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PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to analyze the different results between the effects of electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) on the perception of potential tourist in Japan and Indonesia regarding destination image, destination trust, satisfaction and their intention to visit.Design/methodology/approachThis research method is a structural model. Based on the existing literature review, several variables were obtained which were then analyzed by WarpPLS 6.0 software. The sampling method applied in this study is the purposive sampling technique. Samples of 200 potential tourists were collected in Indonesia and 100 potential tourists were collected in Japan. The population in this study was a potential tourist in Indonesia and Japan, with the following criteria: An Indonesian citizen, age between 19 and 60 years, who has never visited Japan and a Japanese citizen who has never visited Indonesia and have ever read or conduct online discussions regarding Japan and Indonesia as a tourist destination.FindingsThe results of the analysis of the two respondents in Japan and Indonesia prove that e-WOM has a positive effect on the image of the destination and intention to visit but not on the confidence of the destination. Destination image was also proven to significantly mediate the influence of e-WOM on intention to visit. These findings bring important implications for the theory and practice of tourism marketing.Originality/valueTheoretically, the result could be used as a reference for further research about the comparison between the effect e-WOM on destination image, destination trust and intention to visit of potential tourist in developed countries and developing countries. Practically, the result could be used as a consideration for the tourism industry and authority in both countries when formulating the destination marketing strategy.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-03-2019-0111

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科生理活性物質科学, 金沢大学薬学部, A novel synthetic method is discovered for 3-hydroxy-3H-indole-3-ethanamines and -3H-indole-3-acetamides having either a 4-morpholinyl or 1-pyrrolidinyl group at the 2-position by reacting the corresponding 1-hydroxyindoles with enamines in the presence of tosyl or mesyl chloride. A plausible mechanism is proposed.

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科生理活性物質科学, 金沢大学薬学部, 1-(Indol-3-yl)indoles are obtained in excellent to good yields by the reaction of 1-hydroxyindoles with indole in 85% formic acid. Their structures are determined by X-Ray crystallographic analysis and chemical correlations. The unprecidented SN2 mechanism on the indole nitrogen is proposed.

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科生理活性物質科学, 金沢大学薬学部, A lithium hydroxide promoted glucosidation of 1-hydroxyindoles with 2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-0-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide is newly developed. Applying this method, the first and simple syntheses of novel indol-1-yl glucosides were achieved.

The antagonistic phenomena to anticoccidial activities of 6-azauracil (AzU) induced by certain nucleic acid precursors were examined in battery experiments. Each nucleic acid precursor, orotate, orotidine, uracil, uridine, adenine and adenosine was mixed in feed in combination with effective levels of AzU. The test feed was provided through the test term to White Leghorn cockerels which were infected with Eimeria tenella, E. necatrix or E. acervulina. In vitro tests were also conducted for antagonistic phenomena similarly to in vivo test using E. tenella cultured in chick kidney (CK) cells. Orotate and uridine reduced dose-dependently the anticoccidial activity of AzU in E. tenella infection in chickens. Uracil and orotidine revealed similar effect. Adenine and adenosine did not show any antagonistic effect to AzU. In E. necatrix infection, orotate and uridine had a similar tendency to that of E. tenella, whereas uracil and orotidine was less pronounced. The activity of AzU against E. acervulina was also blocked by the treatment with uridine and orotate. AzU inhibited the schizont's development of E. tenella in the CK cells, and this effect was reduced by uridine, but not by orotate and orotidine. The antagonistic effect of the pyrimidine nucleic acid precursors on AzU activity suggested that the anticoccidial effect of AzU to E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. acervulina is derived from inhibition of the metabolism of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in these parasites.

A total of 90 strains of Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from dogs were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility. There were no significant differences in the distribution patterns of MICs between strains from 1982 to 1985 and those from 1999, and between strains from healthy dogs and those from diseased dogs. All of the strains were susceptible to ABPC, DMPPC, CEX, TDM, ERFX, BFLX, and FF at concentrations of 0.05 to 6.25 microg/ml. The MICs of OTC, KM, EM, AIV-TS, and LCM were distributed in a broad range of 0.1 to100 microg/ml, indicating the existence of resistant as well as susceptible populations of S. intermedius. Thirty-three strains (36.7%) were resistant to one or more anitmicrobial agents such as OTC (n=32), KM (n=9), EM (n=7), AIV-TS (n=7), and LCM (n=7).

The oil separated by steam distillation after liquefaction of sewage sludge was fractionated to strongly acidic, weakly acidic, basic, and neutral fractions by acid-base extraction. The total recovery of fractions was 77%. Each fraction was analyzed by GC/MS, and seventy-one types of compounds were identified with small ambiguity.

The characteristics of anticoccidial activities of 6-azauracil (AzU) were investigated in the battery trials utilizing the White Leghorn cockerels, which were infected with Eimeria tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. maxima and/or E. brunetti. AzU was mixed into the basal starter feed and fed ad libitum to the birds from 1 day before the inoculation of oocysts to the time of necropsy. AzU showed remarkable anticoccidial activity against E. tenella and E. necatrix infections at doses of 1,000 ppm in feed or more, and fairly good effect against E. acervulina infection at the dose of 4,000 ppm in feed. Inadequate effect against E. maxima infection and null in effect against E. brunetti at the dose of 4,000 ppm were resulted for this drug. The effect of 6-azauridine, ribonucleoside of AzU against E. tenella and E. necatrix infections at 1,000 ppm was tested and revealed negative results. In the test with AzU-resistant line of E. tenella, cross resistance was confirmed between AzU and emimycin riboside, a uridine analogue. Activity of AzU was studied in vitro against E. tenella in chick kidney cells. AzU inhibited the development of the first- and second-generation schizonts at 100-200 ppm in the medium. Degenerated parasites were observed.

