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Pork has an important role in the lives of the people of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), both as a source of animal protein and in cultural and social contexts. Traditional processed products such as Sui Wu'u from Bajawa are examples of pork preservation that has been passed down from generation to generation through the practice of local wisdom. The preservation process using natural ingredients such as cornstarch and salt not only extends the shelf life, but also improves the sensory quality as well as maintains the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of the meat. The addition of cornmeal which is rich in antioxidants and fiber and salt as natural preservatives, helps inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes and maintains the taste of the product. Nonetheless, the curing process needs to pay attention to various factors such as raw materials, curing methods, and storage temperatures to ensure the quality and safety of the final product. The purpose of this study was to determine the organoleptic quality, at oxidation and total bacteria in sui wu'u. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 3 treatments 4 replicates of the addition of corn flour consisting of P1 = 500 g, P2 = 1000 g, P3 = 1,500 g. The parameter measured were: organoleptic quality (color, aroma, taste, and tenderness), fat oxidation and total bacteria. The data of organoleptics were analysed witk Kuakall-Wallis test whereas fat oxidation and total bacteria were analyzed with ANOVA. The results showed that organoleptic quality (color, aroma, taste, and tenderness) and total bacteri were same (P>0.05) whereas fat oxidation decreased as the level of corn starch increased. It can be concluded that given corn starch coulg retard the fat oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Vet Indones. The Indonesian Veterinary Journal / Jurnal Acta Veterinaria Indonesiana is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Flushing is a common corrective action recommended by Legionella management guidelines to remove stagnant water and replenish disinfectant. Due to water age and different local regulations, buildings may receive water with low or no residual disinfectant. In such situations, the evidence for flushing efficacy is often anecdotal, and the benefits are poorly quantified. Using a pilot-scale premise plumbing system, flushed shower outlets were evaluated against non-flushed outlets during simulated periods of both active and low water demand. Water and biofilm concentrations of total bacteria, Legionella spp., and Vermamoeba vermiformis were quantified using real-time quantitative PCR. Even after all outlets returned to active water demand, flushed shower outlets continued to have lower quantities of Legionella compared to non-flushed outlets for several days, but the decrease was of little practical benefit (

Chicken meat is a nutritious food that can increase immunity but has perishable food properties that are easily damaged so it is necessary to add preservatives, namely chitosan as an edible coating to protect the meat from microbial contamination. Gourami (Osphronemus goramy) scales have the potential to be processed as chitosan. Through 3 stages, namely deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding chitosan with gourami fish scales and cloves as an edible coating on the quality of raw chicken meat at room temperature for 9 h. This study used a factorial completely randomized design (3×3), with factor A: concentration of chitosan solution (0%, 1%, and 2%) and factor B: concentration of clove solution (0%, 1%, and 2%) and repeated 3 times. The results showed that the control treatment without clove and chitosan after 9 h of storage at room temperature had a significant difference in effect on the treated samples. The best treatment was found in the interaction of 2% chitosan (K2) and 2% cloves (C2) with microbial contamination of 2×10 5 CFU/g so that it still meets the standards of the National Standardization Agency (BSN) namely, chicken meat has a maximum requirement of 1×106 CFU/g, which can maintain the quality of meat, both in terms of pH, water content, and acceptability of organoleptic values which are still favored by panelists.

Possible inexpensive adsorbent sources are urgently required to remove metals and pollutants from aquaculture effluents. Thus, this study evaluated the intensive bacterial production and metal removal (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) from marine water, which will be used for the culture of aquatic animals using biofloc technology (BFT). In the presence of sugarcane bagasse (T1) and rice-bran (T2) as organic carbon sources, marine polluted water was treated for 6 weeks. As expected, the bacterial numbers increased throughout the experimental period, which helped in breaking down the carbon source and metal removal. Overall, the percentages of heavy metal removal from water samples with different biofloc, and the sequence of adsorption of heavy metals from polluted marine water were Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd > Mn > Co > Zn for T1. Meanwhile, a slight difference was detected in the sequences of T2 as: Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd > Mn > Zn > Co. Furthermore, the relationships among different carbon sources, heavy metals and microbes were also analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation matrix. However, the bacterial and metal profiles have variability by 97.20% at the end of the experiment. The results of this study indicate that the heavy metals concentrations are affected by the bacteria and carbon sources directly via changes in their concentration which provides the opportunity to mitigate the impact of polluted water on the environment so far and provide the opportunity to use water free of heavy metals in aquaculture practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the effect of fermentation time on pH levels, total bacteria and total fungi litter chicken fermented. The research method was carried out by collecting various chicken litters from 16 closed house cages in Semarang City, Demak Regency and Kendal Regency, then combined and fermented. The study used a completely randomized design in the direction of 4 treatments and 4 replications, the treatments were T0 = 0 week litter curing; T1 = 3 weeks litter curing; T2 = 6 weeks of litter curing; T3 = 9 weeks litter curing. The parameters observed were pH value, total bacteria and total litter fungi in broiler chickens. The results showed that there was a significant effect (P 0.05) on all treatments. The conclusion of this research is the best chicken litter fermentation at 6 weeks duration of ripening. Produce a total of bacteria and fungi as much as 0.25 x 103 CFU/g and indicated that they were not pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Identifying and controlling the drivers of change in the quality of water within distribution systems requires a comprehensive understanding of the individual and interactive effects of relevant factors. This article examines the impact of water temperature, pipe characteristics, and hydraulic conditions on the microbiological, physical, and chemical parameters of water quality in the distribution network using Bayesian Dirichlet process mixture of linear models and random forest method. The study was based on a database of the distribution network for the city of Ålesund in Norway and records of water quality data measured at seven different locations in the network from 2013 to 2019. In both modelling approaches applied, temperature was identified as the main factor that controls the microbiological stability of water in the network. From the minimum to the maximum values of temperature in the pipes (3.35 °C–11.14 °C respectively), the probabilities of occurrence of bacteria in water increased from 0.36 to 0.95. Temperature was also shown to be an important factor that affects the chemical parameters of water quality (pH, alkalinity and electrical conductivity). Among the input parameters included in this study, concentration of residual chlorine was shown to have the strongest growth-inhibiting effect on Total Bacteria in the pipes. The results further showed that changes in the hydraulic conditions in the pipes (residence time and flow) were among the most important determinants of the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of water in the distribution network. The random forest models assigned minimal importance to the pipe characteristics and conditions on changes in the water quality parameters. However, the Bayesian models revealed that these parameters have significant impact on the quality of water in the pipes. Highlights Drivers of change in the quality of water in distribution pipes were evaluated.; Stability of water in pipes is mainly controlled by temperature and water age.; Residual chlorine has the strongest growth-inhibiting impact on bacteria in pipes.; There is a higher chance of bacteria occurrence in metal than in plastic pipes.; Age of pipes mainly affects turbidity, electrical conductivity and Total Bacteria in water.;

