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The real-world efficacy of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir treatment for patients with hepatitis C virus-related decompensated cirrhosis is unclear. We aimed to identify factors that improve liver functional reserve after treatment.This was a multicenter retrospective study of 12-week sofosbuvir/velpatasvir treatment. A total of 48 patients with Child-Pugh (CP) class B or C were enrolled at 11 institutions. We evaluated changes in liver functional reserve at 24 weeks post-treatment.At baseline, 40 and eight patients were CP class B and C, respectively. The overall rate of sustained virologic response 12 weeks post-treatment was 95.8% (46/48). Serum albumin, alanine aminotransferase and α-fetoprotein levels, and the FIB-4 index were significantly improved post-treatment (P 0.05). Among patients who achieved sustained virologic response 12 weeks post-treatment, those with CP class A increased from 0 to 24 patients (56%) at 24 weeks post-treatment. In multivariate analysis, body mass index (BMI) ≥25 was an independent factor that inhibited CP class improvement (P 0.05). In decision tree analysis, after treatment, the initial divergent variable for CP class improvement was hepatic encephalopathy, followed by serum sodium level and BMI.Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir treatment improved the liver functional reserve in patients with hepatitis C virus-related decompensated cirrhosis at 24 weeks post-treatment. However, BMI ≥25 inhibited improvement in CP class. Additionally, decision tree analysis revealed that a combination of hepatic encephalopathy, serum sodium levels, and BMI were diversity profiles associated with no improvement in liver functional reserve after the treatment.

How does the host galaxy morphology influence a central quasar or vice versa? We address this question by measuring the asymmetries of 2424 SDSS quasar hosts at $0.245$). This then manifests itself into quasar hosts being more asymmetric, on average, when they harbor a more massive and highly accreting black hole. The merger fraction also positively correlates with $L_{\rm bol}$ and reaches up to 35\% for the most luminous. Compared to control galaxies, quasar hosts are marginally more asymmetric (excess of 0.017 in median at 9.4$\sigma$ level) and the merger fractions are similar ($\sim 16.5\%$). We quantify the dependence of asymmetry on optical band which demonstrates that mergers are more likely to be identified with the bluer bands and the correlation between $L_{\rm bol}$ and asymmetry is also stronger in such bands. We stress that the band dependence, indicative of a changing stellar population, is an important factor in considering the influence of mergers on AGN activity., Comment: 27 pages, 28 figures

We construct the eROSITA X-ray catalog of radio galaxies discovered by the WERGS survey that is made by the cross-matching of the wide-area Subaru/HSC optical survey and VLA/FIRST 1.4 GHz radio survey. We find 393 eROSITA detected radio galaxies in the 0.5--2 keV band in the eFEDS field covering 140~deg$^2$. Thanks to the wide and medium depth eFEDS X-ray survey, the sample contains the rare and most X-ray luminous radio galaxies above the knee of the X-ray luminosity function, spanning 4422$. Those obscured and radio AGN reside in $0.4, Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

We report on the galaxy density environment around a high-z radio galaxy (HzRG) at z=4.72, HSC J083913.17+011308.1 (HSC J0839+0113), probed using an r-dropout Lyman break galaxy (LBG) sample from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program data. We find that HSC J0839+0113 resides in the outskirt of an overdense region identified by the r-dropout galaxies at a 4.7 sigma significance level. The projected distance between HSC J0839+0113 and the peak position of the overdense region is 0.4 physical Mpc which is shorter than the typical protocluster radius in this epoch. According to the extended Press Schechter and the light cone models, the HSC J0839+0113-hosted overdense region is expected to evolve into a halo > 10^14 Msun at z=0 with a high probability of >80 %. These findings suggest that HSC J0839+0113 is associated with a protocluster. The HSC J0839+0113 rich-system is the most overdense region of LBGs among the known protoclusters with LBGs in the same cosmic epoch., 7 pages, 3 figures, accepted in PASJ

