decreased based on TC, AIA, and TiO2 measurements, but not for Cr2O3, resulting in an FFS level by measurement method for dietary DE (P = 0.056). The results also showed that the determined dietary DE was lower using TiO2 compared with TC, Cr2O3, and AIA (P < 0.05). And the dietary ME determined by TiO2 was lower than TC and AIA (P < 0.05) but similar to Cr2O3. The energy value of FFS was determined by the regression method. The TC-derived DE and ME of FFS were 4,131 and 3,873 kcal/kg, respectively. The DE and ME of FFS were 4,072 and 3,814 kcal/kg DM, respectively, using Cr2O3; 3,935 and 3,867 kcal/kg DM, respectively, using TiO2; or 3,991 and 3,734 kcal/kg DM, respectively, using AIA. The DE of FFS using TC method was not different from those obtained from Cr2O3 and AIA but higher than the DE value obtained from TiO2 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the IM is as robust as TC to derive DE of FFS using the regression method, but the accuracy may be dependent on the marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]