In this study, numbers and genus of total bacteria were investigated monthly in seawater at a Sea Turtle Conservation Center, Sriracha District, Chonburi Province, Thailand, used for marine turtle culture for 5 months. Numbers of totalbacteria in seawater ranged from 5.00 ± 1.73 ´ 104 to 1.52 ± 0.09 ´ 106 CFU/ml. Bacteria found in this study were identified as Azotobacter sp., Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus laterosporus, Cytophaga sp., Erysipelothrix sp., Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium sp., Kocuria kristinae, Kocuria varians, Listeria sp., Micrococcus sp., Moraxella sp., Serratia sp., Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus sp., Vibrio sp. and unidentified species. Numbers of total bacteria found in October were not significantly different (P > 0.05), compared to those in January, but significantly different (P < 0.05), compared to those in November, December and February

This study investigated the effects of a eucalyptus-based compost on soil microbial community and enzyme activities of soils under avocado plantations in Limpopo, South Africa. It was hypothesized that compost application rate and time-post application would determine the abundance of biological organisms and enzyme activities. Experiments were conducted on 8-year-old 'Hass' avocado orchards. A repeated measures design with four compost treatments (0, 5, 10, and 15 ton ha−1 year−1), replicated three times was used. Thermophilic compost was prepared from locally sourced Eucalyptus wood chips (40%) and sawdust (20%), chicken manure (20%), and cattle manure (20%) stock feed. Soil samples were collected at three-month intervals for a period of nine months and analyzed for soil biota and enzyme activities. The results showed that compost application led to improved soil microbial counts and the effects were compost application rate and time dependent. The highest microbial counts were realized at 15 tons ha−1 and increased with time post compost application. Phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and urease were slightly increased at 10 and 15 tons ha−1 whereas fluorescein di-acetate was not affected by compost application rates. Compost application rates did not show a consistent effect on soil enzymes activities across sites and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical and chemical cleaning for the removal of indoor microorganisms, which can cause allergic reactions and respiratory diseases, is labor-intensive and time-consuming. An ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer, a newly introduced device to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms, allows the disinfectant particles to reach hard-to-reach spaces indoors and is more cost-effective than the existing methods. However, few studies have been conducted to verify the efficiency of the ULV sprayer. Here, we verified the disinfection efficiency of the ULV sprayer for inactivating total bacteria present on indoor surfaces, considering the factors affecting bacteria inactivation, and presented the optimal ULV sprayer usage conditions to achieve the highest disinfection efficiency depending on room size. The total bacteria removal efficiency was high (range: 0.56–2.46 log10 reductions), including hard-to-reach spaces. A response surface model was developed to identify the individual and interactive effects of the disinfectant concentration, spray amount, and room size on total bacteria disinfection efficiency. These three variables had interactive effects on the total bacteria disinfection efficiency. The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial model, with high coefficients of determination (R2) for all models (R2 > 0.82). The optimum conditions were a spray amount of 3.08–6.40 L in 160 m3, 3.78–7.22 L in 230 m3, and 5.68–8 L in 300 m3 surface area when using dilution rates of 100 times. These conditions predicted a bacterial disinfection efficiency of >1.10 log10 reductions (92%) on all surfaces. Our results clearly indicate that the ULV sprayer effectively inactivates total bacteria present on indoor surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat spoilage is a relatively complicated process, in which microorganisms increase nonlinearly. As a non-linear model, BP neural network has strong generalization ability and fitting ability, but there are some shortcomings in the application, such as slow convergence speed, easy to fall into local minima and overfitting. Thus an optimized BP neural network was proposed. Prepared chicken was stored in a refrigerator at 4 ℃, and 240 samples were collected. After obtaining 400-1000 nm hyperspectral images of each prepared chicken sample, sub-samples were randomly selected from each homogenized sample to determine the total bacteria. Then, the spectral data was preprocessed by different methods such as differentiation, standard normalized variate, and multiplicative scatter correction. The PLSR model was cross-validated by the leave-one-out method, and the best preprocessing method was determined based on RMSECV(root mean square error of cross validation). After that, based on the pre-processed spectral information, 34 characteristic bands were extracted by CARS (competitive adaptive reweighted sampling) algorithm. Finally, the spectral values corresponding to the full-band and filtered characteristic bands were used as the input of the BP (back propagation) neural network, and the total bacteria was used as the output of the BP neural network. Bird swarm algorithm (BSA) and immune algorithm (IA) optimization were used to optimize the initial weight and threshold of the BP neural network. The prediction models of the total bacteria were established by using BP, BSA-BP, IA-BP, and BSA-IA-BP. The results showed that: 1) by introducing the IA algorithm’s immune operation, after iterative stabilization, the total fitness of BSA-IA-BP was significantly lower than BSA-BP based on training samples. This showed that the search ability of the BSA-IA fusion algorithm was improved, which could effectively prevent the BSA algorithm from falling into a local optimum in the later stage. At the same time, among the four models of BP, IA-BP, BSA-BP, and BSA-IA-BP, the BSA-IA-BP model had the best prediction accuracy and convergence speed. Among them, the BSA-IA-BP model in the characteristic band had the highest prediction accuracy. The RP (the correlation coefficient), RMSEP (the root mean square error) and RPD (the residual predictive deviation) of the prediction set was 0.93, 0.31 lg(CFU/g), 2.68, respectively. 