We examine the redshift evolution of density environments around 2,163 radio galaxies with the stellar masses of $\sim10^{9}-10^{12} M_\odot$ between redshifts of $z=0.3-1.4$, based on the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) and Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-cm (FIRST). We use the $k$-nearest neighbor method to measure the local galaxy number density around our radio galaxy sample. We find that the overdensities of the radio galaxies are weakly but significantly anti-correlated with redshift. This is consistent with the known result that the relative abundance of less-massive radio galaxies increases with redshift, because less-massive radio galaxies reside in relatively low density regions. Massive radio galaxies with stellar mass of $M_* >10^{11}M_\odot$ are found in high density environments compared with the control sample galaxies with radio-non-detection and matched-stellar-mass. Less-massive radio galaxies with $M_* 10^{11}M_\odot$ ($M_* 1.4$, while less-massive radio galaxies undergo active accretion just at this epoch, as they have avoided such merger events., 14 pages, 8 figures, ApJ accepted

The spatial clustering of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is considered to be one of the important diagnostics for the understanding of the underlying processes behind their activities complementary to measurements of the luminosity function (LF). We analyse the AGN clustering from a recent semi-analytic model performed on a large cosmological $N$-body simulation covering a cubic gigaparsec comoving volume. We have introduced a new time-scale of gas accretion on to the supermassive black holes to account for the loss of the angular momentum on small scales, which is required to match the faint end of the observed X-ray LF. The large simulation box allows us accurate determination of the auto-correlation function of the AGNs. The model prediction indicates that this time-scale plays a significant role in allowing massive haloes to host relatively faint population of AGNs, leading to a higher bias factor for those AGNs. The model predictions are in agreement with observations of X-ray selected AGNs in the luminosity range $10^{41.5}~\mathrm{erg} \ \mathrm{s}^{-1} \leq L_{2-10\mathrm{keV}} \leq 10^{44.5}~\mathrm{erg} \ \mathrm{s}^{-1}$, with the typical host halo mass of $10^{12.5-13.5} h^{-1}\,{\rm M}_{\odot}$ at $z \lesssim 1$. This result shows that the observational clustering measurements impose an independent constraint on the accretion time-scale complementary to the LF measurements. Moreover, we find that not only the effective halo mass corresponding to the overall bias factor, but the extended shape of the predicted AGN correlation function shows remarkable agreement with those from observations. Further observational efforts towards the low luminosity end at $z \sim 1$ would give us stronger constraints on the triggering mechanisms of AGN activities through their clustering., 20 pages, 13 figures, accepted in MNRAS. Error estimates of the 2PCFs and the fitting to them have been improved. Further discussions and references have been added. Main results remain unchanged

Izumi, T., et al., We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array [C ii] 158 μm line and far-infrared (FIR) continuum emission observations toward HSC J120505.09-000027.9 (J1205-0000) at z = 6.72 with a beam size of ∼0.″8 × 0.″5 (or 4.1 kpc × 2.6 kpc), the most distant red quasar known to date. Red quasars are modestly reddened by dust and are thought to be in rapid transition from an obscured starburst to an unobscured normal quasar, driven by powerful active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback that blows out a cocoon of interstellar medium. The FIR continuum of J1205-0000 is bright, with an estimated luminosity of L FIR ∼ 3 × 1012 L o˙. The [C ii] line emission is extended on scales of r ∼ 5 kpc, greater than that of the FIR continuum. The line profiles at the extended regions are complex and broad (FWHM ∼ 630-780 km s-1). Although it is not practical to identify the nature of this extended structure, possible explanations include (i) companion/merging galaxies and (ii) massive AGN-driven outflows. For the case of (i), the companions are modestly star-forming (∼10 M o˙ yr-1) but are not detected by our Subaru optical observations (y AB,5σ = 24.4 mag). For the case of (ii), our lower limit to the cold neutral outflow rate is ∼100 M o˙ yr-1. The outflow kinetic energy and momentum are both much lower than predicted in energy-conserving wind models, suggesting that the AGN feedback in this quasar is not capable of completely suppressing its star formation., Funding was contributed by the FIRST program of the Japanese Cabinet Office, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the Japan Science and Technology Agency, the Toray Science Foundation, NAOJ, Kavli IPMU, KEK, ASIAA, and Princeton University. T.I. is supported by an ALMA Japan Research Grant of the NAOJ ALMA Project, NAOJ-ALMA-249.

