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In the 15th centuiy, a sake (rice wine) brewer filed a plagiarism claim against his competitors. This is considered to be the first recognition of brand equity in Japanese history. In Japan, however, the concept of brand identification is viewed from a very different perspective than in Western nations.

This comparative paper supplements two previous ones, all focusing on comparisons of the manner in which corporate practitioners in the US, Japan and Chile manage marketing communications. In this ...

Complete amino acid sequences of two novel bioactive polypeptides, each containing 66 amino acid residues, BmK AS and BmK AS-1 purified from the venom of Chinese scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch, have been determined by Edman sequencing and mass spectrometry on native proteins, reduced and S -carboxymethylated proteins and their peptides obtained after cleavage with proteolytic enzymes. Sequence analysis showed 86.4% structural identity between BmK AS and BmK AS-1 and also a high sequence similarity between BmK ASs and AaH IT4, a unique anti-insect toxin and a ligand of Na + channels obtained from Sahara scorpion A. australis Hector, but poor sequence homology between BmK ASs and those of the known α-, β-type and long-chain insect-selective type scorpion neurotoxins. The positions of four disulfide bridges in BmK AS-1 were established as Cys-12 and Cys-62, Cys-16 and Cys-37, Cys-23 and Cys-44, and Cys-27 and Cys-46, which are the same as those in α- and β-scorpion neurotoxins. These results suggest that BmK ASs and AaH IT4 may form a new group sharing similar structural and functional properties in the family of scorpion neurotoxic polypeptides.

This study attempts to shed light on selected aspects of advertising management in three countries—Chile, Japan, and the United States—as perceived by practitioners. Prior research indicated a dearth of comparative work on this subject. Specific topics addressed include approving advertising, planning media, measuring effectiveness, and budgeting. The criteria used to evaluate each of the four topics revealed significant differences in advertising management thought even though, directionally, findings were frequently similar. While the principles of advertising management may be universal, cultural, organisational, and quantitative (versus qualitative) emphasis were deemed to be factors accounting for differences in the practice among the three countries.

Effects of auxins and cytokinins on callus induction of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and root differentiation from it was investigated. As for the auxin, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) encouraged the callus induction more than 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA). As for the cytokinin, 2-isopentenylaminopurine (2-iP) afforded the best callus formation. The combination of 0.1 mg/l of NAA and 10.0 mg/l of 2-iP gave rise to more than 700 mg fresh weight of callus from a 5 mm2 piece of leaf in one month. Adventitious root formation from callus was observed at various hormonal conditions. N- (4-Pyridyl) -N'-phenylurea (4-PU) was most active for the root differentiation. 2-iP, on the other hand, was very sluggish for the root induction. In the callus which differentiated roots at a high frequency were observed occasional somatic embryos, while in the callus which proliferated fast without differentiating roots, markedly enlongated or strangely shaped cells prevailed. In comparison with the root formation, which took place with considerably varied hormonal combinations, shoot formation was observed only once at the combination of 0.01 mg/l of NAA and 1.00 mg/l of benzyladenine.

In the cultured tobacco cell, we succeeded in obtaining a partial synchronization of cell division by a combination of pre-starvation, rhythmic light-dark pre-treatment and air tight pre-conditioning. The mitotic index increased during the light period according to the time interval after the end of pre-treatment, and reached its maximum (max=12%) at about 2.5 hr of irradiation, and about 80% of cells completed division 1.5 hr thereafter.

The biotransformation of 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol and 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol by the suspension cultures of Glycinc max (soy bean) under various conditions has been investigated. 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol was biotransformed into 3-methyl-2-butenal by the cultures at a high conversion ratio, but not into 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, while 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol was biotransformed, although at a low conversion ratio, into 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol and 3-methyl-2-butenal. More than 99% of the substances detected by GLC were found in the medium, and only a trace amount was found in the callus. The effects of auxins, light, shaking, and the amount of callus inoculum have been investigated. Throughout these experiments, no monoterpene formation was observed.