2) By comparing the characteristic band and the full band, the overall prediction effect of the characteristic band was better than the full band, which indicating that the CARS algorithm could effectively delete the wavelengths, reduced redundant information interference, and improved the model prediction efficiency. In general, the use of hyperspectral technology for non-destructive testing of the total bacteria in prepared chicken was feasible, which can provide technical support for the online testing of prepared chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, numbers and genus of total bacteria were investigated monthly in seawater at a Sea Turtle Conservation Center, Sriracha District, Chonburi Province, Thailand, used for marine turtle culture for 5 months. Numbers of total bacteria in seawater ranged from 5.00 ± 1.73' 104 to 1.52 ± 0.09' 106 CFU/ml. Bacteria found in this study were identified as Azotobacter sp., Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus laterosporus, Cytophaga sp., Erysipelothrix sp., Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium sp., Kocuria kristinae, Kocuria varians, Listeria sp., Micrococcus sp., Moraxella sp., Serratia sp., Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus sp., Vibrio sp. and unidentified species. Numbers of total bacteria found in October were not significantly different (P > 0.05), compared to those in January, but significantly different (P < 0.05), compared to those in November, December and February. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical and chemical cleaning for the removal of indoor microorganisms, which can cause allergic reactions and respiratory diseases, is labor-intensive and time-consuming. An ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer, a newly introduced device to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms, allows the disinfectant particles to reach hard-to-reach spaces indoors and is more cost-effective than the existing methods. However, few studies have been conducted to verify the efficiency of the ULV sprayer. Here, we verified the disinfection efficiency of the ULV sprayer for inactivating total bacteria present on indoor surfaces, considering the factors affecting bacteria inactivation, and presented the optimal ULV sprayer usage conditions to achieve the highest disinfection efficiency depending on room size. The total bacteria removal efficiency was high (range: 0.56–2.46 log10 reductions), including hard-to-reach spaces. A response surface model was developed to identify the individual and interactive effects of the disinfectant concentration, spray amount, and room size on total bacteria disinfection efficiency. These three variables had interactive effects on the total bacteria disinfection efficiency. The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial model, with high coefficients of determination (R2) for all models (R2 > 0.82). The optimum conditions were a spray amount of 3.08–6.40 L in 160 m3, 3.78–7.22 L in 230 m3, and 5.68–8 L in 300 m3 surface area when using dilution rates of 100 times. These conditions predicted a bacterial disinfection efficiency of >1.10 log10 reductions (92%) on all surfaces. Our results clearly indicate that the ULV sprayer effectively inactivates total bacteria present on indoor surfaces.

Abstract With the escalating coastal development and loss of vegetated landscape, the volume of storm runoff increases significantly in Chinese coastal cities. To protect human health and valuable recreational resources, it is necessary to develop a quantitative understanding of coastal pollution. Here we studied the influence of storm runoff on the nutrients and microbial pathogens at two popular bathing beaches in northern China. Dongshan Beach, located near the mouth of an urban river, is influenced by non-point source pollution while Tiger-Rock Beach, a coastal beach, is primarily influenced by a point source from a storm drain outfall. Storm runoff significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the salinity and Chl a post-storm at both the beaches, but only reduced the concentration of dissolved inorganic N at Tiger-Rock Beach. Escherichia coli decreased by 68.7% at Dongshan Beach, possibly due to the dilution effect of the stormflow, contradicting the notion of elevated fecal contamination in coastal beaches from storm runoff. Vibrio parahaemolyticus increased at both beaches post-storm, by 155.7% at Dongshan Beach and 136.7% at Tiger-Rock Beach. Regardless of storm impact, both E. coli and V. parahaemolyticus were much higher at Dongshan Beach than that at Tiger-Rock, suggesting the influence of different surrounding topographies. Lastly, the statistical models developed based on the environmental and microbial parameters regression showed predictive power (adjusted R2 > 0.5) to estimate the concentration of E. coli at Dongshan Beach and V. parahaemolyticus at Tiger-Rock Beach. Overall, the results suggest the unique role of the individual beaches in attenuating the effect of rainfall on the concentration of microbial pathogens in bathing water quality and provide unique predictive models for recreational water management and public health protection. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Salinity and Chl a reduced post-storm at Dongshan (DS) and Tiger-Rock (TR) beaches. • Storm runoff lowered the level of dissolved inorganic N at TR. • No changes in bacteria, E. coli decreased while V. parahaemolyticus increased at DS. • No changes in E. coli , but bacteria and V. parahaemolyticus increased at TS. • Predictive models could estimate E. coli at DS and V. parahaemolyticus at TR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRAK. Penelitian efek penambahan bentonit dalam proses pelleting terhadap total bakteri dan total fungi dari produk pellet limbah penetasan sebagai bahan pakan alternatif, telah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Teknologi Pakan, Fakultas Peternakan dan Pertanian, Universitas Diponegoro. Penambahan bentonit pada proses pelleting diharapkan mengurangi total bakteri dan total fungi pada pellet olahan limbah penetasan, sehingga aman digunakan sebagai bahan pakan alternatif. Pada penelitian ini limbah penetasan yang berupa cangkang telur, telur infertile, telur gagal menetas, serta DOC afkir dan mati dihancurkan, dicampur dengan bentonit dan dibuat pellet, untuk kemudian dianalisis kandungan total bakteri dan total fungi pada produk pellet. Perlakuan bentonit dilakukan dengan aras 0, 2, 4 dan 6% (B/B). Penelitian dilakukan dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Data dianalisis dengan analisis ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji wilayah ganda Duncan untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar perlakuan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemberian bentonit dari berbagai level berpengaruh sangat nyata (P0,01). Pemberian bentonit pada tingkat tertinggi (6%) mampu menekan total bakteri dan total fungi pada kisaran 105 cfu/g. Disimpulkan bahwa bentonit mampu menekan kandungan total bakteri dan total fungi pada produk pellet limbah penetasan. (Numbers of total bacteria and total fungi of hatchery waste pellets that made by adding bentonite) ABSTRACT. A Research about the effect of bentonite addition in the pelletizing process on total bacteria and total fungi of pellet product of hatchery waste as an alternative feedstuff, was done at Feed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University. The addition of bentonite was expected to reduce the number of bacteria and fungi in the pellet product of hatchery waste, therefore, it could be used safely as an alternative feedstuff. In this experiment, the hatchery waste in the forms of eggshell, infertile eggs, un-hatched eggs, dead and culled DOC were blended, mixed with bentonite and pelleted,and then the number of total bacteria and total fungi of pellet was analyzed. The treatment was carried out with the level of bentonite i.e. 0, 2, 4 and 6% (w/w). Completely randomized design (CRD)was applied by 4 treatments and 5 replications of each. Data analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and followed by Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) to determine differences among the treatments. The results showed that administration of bentonite at various levels significantly affect the number of bacteria and fungi in the hatchery waste pellets (P 0.01). Administration of bentonite at the level of 6% shows the highest value on suppressing the content of total bacteria as well as fungi up to the range of total content 105cfu/g. In conclusion, the bentonite was able to suppress the total amount of bacteria and total fungi in the hatchery waste pellets.