Advanced liver fibrosis is the most important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development after achieving sustained virological response (SVR) by direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2-binding protein (M2BPGi), enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score, type IV collagen and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index have been reported as non-invasive biomarkers for liver fibrosis. In the present study, the possibility of using fibrosis biomarkers and other parameters to predict the development of HCC was evaluated. A total of 743 patients infected with hepatitis C virus who achieved SVR by using DAA were retrospectively enrolled. Of these, 122 patients whose blood samples were stored were selected. The aforementioned four fibrosis biomarkers were analyzed at baseline, at the end of treatment (EOT) and at post-treatment week 24 (PTW24). Tumor markers and laboratory tests were also analyzed. The baseline/EOT/PTW24 values for each fibrosis biomarker were as follows: ELF score: 11.5±1.2/10.8±1.1/10.4±1.0; type IV collagen: 213±85/190±67/174±55 ng/ml; M2BPGi: 4.8±3.5/2.7±2.0/2.2±1.8; and FIB-4 index: 5.31±3.82/4.36± 2.79/4.24±3.09. Of the 122 patients, 23 developed HCC. A high baseline ELF score (P=0.0264), PTW24 ELF score (P=0.0003), PTW24 α-fetoprotein level (P=0.0133), baseline FIB-4 index (P=0.0451) and low baseline prothrombin time (P=0.0455) were risk factors for HCC development based on univariate analyses. Based on the multivariate analysis, a high PTW24 ELF score was the only risk factor for HCC development (P=0.0035). The ELF score after DAA therapy was strongly associated with HCC development; therefore, it may be a useful marker for predicting HCC.

We investigate the physical properties--such as the stellar mass, SFR, IR luminosity, X-ray luminosity, and hydrogen column density--of MIR galaxies and AGN at $z < 4$ in the 140 deg$^2$ field observed by SRG/eROSITA through the eFEDS survey. By cross-matching the WISE 22 $μ$m (W4)-detected sample and the eFEDS X-ray point-source catalog, we find that 692 extragalactic objects are detected by eROSITA. We have compiled a multiwavelength dataset. We have also performed (i) an X-ray spectral analysis, (ii) SED fitting using X-CIGALE, (iii) 2D image-decomposition analysis using Subaru HSC images, and (iv) optical spectral fitting with QSFit to investigate the AGN and host-galaxy properties. For 7,088 WISE W4 objects that are undetected by eROSITA, we have performed an X-ray stacking analysis to examine the typical physical properties of these X-ray faint and/or probably obscured objects. We find that (i) 82% of the eFEDS-W4 sources are classified as X-ray AGN with $\log\,L_{\rm X} >$ 42 erg s$^{-1}$; (ii) 67% and 24% of the objects have $\log\,(L_{\rm IR}/L_{\odot}) > 12$ and 13, respectively; (iii) the relationship between $L_{\rm X}$ and the 6 $μ$m luminosity is consistent with that reported in previous works; and (iv) the relationship between the Eddington ratio and $N_{\rm H}$ for the eFEDS-W4 sample and a comparison with a model prediction from a galaxy-merger simulation indicates that approximately 5% of the eFEDS-W4 sources in our sample are likely to be in an AGN-feedback phase, in which strong radiation pressure from the AGN blows out the surrounding material from the nuclear region. Thanks to the wide area coverage of eFEDS, we have been able to constrain the ranges of the physical properties of the WISE W4 sample of AGNs at $z < 4$, providing a benchmark for forthcoming studies on a complete census of MIR galaxies selected from the full-depth eROSITA all-sky survey., 18 pages, 19 figures, and 3 tables, accepted to appear on A&A, Special Issue: The Early Data Release of eROSITA and Mikhail Pavlinsky ART-XC on the SRG Mission

