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Mass conversion of native vegetation to agricultural land-use triggered secondary salinity, a hydrological imbalance, which has damaged more than 1.75 million ha of farmland in south-western Australia. Various types of reforestation have been proposed and tested to restore the hydrological balance, however the economic returns from these cannot compete with existing farm practice and land-holders thus have a reluctance to adopt. An alternative approach has been to reforest abandoned saline areas with salinity and/or water-logging tolerant trees to avoid displacement of farming activities and to minimize opportunity costs. We propose an improved evaluation methodology for saline site reforestation and in this paper test its feasibility. Three eucalypts species (Eucalyptus salubris, E. camaldulensis and E. sargentii) were planted adjacent to a salt scald in Wickepin, Western Australia, and their survival and growth were monitored under increasing soil salinity ranging from moderate (ECe: 400-800 mS m-1), high (800-1,600 mS m-1) or extreme (>1,600 mS m-1) with shallow (< 1 m depth) saline ground water (EC: 2,000-3,000 mS m-1). Survival and growth of E. sargentii and E. salubris in the saline discharge areas were comparable to those in the arable area, and reforestation by these species can thus avoid land competition and opportunity costs.

Large-scale afforestation is a key measure to mitigate global warming, however, implementation may result in land-use competition with agriculture. To avoid such competition, carbon mitigation methods using arid and semi-arid areas have been proposed, but to our knowledge there is no report of rates of sequestration based on long-term observations from actual experimentation. In this study (1999–2015), in an arid area near Leonora, Western Australia (annual rainfall: 220 mm year−1; pan evaporation: 3400 mm year−1), carbon sequestration was assessed in above and below ground biomass in Eucalyptus camaldulensis under ambient conditions and with active site amelioration (combination of water harvesting with large mounds and hardpan blasting). The carbon sequestration rate was estimated at 7.92 Mg-CO2-e ha−1 year−1 for a total carbon sink of 230 Mg-CO2-e ha−1. Carbon mitigation may thus be a viable option in arid regions, not only in Western Australia but globally, and can be enhanced with active site engineering.

This chapter presents a discussion of primary energy and the emissions due to the consumption of fossil fuels. Energy conservation includes not only increased efficiency of energy use but also structural changes; this might, for example, involve a change from manufacturing to knowledge-intensive industries. In the case of the former communist bloc, one of the sources of the increase in carbon dioxide emissions has been the increase in the energy required per unit of economic activity. The transfer of energy-intensive industries from advanced nations to developing countries is one cause of the acceleration of energy conservation in advanced nations and the worsening of energy efficiency in developing countries. Energy other than fossil fuels and nuclear power is called natural energy or renewable energy. Biomass is produced from water and atmospheric carbon dioxide by the utilization of solar energy.

Fluorescence anisotropy of green fluorescent protein (GFP) molecule, immobilized on the surface of quartz substrate as single molecular layer, was measured for application to nano-probing of local environment. GFP has fluorescence without any additional prosthetic group or metal atom. It has protective structure against the outer environment. For use of nano-probe of local environment, fluorescence anisotropy of GFP was measured as it is immobilized on quartz substrate. By comparison with back ground scattering, fluorescence anisotropy of GFP was measured with higher fidelity. The anisotropy value suggests rather free rotational motion of GFP in tethered state on the substrate.

The nano crystalline manganese nickel cobalt ferrite is synthesized by a simple technique of thermal evaporation with the help of egg white and its magnetic behaviour is analyzed for different annealing temperature. The saturation magnetization for MnNiFe2O4 at different annealing temperature has been recorded and also the influence of particle size in magnetic properties is analyzed. The FT-IR spectra of the sample reveal the common feature of ferrites like high frequency band to the tetrahedral and low frequency band to the octahedral stretching vibrations. The presence of constituent phases in MnNiFe2O4 is confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction. The particle size, morphology and percentage of composition elements are measured by employing Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)