Introduction. Periodontal diseases are associated with the presence of elevated levels of bacteria within the gingival crevice. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate a total amount of bacteria in subgingival plaque samples in patients with a periodontal disease. Methods. A quantitative evaluation of total bacteria amount using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed on 20 samples of patients with ulceronecrotic periodontitis and on 10 samples of healthy subjects. The estimation of total bacterial amount was based on gene copy number for 16S rRNA that was determined by comparing to Ct values / gene copy number of the standard curve. Results. A statistically significant difference between average gene copy number of total bacteria in periodontal patients (2.55.107) and healthy control (2.37.106) was found (p=0.01). Also, a trend of higher numbers of the gene copy in deeper periodontal lesions (>7 mm) was confirmed by a positive value of coefficient of correlation (r=0.073). Conclusion. The quantitative estimation of total bacteria based on gene copy number could be an important additional tool in diagnosing periodontitis. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 175075]

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 together with the maternal diet avoidance of cow’s milk in treating infantile colic. Methods: Forty-five colicky breastfed infants were consecutively randomized to receive L. rhamnosus for 28 days at a dosage of 5 × 109 cfu per day or placebo. Faecal samples were collected from each subject before starting supplementation and at the end of the study period and were immediately analysed. Faecal calprotectin was detected via a quantitative assay. The total bacterial load and selected bacterial species were evaluated using real-time TaqMan PCR. Results: After supplementation for 28 days with Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103, median full-force daily crying was reduced (104 versus 242 min, p < 0.001) and the values of faecal calprotectin decreased significantly (p = 0.026). Furthermore, the probiotic increased the abundance of Lactobacillus (p = 0.048) and total bacteria (p = 0.040); all these effects were not observed in the placebo group. Conclusion: Infants treated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 for 28 days, in association with the elimination of cow’s milk from the maternal diet, presented some interesting features related to the effect of this probiotic treatment: reductions in crying time and faecal calprotectin, with increased total bacteria and Lactobacillus. To validate these results, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on a larger cohort is required.

Application of herbicides inhibit development of weeds, but at the same time they can negatively influence soil microbial activity. The microbiological indicators allow estimating changes in soil contaminated with herbicides. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of selected postemergence herbicides: Stellar 210 SL + Olbras, Maister Power 42.5 OD, Laudis 44 OD, Collage 064 OD, Hector Max 66.5 WG + Trend 0.1 % and Arigo 51 WG + Trend 0.1% on the microbial activity of soil under maize plantation. The research included assessment of the count of selected groups of microorganisms, the activity of soil enzymes and soil fertility (BIF), as well as soil sensitivity (RS) to the preparations tested in the experiments. The results of study show that in some cases the count of the groups of microorganisms under study increased (the total bacterial count, the count of copiotrophs), especially immediately after the herbicide treatment, i.e. at the first term of analyses. The study showed that sixty days after the herbicide treatment all the xenobiotics exhibited strongly negative influence on the dehydrogenase activity (DHA). The activity of alkaline phosphatase and catalase became significantly reduced thirty days after the soil treatment with all of the herbicides used in the experiment. The highest values of biological index of fertility (BIF) were noted thirty days after the herbicide treatment and were strictly correlated with DHA and PAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, air pollution events have occurred frequently in China during the winter. Most studies have focused on the physical and chemical composition of polluted air. Some studies have examined the bacterial bioaerosols both indoors and outdoors. But few studies have focused on the relationship between air pollution and bacteria, especially pathogenic bacteria. Airborne PM samples with different diameters and different air quality index values were collected in Hangzhou, China from December 2014 to January 2015. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to categorize the airborne bacteria. Based on the NCBI database, the “Human Pathogen Database” was established, which is related to human health. Among all the PM samples, the diversity and concentration of total bacteria were lowest in the moderately or heavily polluted air. However, in the PM2.5 and PM10 samples, the relative abundances of pathogenic bacteria were highest in the heavily and moderately polluted air respectively. Considering the PM samples with different particle sizes, the diversities of total bacteria and the proportion of pathogenic bacteria in the PM10 samples were different from those in the PM2.5 and TSP samples. The composition of PM samples with different sizes range may be responsible for the variances. The relative humidity, carbon monoxide and ozone concentrations were the main factors, which affected the diversity of total bacteria and the proportion of pathogenic bacteria. Among the different environmental samples, the compositions of the total bacteria were very similar in all the airborne PM samples, but different from those in the water, surface soil, and ground dust samples. Which may be attributed to that the long-distance transport of the airflow may influence the composition of the airborne bacteria. This study of the pathogenic bacteria in airborne PM samples can provide a reference for environmental and public health researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fish-borne illness is associated with pathogenic bacteria, Vibrio spp., transmitted from contaminated aquaculture water to fish. But little is known about the correlation between water quality in aquaculture and subsequent bacterial contamination in fish products. The degree of bacterial transmission from Vibrio spp. contaminated aquaculture water to fish was investigated. V. anguillarum, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus were administered to aquaculture water and the amounts of Vibrio spp. and total bacteria in the aquaculture water and fish filets were assessed using a multiplex real-time PCR assay. Following the challenge, the counts of total bacteria and Vibrio spp. simultaneously increased in both the water and fish filets with levels of bacteria in the fish directly proportional to that in the water. The total bacterial population in the water decreased to pre-challenge levels over time. However, Vibrio spp. counts in fish filets were nearly unchanged during the same time period. There is a strong correlation between the amount of bacteria that are present in aquaculture waters and those that can be observed in the subsequent fish muscle tissue. In addition, the numbers of Vibrio spp. in the random sampled aquaculture fish filets were highly associated with the levels in the aquaculture water. Consequently, populations of total bacteria and Vibrio spp. in aquaculture water is highly correlated with bacterial number of aquacultured fish product, therefore the surveillance of Vibrio populations in the aquaculture water could be an indicator of the microbial contaminations of fish filets.