Izumi, T., et al., We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array [C ii] 158 μm line and underlying far-infrared (FIR) continuum emission observations (0.″70 × 0.″56 resolution) toward HSC J124353.93+010038.5 (J1243+0100) at z = 7.07, the only low-luminosity (M 1450 > -25 mag) quasar currently known at z > 7. The FIR continuum is bright (1.52 mJy) and resolved with a total luminosity of L FIR = 3.5 × 1012 L o˙. The spatially extended component is responsible for ∼40% of the emission. The area-integrated [C ii] spectrum shows a broad wing (FWHM = 997 km s-1, L [C ii] = 1.2 × 109 L o˙), as well as a bright core (FWHM = 235 km s-1, L [C ii] = 1.9 × 109 L o˙). This wing is the first detection of a galactic-scale quasar-driven outflow (atomic outflow rate >447 M o˙ yr-1) at z > 7. The estimated large mass-loading factor of the total outflow (e.g., ⪆9 relative to the [C ii]-based star formation rate) suggests that this outflow will soon quench the star formation of the host. The core gas dynamics are governed by rotation, with a rotation curve suggestive of a compact bulge (∼3.3 × 1010 M o˙), although it is not yet spatially resolved. Finally, we found that J1243+0100 has a black hole mass-to-dynamical mass (and -to-bulge mass) ratio of ∼0.4% (∼1%), consistent with the local value within the uncertainties. Our results therefore suggest that the black hole-host coevolution relation is already in place at z ∼ 7 for this object., Funding was contributed by the FIRST program from the Japanese Cabinet Office, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), the Toray Science Foundation, NAOJ, Kavli IPMU, KEK, ASIAA, and Princeton University. T.H. was supported by th

We intoduce our novel method of super high resolution astronomical X-ray imaging, Multi Image X-ray Interferometer Method, Modules, Missions (MIXIM). In series of experiments on the ground we not only verified the concept of MIXIM but also realized 2D imaging with angular resolution better than 0. ′′1. Employment of small pixel size CMOS sensor was the key to this achievement. Scalability is also an important feature of MIXIM., and various mission format is available. We show some examples from a very small satellite for sub arcsecond resolution to a formation flight with a millions km separation to gain µas resolution. MIXIM is different from X-ray mirrors in various points, for example, it does not have a collecting power. Considering the limitations and advantages of MIXIM, we should choose bright apparently point-like sources as targets. Nearby AGNs are primary ones, and the MIXIM scope just corresponds to spatial scales which have not yet resolved in X-rays.

A massive black hole exists in almost every galaxy. They occasionally radiate a vast amount of light by releasing gravitational energy of accreting gas, with a cumulative active period of only a few $10^8$ years, so-called the duty cycle of the Active Galactic Nuclei. Namely, many galaxies today host a starving massive black hole. Although galaxy collisions have been thought to enhance nucleus activity, the origin of the duty cycle, especially the shutdown process, is a still critical issue. Here we show that galaxy collisions are also capable of suppressing black hole fueling by using an analytic model and three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, applying the well-determined parameter sets for the galactic collision in the Andromeda galaxy. Our models demonstrate that a central collision of galaxies can strip the torus-shaped gas surrounding the massive black hole, the putative fueling source. The derived condition for switching-off the black hole fueling indicates that a significant fraction of currently bright nuclei can become inactive, reminiscent of fading/dying active nucleus phenomena associated with galaxy merging events. Galaxy collisions may therefore be responsible both for switching-off and turning-on the nucleus activity, depending on the collision orbit (head-on or far-off-centre)., 41 pages, 10 figures, published in Nature Astronomy (read-only access is freely available at https://rdcu.be/cebgO)