The Kitakyushu City area, in which the University of Occupational and Envionmental Health, Japan (UOEH) campus lies, is situated in the region of the evergreen broad-leaf, or laurel-leaf, forests. Our studies on relict forest stands revealed that the original forest communities in the area were Cyrtomio-Litseetum japonicae and Euonymo-Pittos-poretum tobirae in the coastl area, Arisemato ringentis-Machiletum thunbergii in the bottomland, Symploco-Castanopsietum sieboldii and Ardisio-Castanopsietum sieboldii in. foothill area, and Distylio-Cyclobalanopsietum stenophyllae, Actinodaphnetum lancifoliae and Skimmio-Cyclobalanopsietum acutae on the mountain slopes. The secondary forests in the area are Castanopsis-Cyclobalanopsis coppice of sprout origin, red-pine forest and deciduous forests of various dominants. The original forest on the UOEH campus is assumed to be Symploco-Castanopsietum sieboldii, an evergreen broad-leaf forest, some 25m high and I m dbh in canopy trees. The secondary forest on the campus is doin inated by Quercus serrata, accompanied by Rhus succedanea, Platycarya strobilacea and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieholdii. A small wetland near the north gate is dominated by Typha angustata. Slopes on the campus, which were created by cutting-off or fillingup of the ground, are invaded by Miscanthus sinensis, Solidago altissima (alien) and many other herbaceous plants. One hundred and thirty-six species of flowering plants and eight specles of ferns were recorded from the campus. Conservation problems are discussed from the standpoint of vegetation science., 1)医生ケ丘をふくむ北九州市西部は, 全域が照葉樹林域にある. 残存林分の調査によって, 沿岸地帯-内陸の原植生が推定され, 医生ケ丘一帯はスダシイ-ミミズバイ群集域であることが明らかとなった. 2)現存植生の二次林は, シイーカシ萌芽林とカラスザンショウ群落が優勢である. 医生ケ作の二次林では, コナラが優占し, ハゼノキ・ノグルミが常に出現する. 向陽地では林床にウラジロまたはコシダが優占している. 3)湿地にはガマ・ヒメガマ・イグサが優占する. 4)医生ケ丘で種子植物131種, シダ植物8種を記録した. 5)大学構内の緑化について, 植生学の立場から付言し, 特に残存林および西北部の湿原群落の保存の重要性を指摘した., Journal of UOEH, 3(4), pp.323-337; 1981

The occurrence of IAA, a plant-growth-regulating substance of the auxin group, was investigated in developing chick embryos. Paperchromatography followed by the Avena curvature test revealed the presence of a substance with auxin activity and the same Rf as IAA. This substance was identified as IAA by combined gas chromato-graphy-mass spectrometry. The amount of IAA in a unit weight of embryo was almost identical during embryo development, the total amount of IAA in an embryo increasing as it developed. The amount of IAA in the whole egg was also examined and it was found that an egg incubated for 9 days at 37°C contained a larger amount of IAA than one not incubated.

Fifty forest stands and sixty plant species were ordinated by a reciprocal averaging (RA) method to extract the major vegetation patterns of the forest in northwestern Kitakyushu City and nearby areas. The RA stand ordination on the first and second axes revealed three gradients of vegetation. They are the gradienLs (1) from the Quercus serrata-dominatcd forest to the Machilus thunbergii- or Aphananthe aspera-dominated forest, (2) from the Quercus- to the Castanopsis cuspidata-dominated forest, and (3) from the Aphananthe- or the Machilus- to the Casianopsis-dominated forest. The first two gradients showed high correlations of the stand RA scores to the canopy height and to the number of species found in the stand, but the third one did not. The former two, therefore, were referred toas the successional series of forests on the moist (bottomland) habitat and that on the less moist (foothill) one, respectively, and the third as the environmental gradient from moist to less moist habitats in matured forests. The RA species ordination showed the distribution center of each species in the above rnentioned patterns of the forest vegetation(Received 15 February 1984), 医生ケ丘をふくむ北九州市北西部および近隣地において, 森林群落50スタンドを調査した. それらを優占種により分類すると, コナラ群落, タブノキ群落, ムクノキ群落, シイノキ群落であった. 50スタンド, 60種の群落資料を反復平均法により解析した結果, 次の三つの植生の系列が明らかとなった. (i)コナラ群落一タブノキ群落-ムクノキ群落, (ii)コナラ群落-シイノキ群落, (iii)タブノキおよびムクノキ群落-シイノキ群落. 前2系列は樹高の増大および種類の増加と有意の相関をもつ森林の群落遷移の系列であり, 第3の系列ではそれらと相関がなく, 環境傾度上の系列であることが明らかとなった., Journal of UOEH, 6(2), pp.149-162; 1984

Summary Some ultrastructural changes of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts cultured in vitro were examined under the electron microscope. An early stage of wall regeneration was recognizable after 2 days of culture when randomly oriented fibrils composed of cellulose appeared at the surface of protoplasts. The regenerated walls grew gradually in thickness and the fibrils became oriented parallel to the plasmalemma. During the process of colony formation differentiated mesophyll cells reverted to meristematic ones, accompanying the degeneration of chloroplasts. The significance of these phenomena is discussed.