The aim of study was to compare the effect of farming methods on soil microbial communities and dehydrogenase activity (DHA). During 2008-2013, in the five-field crop rotation the following treatments were carried out: ORG - organic; ORGFYM - organic with cattle manure; CONFYM - conventional (cattle manure, mineral fertilizers and pesticides were used). From the treatments soil samples in three replicates were taken for microbiological tests in September yearly. Total bacteria and cellulose decomposing bacteria were determined as a number of colony forming units per g of dry soil. Soil DHA was determined in accordance with Tabatabai (1982). Solid cattle manure applied in the ORGFYM rotation increased significantly (P < 0.05) the number of total bacteria and cellulose decomposing bacteria (by 19.4% and 45.3%, respectively), and DHA by 22.7%. There appeared no clear and significant differences in effects between ORGFYM and CONFYM treatments, as an average of experiment period. In some cases, the use of certain pesticides in CONFYM treatment significantly affected the microbe numbers and soil DHA.

The use of glyphosate has been continually increasing world-wide. Microbes involved in the soil nitrogen cycle, particularly the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea (AOB, AOA) that perform the rate-limiting step in nitrification, i.e. the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite, are recognized to be sensitive to pesticide application. However, knowledge about the effects of glyphosate on these microorganisms is limited, and no reports exist about the impacts of simultaneous application of this herbicide and N fertilization, particularly with culture-independent approaches. The aim of this study was to assess the non-target effect of glyphosate on overall microbial activity and nitrification activity, as well as the dynamics of nitrifying populations, in a soil with the addition of N fertilizer. Microcosms were prepared with the amendments: Fertilizer [(NH 4 ) 2 PO 4 , 335 mg kg −1 soil], Glyphosate + Fertilizer [G + F, 150 mg kg −1 soil plus dose of F], or Control [CT, water]. Triplicate microcosms were destructively sampled over 1 month and analyzed for nitrate production (N-NO 3 ). Soil DNA was extracted and copies of 16S rRNA and bacterial and archaeal amoA genes were measured by quantitative PCR, while AOB community structure was analyzed by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results showed a significant interaction (P < 0.01) between amendment and sampling date effects for N-NO 3 . The fertilized treatments did not differ in their N-NO 3 concentration, and had higher N-NO 3 levels than CT at all sampling dates except day 4. The qPCR analyses of total bacteria and nitrifying prokaryotes, revealed that amoA gene of AOA (∼1 × 10 7 copies μg −1 DNA, on average for all amendments and sampling times) were more abundant than AOB (∼9 × 10 5 copies μg −1 DNA, idem AOA) in this soil. This predominant group of nitrifiers were not affected by treatments or incubation time. Conversely, amendment and incubation time showed a significant interaction influencing AOB abundance (P < 0.001), as F and G + F microcosms had higher amoA abundance than CT at 18 and 32 days after amendment. Total bacteria were not affected by amendments, and decreased over the incubation (P < 0.001). This study shows that nitrification and AOB abundance are more sensitive parameters to assess the combined impact of glyphosate and fertilizer on microbial communities, than total bacteria or AOA. Non-target effects of glyphosate when combined with N fertilizer on nitrifying microbes were not detected in this short-term incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the region of 9000-4000 cm−1 to determine total bacterial count (TBC) in raw milk and the influence of bacterial cultivation on TBC prediction accuracy were studied. Raw milk samples were diluted 10-fold with tryptic soy broth and then cultivated at 32 °C for 2 hr. NIR measurements were performed after cultivation times of 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Partial least squares regression was used to develop calibration models for TBC. The best calibration result was obtained from the 90 min-cultivation samples, with the correlation coefficient ( R) of .90 and root mean square error of prediction of .32 log10 CFU/ml. The analysis of the calibration structure indicated that important information for TBC prediction was from chemical compositional changes and bacterial metabolites. The NIR method combined with bacterial cultivation was satisfactory for the rapid analysis of TBC in raw milk. Practical applications The number of bacteria in raw milk is an important indicator for hygienic quality and milk grading system which consequently reflects a milk price. The proposed method allows satisfied performance for TBC determination in raw milk in 90 min as compared to the 48 hr required using the plate count method. The NIR method developed in this study seems to be an effective tool for a rapid evaluation of bacterial contamination in raw milk. An integration between determination of milk hygienic quality and chemical compositional quality using NIR spectroscopy will facilitate a rapid and multicomponents analysis and become a powerful tool for a practical use in the competitive dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmful cyanobacteria blooms may deteriorate freshwater environments, leading to bad water quality that can adversely affect the health of humans, animals, and aquatic life. Many cyanobacteria can produce toxic metabolites, with Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) being the most commonly detected cyanotoxin in fresh water bodies. In this study, a MC-LR degrading Bacillus sp. strain was isolated from Hulupi Lake (HLPL), Taiwan and tested for its degradability of the cyanotoxin. The results showed that the degradation of Microcystin-LR by the isolated Bacillus sp. was temperature-dependent with an optimum MC-LR removal at 37 °C and a first order degradation constant rate for 0.22 day-1. The degradation rate was also found to increase with decreasing MC-LR concentrations and increasing Bacillus sp. concentrations. Biomolecular monitoring of three types of genes (mlrA, CAAX, and GST) involved in the degradation indicated that mlrA, and CAAX genes were present in the indigenous bacteria in HLPL water samples. However, for the isolated Bacillus sp. strain, only CAAX genes were detected. The absence of the mlrA gene in the isolated Bacillus sp. strain shows that the degradation of MC-LR does not necessarily follow the pathways with mlrA, and can also follow the pathways involved with CAAX type II amino-terminal protease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne microorganism level is an important indoor air quality indicator, yet it has not been well documented for laying-hen houses in the United States. As a part of the Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply (CSES) environmental monitoring project, this study comparatively monitored the concentrations and emissions of airborne total and Gram-negative (Gram-) bacteria in three types of commercial