Large-scale outflows are generally considered as a possible evidence that active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can severely affect their host galaxies. Recently an ultraluminous IR galaxy (ULIRG) at $z=0.49$, AKARI J0916248+073034, was found to have a galaxy-scale [OIII] $\lambda$5007 outflow with one of the highest energy-ejection rates at $z, Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of switching to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in patients who had received a nucleos(t)ide analog (NA) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The data from 33 Japanese patients with CHB who received TAF therapy after using NA [adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) and/or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)] were retrospectively analyzed. Specifically, the biochemical and virological markers from the start of the TAF treatment to 6 months later were assessed. Comparative evaluation was performed by dividing patients into two groups: Long-term (n=19) and short-term administration groups (n=14), with a cutoff administration duration of 10 years. In all 33 patients, the levels of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg; 1,126±1,724 to 1,001±1,591 IU/ml; P

arXiv:2007.08685v2, We present the first discovery of dust-reddened quasars (red quasars) in the high-z universe (z > 5.6). This is a result from the Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) project, which is based on the sensitive multi-band optical imaging data produced by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program survey. We identified four red quasar candidates from the 93 spectroscopically confirmed high-z quasars in the SHELLQs sample, based on detections in the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) data at 3.4 and 4.6 μm (rest-frame ∼5000–6500 Å). The amount of dust reddening was estimated with spectral energy distribution (SED) fits over optical and mid-infrared wavelengths. Two of the four candidates were found to be red quasars with dust reddening of E(B − V) > 0.1. The remaining SHELLQs quasars without individual WISE detections are significantly fainter in the WISE bands and bluer than the red quasars, although we did detect them in the W1 band in a stacked image. We also conducted the same SED fits for high-z optically-luminous quasars, but no red quasar was found. This demonstrates the power of Subaru HSC to discover high-z red quasars, which are fainter than the limiting magnitudes of past surveys in the rest-frame ultraviolet, due to dust extinction., We are grateful to the referee for his/her useful comments to improve this paper. YM was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant No. JP17H04830 and the Mitsubishi Foundation grant No. 30140. TI acknowledges supports from the JSPS grant No. JP17K14247. The Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) collaboration includes the astronomical communities of Japan and Taiwan, and Princeton University. The HSC instrumentation and software were developed by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), the University of Tokyo, the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), the Academia Sinica Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics in Taiwan (ASIAA), and Princeton University. Funding was contributed by the FIRST program from Japanese Cabinet Office, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), the Toray Science Foundation, NAOJ, Kavli IPMU, KEK, ASIAA, and Princeton University. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) have been made possible through contributions of the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, Queen’s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, and Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE). This paper makes use of software developed for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. We thank the LSST Project for making their code available as free software at 〈http://dm.lsst.org. This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are key for understanding the coevolution of galaxies and supermassive black holes (SMBHs). AGN activity is thought to affect the properties of their host galaxies, via a process called "AGN feedback", which drives the co-evolution. From a parent sample of 1151 z < 1 type-1 quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasar catalog, we detected host galaxies of 862 of them in the high-quality grizy images of the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey. The unprecedented combination of the survey area and depth allows us to perform a statistical analysis of the quasar host galaxies, with small sample variance. We fit the radial image profile of each quasar as a linear combination of the point spread function and the Sersic function, decomposing the images into the quasar nucleus and the host galaxy components. We found that the host galaxies are massive, with stellar mass Mstar > 10^(10) Msun, and are mainly located on the green valley. This trend is consistent with a scenario in which star formation of the host galaxies is suppressed by AGN feedback, that is, AGN activity may be responsible for the transition of these galaxies from the blue cloud to the red sequence. We also investigated the SMBH mass to stellar mass relation of the z < 1 quasars, and found a consistent slope with the local relation, while the SMBHs may be slightly undermassive. However, the above results are subject to our sample selection, which biases against host galaxies with low masses and/or large quasar-to-host flux ratios., Comment: Accepted for publication in PASJ

We report a case of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). A 47-year-old woman was diagnosed with PSC. One year later, she was admitted to our hospital for jaundice and fatigue. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) showed worsening of the biliary stricture, and rapidly progressive anemia developed simultaneously. Based on the various laboratory findings, she was diagnosed with AIHA. The administration of prednisolone improved not only the anemia but also the biliary stricture. This case is impactful, as there are few case reports of PSC with AIHA. In addition, we were able to observe the changes in imaging findings using MRCP over time.