Indoleacetic acid (IAA) stimulates the incorporation of 14C-proline into both the cyloplasmic and the cell wall fractions of the hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb. cv. Black). It neither stimulates the transfer of 14C-proline from the cyloplasmic fraction into the cell wall fraction, nor the retention of 14C-proline in the wall or cytoplasmic fractions. Moreover, the stimulation of growth caused by IAA parallels the stimulation of the incorporation of proline into the cytoplasmic fraction, but does not parallel the stimulation into the cell wall fractions. The stimulation of the incorporation into the cyloplasmic fraction seems to appear within 30 minutes after auxin treatment, at about the same time the increase in the growth is observed in response to IAA, suggesting a connection between these effects. On the other hand, the stimulation of the proline incorporation into the cell wall fraction seems to require more than 90 minutes after auxin treatment, suggesting no close connection between growth and proline incorporation into the cell wall fraction.

During the course of cell division in synchronously dividing cultured tobacco cells, the activity of IAA-synthesizing enzymes increased first, then the amount of endogenous IAA, and finally, the number of dividing cells. Based on the results obtained, we discussed the role of endogenous IAA in cell division.

Erste Aufzeichnungen uber Werbung in Japan finden sich im Rituryo (straf- und verwaltungsrechtliche Gesetze), das 701 n. Chr. in Kraft trat. In den Vorschriften uber Markte steht ein Passus, wonach sich jede Gilde auf dem Marktplatz durch eine spezielle Flagge zu kennzeichnen hat. Diese Flaggenzeichen erfullten dabei eine ahnliche Funktion wie heute die Plakatwerbung. Fraglich ist jedoch nach wie vor der japanische Ursprung dieser Gesetzestexte. Vielfach wird vermutet, das es sich hierbei lediglich um eine Ubersetzung von Vorschriften aus der Zeit der chinesischen Tang-Dynastie handelt und das derartige Markte in Japan erst wesentlich spater entstanden.

Auxin regulates many aspects of the growth of plants. At the cellular level, it regulates cell expansion and cell division, at the subcellular level, the synthesis of many kinds of enzymes, e.g. acid phosphatase (Palmer, 1967), cellulase (MacLachlan, et al, 1967), hemicellulase, β-1,3-glucanase (Masuda, 1967), peroxidase (Glasziou et al, 1967, Galston et al, 1967). This indicates the multiplicity of auxin action even in enzyme synthesis. This multiplicity will be observed in nucleic acid synthesis, when we consider the correspondence of an enzyme to a messenger RNA. Actually, auxin promotes the synthesis of mRNA (Key and Ingle, 1967), and there must be many kinds of mRNAs whose synthesis are regulated by auxin. What is the main point of action of auxin? O’Brien et al. (1967) and others tried to find a repressor protein(s) for a gene which is derepressed by auxin. This is a possible way to elucidate the multiple action of auxin monistically.

The present work was undertaken to find if there are relations between light and auxin action on elongation of coleoptilar node and mesocotyl with Avena seedlings. Red light inhibited the elongation of mesocotyl and simultaneously decreased the rate of transport of diffusible auxin through the node. Red light also inhibited the transport of exogenously given IAA through the nodal region. The light inhibition of IAA transport was closely related to the increase of IAA immobilization. As the age proceeds, the ability of IAA immobilization increased with the decrease in the rate of mesocotyl elongation, even if the seedling was grown in complete darkness. The nature of radioactive substances found in the IAA-C14 treated tissue was examined by paper chromatography. The above results strongly suggested that the increase of IAA immobilization might result in the inhibition of mesocotyl elongation.

IF a plant of Oenothera lamarckiana Ser. is placed in a dark room 1 h before the flowers would have opened outdoors, all the flower buds open within 1 h because they have reached the physiological stage of development which permits them to bloom on the same evening. On the other hand, if the plant is exposed to continuous illumination with white light of sufficient energy there is no flowering as long as the plant is exposed to the light. These phenomena show that light retards the opening of the fully developed flower bud of this plant, and that the opening of the flower of O. lamarckiana has a response to light and dark which is different from the response shown by O. berteriana and several other species of Oenothera1–3. In addition, it was shown that the light sensitive region is located in the flower bud.