laying-hen houses, i.e., conventional cage (CC), aviary (AV), and enriched colony (EC) houses, over a period of eight months covering the mid and late stages of the flock cycle. It also delineated the relationship between airborne total bacteria and particulate matter smaller than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10). The results showed airborne total bacteria concentrations (log CFU/m³) of 4.7 ± 0.3 in CC, 6.0 ± 0.8 in AV, and 4.8 ± 0.3 in EC, all being higher than the level recommended for human environment (3.0 log CFU/m³). The much higher concentrations in AV arose from the presence of floor litter and hen activities on it, as evidenced by the higher concentrations concentrations in the afternoon (with litter access) than in the morning (without litter access). The overall means and standard deviation of airborne total bacteria emission rates, in log CFU/[h-hen] (or log CFU/[h-AU], AU = animal unit or 500 kg live weight) were 4.8 ± 0.4 (or 7.3 ± 0.4) for CC, 6.1 ± 0.7 (or 8.6 ± 0.7) for AV, and 4.8 ± 0.5 (or 7.3 ± 0.5) for EC. Both concentration and emission rate of airborne total bacteria were positively related to PM10. Gram- bacteria were present at low concentrations in all houses; and only 2 samples (6%) in CC, 7 (22%) samples in AV, and 2 (6%) samples in EC out of 32 air samples collected in each house were found positive with Gram- bacteria. The concentration of airborne Gram- bacteria was estimated to be <2% of the total bacteria. Total bacteria counts in manure on belt (in all houses) and floor litter (only in AV) were similar; however, the manure had much more Gram- bacteria than the litter. The results point out the need to mitigate airborne total bacteria in laying-hen houses, especially in AV houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research has been done in the Laboratory of Products Processing Technology - Faculty of Animal Husbandry - Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung. The research was conducted using culled Isa Brown laying hens, obtained from Private laying hens farm, Sumedang, West Java- Indonesia. The experiment method using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replicates i.e. P0 = 2% Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) + 0% yeast, and without spices; P1 = 2% LAB and 1% yeast; P2 = 2% LAB and yeast 2%, P3 = 2% LAB and 3% yeast; P4 = 2% LAB and 4% yeast, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Results indicated that salami bacteria total, were significant difference decreased when the yeast percentage as starter increased : P0 (5.08 x 104 cfu/g); P1 (5.06 x 104 cfu/g); P2 (4,97 x 104 cfu/g) ; P3 (4.93 x 104 cfu/g) and P4 (4.91 x 104 cfu/g). The salami average pH, on P0 = 5.39; P1 = 4.54; P2 = 4.37; P3 = 4,3 and P4 = 4.24, also decreased as the yeast increase. At last, the mean of salami water activity, on P0 = 0.986; P1 = 0.966; P2 = 0.959; R3 = 0.946 ; and P4 = 0.953. In general, the P4 treatment give the best culled laying hens salami. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent culture-independent studies have enabled detailed mapping of human microbiome that has not been hitherto achievable by culture-based methods. DNA extraction is a key element of bacterial culture-independent studies that critically impacts on the outcome of the detected microbial profile. Despite the variations in DNA extraction methods described in the literature, no standardized technique is available for the purpose of microbiome profiling. Hence, standardization of DNA extraction methods is urgently needed to yield comparable data from different studies. We examined the effect of eight different cell lysis protocols on the yield and quality of the extracted DNA from oral rinse samples. These samples were exposed to cell lysis techniques based on enzymatic, mechanical, and a combination of enzymatic–mechanical methods. The outcome measures evaluated were total bacterial population, Firmicutes levels and human DNA contamination (in terms of surrogate GAPDH levels). We noted that all three parameters were significantly affected by the method of cell lysis employed. Although the highest yield of gDNA was obtained using lysozyme-achromopeptidase method, the lysozyme-zirconium beads method yielded the peak quantity of total bacterial DNA and Firmicutes with a lower degree of GAPDH contamination compared with the other methods. Taken together our data clearly points to an urgent need for a consensus, standardized DNA extraction technique to evaluate the oral microbiome using oral rinse samples. Further, if Firmicutes levels are the focus of investigation in oral rinse microbiome analyses then the lysozyme-zirconium bead method would be the method of choice in preference to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nghiên cứu được thực hiện nhằm đánh giá sự phát triển của bio-floc ở các độ mặn khác nhau ở điều kiện phòng thí nghiệm trong 21 ngày. Bốn nghiệm thức độ mặn gồm 35, 60, 80 và 100 ppt được bố trí trong keo thủy tinh 10-L được sục khí liên tục. Bột khoai mì và phân gà được sử dụng kết hợp làm nguồn carbon (C:N là 10:1) để kích thích sự hình thành bio-floc. Kết quả cho thấy hàm lượng các hợp chất đạm (NH4, NO2, NO3 và TN) tăng cao sau 7 ngày thí nghiệm sau đó có khuynh hướng giảm dần đến khi kết thúc thí nghiệm vào ngày 21. Hàm lượng TSS và VSS tăng theo sự tăng độ mặn và tất cả có khuynh hướng tăng theo thời gian thí nghiệm. Thể tích bio-floc và mật độ tổng vi khuẩn tăng theo thời gian thí nghiệm trong đó tổng vi khuẩn ở độ mặn 35 và 60 ppt cao gấp 5-10 lần so với độ mặn 80 và 100 ppt. Thành phần sinh hóa của bio-flocs không khác nhau giữa các nghiệm thức độ mặn, trong đó hàm lượng protein đạt giá trị cao nhất vào ngày 14. Kết quả nghiên cứu này cho thấy bio-flocs có thể gây tạo ở độ mặn cao để phục vụ nuôi các loài thủy sản chịu mặn cao.

Harmful cyanobacteria blooms may deteriorate freshwater environments, leading to bad water quality that can adversely affect the health of humans, animals, and aquatic life. Many cyanobacteria can produce toxic metabolites, with Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) being the most commonly detected cyanotoxin in fresh water bodies. In this study, a MC-LR degrading Bacillus sp. strain was isolated from Hulupi Lake (HLPL), Taiwan and tested for its degradability of the cyanotoxin. The results showed that the degradation of Microcystin-LR by the isolated Bacillus sp. was temperature-dependent with an optimum MC-LR removal at 37 °C and a first order degradation constant rate for 0.22 day−1. The degradation rate was also found to increase with decreasing MC-LR concentrations and increasing Bacillus sp. concentrations. Biomolecular monitoring of three types of genes (mlrA, CAAX, and GST) involved in the degradation indicated that mlrA, and CAAX genes were present in the indigenous bacteria in HLPL water samples. However, for the isolated Bacillus sp. strain, only CAAX genes were detected. The absence of the mlrA gene in the isolated Bacillus sp. strain shows that the degradation of MC-LR does not necessarily follow the pathways with mlrA, and can also follow the pathways involved with CAAX type II amino-terminal protease.