To clarify the character of the anticoccidial activity of diclazuril a series of battery trials was conducted. Diclazuril showed excellent anticoccidial activity in the infection of chickens with Eimeria tenella, E. necatrix or E. acervulina at the feeding level of 0.1 ppm. When diclazuril was administered in combination with a nucleic acid precursor, uracil, uridine, orotate or orotidine, the reduction of the activity of diclazuril to the infections induced by above species was not observed. While, bloody droppings with severe cecal lesions were resulted, when diclazuril was administered in combination with uridine 5(1)-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) or its N-acetyl amine (UDPGNAC) to chickens infected with E. tenella. While, body weight gain of the birds and oocyst output was not affected by these combination-treatment. Results demonstrated that the antagonistic effect of UDPG and UDPGNAC to diclazuril was partial. The possibility of the cross resistance between diclazuril and 6-azauracil (AzU) in E. tenella was investigated using two populations induced resistance to AzU or diclazuril. The results demonstrated that the cross resistance does not exist between AzU and diclazuril, indicating that the mode of action of each drug is different.

Summary Among the various strains and colonies of mice tested specific-pathogen-free (SPF) Ta:CF#1 mice exhibited the highest susceptibility to Treponema hyodysenteriae infection. Staphylococcus epidermidis 1047, Streptococcus faecalis 2039, Lactobacillus murinus 3010, Escherichia coli 1049, and Streptococcus faecalis 2039 , Lactobacillus murinus 3010, Escherichia coli 1049, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 3008 were administered to the Ta :CF#l mice. B. uniformis IK, which appeared to colonize in the breeding facility under SPF conditions, was isolated from the cecal content of a Ta :CF#l mouse and identified in the mouse flora . Germfree mice were infected with these six bacteria and challenged with T. hyodysenteriae Dj70P3 to elucidate the causal relationship between these bacteria and the sensitivity of mice to T. hyodysenteriae infection. No cecal lesions were observed in gnotobiotic mice either monoassociated with T. hyodysenteriae Dj70P3 or B. uniformis IK or inoculated with T. hyodysenteriae DJ70P3 combined with the 5 a.m. strains. Gross cecal lesions appeared only in mice inoculated with T. hyodysenteriae Dj70P3 combined with B. uniformis IK. A new SPF mouse colony (CF#1/b Ta) established from gnotobiotic mice by inoculation with B. uniformis IK and the 5 laboratory stock cultures was as suscepsusceptible to T. hyodysenteriae as the origin al Ta :CF#l mice. This suggests that B. uniformis IK plays an important role in the high susceptibility of Ta:CF#l mice to T. hyodysenteriae .

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科生理活性物質科学, 金沢大学薬学部, A novel nucleophilic substitution reaction at the 1-position of indole nucleus was discovered by reacting 1-hydroxytryptamine and -tryptophan derivatives with indoles in 85% formic acid yielding 1-(indol-3-yl)indoles. Their structures were determined by X-Ray crystallographic analysis and chemical correlations. An SN2 mechanism on the indole nitrogen (1-position) is proposed.

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科生理活性物質科学, 金沢大学薬学部, Two simple synthetic methods for melatonin are newly developed from tryptamine through intermediates, which are promising lead compounds for drug developing research. Novel chemical reactivities of melatonin in its bromination, lithiation, and acylation are also reported.

Various biochemical aspects of milk fever in cows were investigated. Affectedcows had significantly increased plasma levels of cortisol, free fatty acids (FFA), glucoseand Mg, and significantly lowered plasma levels of Ca and K, as compared with normalpostpartum cows. There were significant positive correlations between cortisol-FFA andcortisol-glucose and significant negative correlations between Ca-cortisol, Ca-glucose andCa-FFA in cows with milk fever. None of these correlations were significant in controlcows.

日本庭園における庭木と庭石の構成上の特性を検討するため, 評価の高い庭園の実測平面図からそれぞれの構成に関する変量を抽出し種々の多変量解析を行った。 その結果, いくつかの構成に関する普遍的で定量的な新しい規則性を見い出すことができた。 さらに, その結果をもとにして, パーソナル・コンピュータを用いた庭園の自動設計を試みた。

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科生理活性物質科学, 1-Hydroxytryptamine derivatives undergo nucleophilic substitution reaction on the indole nitrogen (Na) as a general reaction by the treatment with acid, providing a novel synthetic method for 1-aryltryptamines. Depending on the structures of nucleophiles, 5- and 7-substituted tryptamines can also be produced in addition to the 1-aryltryptamines.

The properties of hemoglobin denaturation caused by two anionic surfactants (sodium dodecylsulfate and sodium lauroylmethyltaurate) were examined using spectrophotometry (multi-plate reader), circular dichroism (CD) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their denaturating action on hemoglobin and sorption to it were examined by various methods. Correlation and factorial analyses were applied to the experimental data and the following results were obtained: (1) High correlations were found among sorption, denaturation and alpha-helix content and the random structure of hemoglobin. (2) The alpha-helix of hemoglobin is randomized as the surfactants denature hemoglobin. (3) Factorial analysis indicates that there are two factors involved in hemoglobin denaturation, one related to the destruction of the alpha-helix and the other related to a change in the beta-structure. These two factors are related to change in the environment around the heme group. (4) Destruction of the alpha-helix seems to be one of the causes of the eye irritation produced by anionic surfactants.