Introduction: Jar water is a convenient and common source of drinking water in the Kathmandu Valley. How ever, studies including detailed microbial analyses of this source of potable water are lacking. In this study, jar water samples w ere examined for the occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, fecal indicator bacteria, and total bacteria. Methods: Thirty di"erent brands of jars w ere collected in September 2014. Escherichia coli and total coliforms w ere determined using a Colilert reagent. Ten of the 30 brands w ere selected to test for Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and total bacteria. Bacterial DNA extraction from w ater samples w as performed using the Cica Geneus DNA Extraction Kit, follow ed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene of bacterial DNA. Protozoan detection w as accomplished by concentrating the samples using the electronegative membrane vortex method, follow ed by immunomagnetic separation and #uorescent staining. Results: E. coli w as detected in 10% of the samples, with a maximum concentration of 2 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL, w hereas total coliforms w ere detected in 97% of the samples, w ith a maximum and mean concentration of 7.3 $ 102 and 3.8 $ 101 MPN/100 mL, respectively. Total coliforms concentrations in 40% of the samples ranged from 102 to 103 MPN/100 mL. Cryptosporidium and Giardia w ere not detected in any of the tested samples. Concentrations of total bacteria in the samples ranged from 104 to 106 cells/100 mL. Conclusions: Ninety-seven percent of the jar water brands were unsuitable for drinking w ithout proper treatment based on the guideline values of the National Drinking W ater Q uality Standards (NDW Q S) of Nepal. ! ere is no guideline value for total bacteria in NDW Q S how ever, high concentrations can be indicative of poor control on regrow th of bacteria and recontamination or ine& cient w ater treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Microbial communities play a key role in wetland water purification and nitrogen cycling. The spatial distribution and diversity of total bacteria in large-scale constructed wetland were investigated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The abundance of nitrogen related functional bacteria were measured by real-time PCR using specific primers. The results showed that the diversity of total bacterial community decreased from the inlet zone (Shannon-Wiener index, H′ = 3.471) to the outlet zone ( H′ = 2.566), so did the species richness and evenness. The dominant bacteria of the wetland were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Bacilli. The abundance of amoA gene was higher than those of another two functional genes. There was significant correlation between the abundance of amoA gene and pH ( r = 0.852), DO ( r = −0.595), NH ( r = 0.595) and NO ( r = 0.726) concentrations. The abundance of nosZ gene correlated with the DOC concentration ( r = −0.614). The ratio of amoA/ Nitrospira showed significant correlation with NH concentration ( r = 0.641), while the ratios of amoA/ nosZ ( r = −0.801) and Nitrospia/nosZ ( r = −0.610) could reflect the NO concentrations. Therefore, the three ratios of nitrogen related functional genes may serve as new biological indicators for wetland condition assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current research was to investigate the influence of organic and conventional farming on certain bacteria (nitrifiers, denitrifiers and azotobacteria) involved in the soil nitrogen cycle. During 2007-2013, field experiments were performed in Central-Estonia (58°33' N, 25°34' E) on a sandy loam Albeluvisol (AB) in a five-field crop rotation (winter rye → potato → oats → barley with undersowing → red clover). The following treatments were carried out: organic without manure, organic with cattle manure, and conventional where manure, mineral fertilizers and pesticides were used. In the treatments, solid cattle manure (60 t ha-1) was applied for potato. In 2007-2013, soil samples for microbiological tests were taken from the two fields of the crop rotation from 0-20 cm layer. All soil samples were examined for the total number of bacteria, azotobacteria, denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria using the plate-count method. In the organic farming, the application of cattle manure significantly (P < 0.05) increased the total bacteria communities. Also the nitrifying bacteria responded greatly to the soil nutritional status. Their abundance in the organic without manure treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in the other treatments. There were no significant (P < 0.05) differences in the counts of denitrifying bacteria between the treatments. The repeated application of fungicides and insecticides for potato protection decreased the number of azotobacteria as direct effect by 2.7 times and had a harmful aftereffect on these sensitive bacteria also in succeeding years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Opportunistic waterborne pathogens (eg, Legionella, Pseudomonas) may persist in water distribution systems despite municipal chlorination and secondary disinfection and can cause health care-acquired infections. Point-of-use (POU) filtration can limit exposure to pathogens; however, their short maximum lifetime and membrane clogging have limited their use. Methods: A new faucet filter rated at 62 days was evaluated at a cancer center in Northwestern Pennsylvania. Five sinks were equipped with filters, and 5 sinks served as controls. Hot water was collected weekly for 17 weeks and cultured for Legionella, Pseudomonas, and total bacteria. Results: Legionella was removed from all filtered samples for 12 weeks. One colony was recovered from 1 site at 13 weeks; however, subsequent tests were negative through 17 weeks of testing. Total bacteria were excluded for the first 2 weeks, followed by an average of 1.86 log reduction in total bacteria compared with controls. No Pseudomonas was recovered from filtered or control faucets. Conclusion: This next generation faucet filter eliminated Legionella beyond the 62 day manufacturers' recommended maximum duration of use. These new POU filters will require fewer change-outs than standard filters and could be a cost-effective method for preventing exposure to Legionella and other opportunistic waterborne pathogens in hospitals with high-risk patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hidrojen peroksitin süt ve bundan elde edilen teleme, peynir ve peyniralt ı suları nda toplam bakteri, koliform grubu mikroorganizmalar ve maya-küf içeri ğine etkisini belirlemek amac ı yla bu çal ışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunun için, 30±1°C s ı cakl ığı ndaki çiğ süt 4 eşit k ı sma ayr ı lmış ve i çiğ , ii % 0,02, ili % 0,10 ve iv % 0,30 düzeylerinde hidrojen peroksit ilave edilmi ş olarak 4 saat bekletildikten sonra Beyaz peynire i şlenmiştir. Daha sonra kullan ı lan hidrojen peroksitin, süt ve peynirde toplam bakteri, koliform ve maya-küf içeri ği üzerine olan etkisini izlemek üzere, ba şlang ı ç ve 4. saat sütleriyle, 0., 4., 8., ve 12. hafta peynirlerinin mikrobiyolojik analizleri yap ı lmışt ı r. Ayn ı analizler teleme ve peyniralt ı suları nda da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hidrojen peroksit uygulamas ı n ı n, sütte bulunan toplam bakteri, koliform ve maya-küf üzerinde ilk dört saat içerisinde , kullan ı lan miktara bağı ml ı şekilde bir redüksiyona neden oldu ğu tespit edilmiştir. Kontrol örneğinin an ı lan bakteri bak ı mı ndan h ı zl ı bir art ış ortaya koyduğu gözlenmiştir. Teleme ve peyniralt ı suyu örneklerinin belirtilen mikroorganizma içeri ği de, yine kat ı lan hidrojen peroksit miktar ı ndaki art ışa bağl ı olarak düşme göstermiştir. Peynirlerin olgunla şmas ı sı ras ı nda an ı lan mikroorganizma gruplar ı n ı n, hidrojen peroksitle işlem görmüş olmaktan dolay ı , kontrol peynirindeki değerlerden daha az düzeye indiği belirlenmiştir.

BACKGROUND This study describes the first multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay developed, as a multipurpose assessment, for the simultaneous quantification of total bacteria and three Vibrio spp. ( V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. anguillarum) in fish and seawater. The consumption of raw finfish as sushi or sashimi has been increasing the chance of Vibrio outbreaks in consumers. Freshness and quality of fishery products also depend on the total bacterial populations present. RESULTS The detection sensitivity of the specific targets for the multiplex assay was 1 CFU mL−1 in pure culture and seawater, and 10 CFU g−1 in fish. While total bacterial counts by the multiplex assay were similar to those obtained by cultural methods, the levels of Vibrio detected by the multiplex assay were generally higher than by cultural methods of the same populations. Among the natural samples without Vibrio spp. inoculation, eight out of 10 seawater and three out of 20 fish samples were determined to contain Vibrio spp. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that this multiplex assay could be useful for the rapid detection and quantification of Vibrio spp. and total bacteria as a multipurpose tool for surveillance of fish and water quality as well as diagnostic method. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is an emerging trend of non-destructive and onsite analysis of microbial contaminations for better food safety. A new strategy for determination of total bacterial in fish products (flounder fillets) was established using a portable near infrared spectrometer. Results revealed that the pretreatment of near infrared spectrum by the wavelet transform could significantly improve the accuracy and precision of the analysis. In comparison to usually exploited partial least squares regression (PLS), a combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) exhibited much better efficiency, and the correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the prediction model were calculated as 0.985 and 0.095, respectively, and validated as 0.966 and 0.083, respectively. These results allowed us to suggest a promising potential of the established technique for non-destructive and onsite monitoring of total bacteria in fishery products. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this study was to evaluate Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) in vitro to determine production of lactic, acetic, propionic and butyric acids, as well as changes in pH, when added to a culture medium with high proportion of non-structural carbohydrates. The experimental design was completely randomized, the lyophilized culture of PA (T1) was evaluated and compared with a group of bacteria of the rumen fluid (RF). The inocula were added to an anaerobic culture medium with D-()-glucose (5 %), plus a high-energy diet; besides the addition of monensin (MO) and lasalocid (LA) to the medium was evaluated. Media were incubated at 380.5 °C for 3, 6 and 12 h; after each period it was assessed the concentration of lactic acid, volatile fatty acids (VFA), pH, concentration of total bacteria (TB) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The results were analyzed using the GLM procedure and by Wilcoxon rank-sum test for TB and LAB concentrations. Lactic acid production was greater (p0.05) in the media inoculated with PA and RF without ionophores, but pH at 12 h of incubation did not change, although pH was reduced since 3 h in all treatments including those with lower production of lactic acid (p0.05), whereas production of total VFA was similar among treatments. The greatest amount (p0.05) of BT was found in the media without ionophores inoculated with RF, compared to those inoculated with PA; the greatest amount of LAB was found in treatments without ionophores. Under these conditions P. acidilactici had a heterofermentative activity producing similar amounts of lactic, acetic, propionic and butyric acids regarding RF; in addition it was sensitive to the ionophores used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted on five Arabi ewes equipped with rumen fistula and kept in digestion crates. Animals were fed on 350g of wheat bran, 150g barley and 250g green alfalfa. Mineral blocks and water were available at all times. The first field experiment lasted for 100 days to study the effect of four widely used antibiotics (Amoxicllin, Erythromycin, Ampicilline and Oxytetracycline) on total count of rumen bacteria, count of cellulolytic bacteria and cellulose digestion. Supporting measurements such pH. Results showed The use of either Erythromycin or Oxytetracycline caused a significant drop (p<0.01) in the number of cellulolytic digestion bacteria, compared with that rescored for the control. use of antibiotics lead to a significant drop in lactic acid production bacteria. There were no significant differences in total number of bacteria by using the various antibiotics. Significant effect of Amoxicllin or Ampicilline usage was found on cellulose digestion compared to Oxytetracycline or Erythromycin. The effect on cellulose digestion was noticed at last often 12h of administrating antibiotic. Additive of various antibiotic did not affect rumen pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated electronic milk analyzers for rapid enumeration of total bacteria counts (TBC) are widely used for raw milk testing by many analytical laboratories worldwide. In Ontario, Canada, Bactoscan flow cytometry (BsnFC; Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark) is the official anchor method for TBC in raw cow milk. Penalties are levied at the BsnFC equivalent level of 50,000 cfu/mL, the standard plate count (SPC) regulatory limit. This study was conducted to assess the BsnFC for TBC in raw goat milk, to determine the mathematical relationship between the SPC and BsnFC methods, and to identify probable reasons for the difference in the SPC:BsnFC equivalents for goat and cow milks. Test procedures were conducted according to International Dairy Federation Bulletin guidelines. Approximately 115 farm bulk tank milk samples per month were tested for inhibitor residues, SPC, BsnFC, psychrotrophic bacteria count, composition (fat, protein, lactose, lactose and other solids, and freezing point), and somatic cell count from March 2009 to February 2010. Data analysis of the results for the samples tested indicated that the BsnFC method would be a good alternative to the SPC method, providing accurate and more precise results with a faster turnaround time. Although a linear regression model showed good correlation and prediction, tests for linearity indicated that the relationship was linear only beyond log 4.1 SPC. The logistic growth curve best modeled the relationship between the SPC and BsnFC for the entire sample population. The BsnFC equivalent to the SPC 50,000 cfu/mL regulatory limit was estimated to be 321,000 individual bacteria count (ibc)/mL. This estimate differs considerably from the BsnFC equivalent for cow milk (121,000 ibc/mL). Because of the low frequency of bulk tank milk pickups at goat farms, 78.5% of the samples had their oldest milking in the tank to be 6.5 to 9.0 d old when tested, compared with the cow milk samples, which had their oldest milking at 4 d old when tested. This may be one of the major factors contributing to the larger goat milk BsnFC equivalence. Correlations and interactions between various test results were also discussed to further understand differences between the 2 methods for goat and cow milks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]