We report a discovery of $z = 4.72$ radio galaxy, HSC J083913.17+011308.1, by using the Lyman break technique with the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Survey (HSC-SSP) catalog for VLA FIRST radio sources. The number of known high-$z$ radio galaxies (HzRGs) at $z > 3$ is quite small to constrain the evolution of HzRGs so far. The deep and wide-area optical survey by HSC-SSP enables us to apply the Lyman break technique to a large search for HzRGs. For an HzRG candidate among pre-selected $r$-band dropouts with a radio detection, a follow-up optical spectroscopy with GMOS/Gemini has been performed. The obtained spectrum presents a clear Ly$\alpha$ emission line redshifted to $z=4.72$. The SED fitting analysis with the rest-frame UV and optical photometries suggests the massive nature of this HzRG with $\log{M_*/M_{\odot}} = 11.4$. The small equivalent width of Ly$\alpha$ and the moderately red UV colors indicate its dusty host galaxy, implying a chemically evolved and dusty system. The radio spectral index does not meet a criterion for an ultra-steep spectrum: $\alpha^{325}_{1400}$ of $-1.1$ and $\alpha^{150}_{1400}$ of $-0.9$, demonstrating that the HSC-SSP survey compensates for a sub-population of HzRGs which are missed in surveys focusing on an ultra-steep spectral index., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in AJ

Full author list: John D. Silverman, Shenli Tang, Khee-Gan Lee, Tilman Hartwig, Andy Goulding, Michael A. Strauss, Malte Schramm, Xuheng Ding, Rogemar A. Riffel, Seiji Fujimoto, Chiaki Hikage, Masatoshi Imanishi, Kazushi Iwasawa, Knud Jahnke, Issha Kayo, Nobunari Kashikawa, Toshihiro Kawaguchi, Kotaro Kohno, Wentao Luo, Yoshiki Matsuoka, Yuichi Matsuda, Tohru Nagao, Masamune Oguri, Yoshiaki Ono, Masafusa Onoue, Masami Ouchi, Kazuhiro Shimasaku, Hyewon Suh, Nao Suzuki, Yoshiaki Taniguchi, Yoshiki Toba, Yoshihiro Ueda, and Naoki Yasuda, The unique combination of superb spatial resolution, wide-area coverage, and deep depth of the optical imaging from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program is utilized to search for dual quasar candidates. Using an automated image analysis routine on 34,476 known Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasars, we identify those with two (or more) distinct optical point sources in HSC images covering 796 deg2. We find 421 candidates out to a redshift of 4.5 of which one hundred or so are more likely after filtering out contaminating stars. Angular separations of 0.″6-4.″0 correspond to projected separations of 3-30 kpc, a range relatively unexplored for population studies of luminous dual quasars. Using Keck I/Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer and Gemini-N/Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrometer, we spectroscopically confirm three dual quasar systems at z < 1, two of which are previously unknown out of eight observed, based on the presence of characteristic broad emission lines in each component, while highlighting that the continuum of one object in one of the pairs is reddened. In all cases, the [O iii]λ5007 emission lines have mild velocity offsets, thus the joint [O iii] line profile is not double-peaked. We find a dual quasar fraction of 0.26 ± 0.18% and no evidence for evolution. A comparison with the Horizon-AGN simulation seems to support the case of no evolution in the dual quasar fraction when broadly matching the quasar selection. These results may indicate a scenario in which the frequency of the simultaneous triggering of luminous quasars is not as sensitive as expected to the cosmic evolution of the merger rate or gas content of galaxies., R. Morgan thanks the LSSTC Data Science Fellowship Program, which is funded by LSSTC, NSF Cybertraining Grant #1829740, the Brinson Foundation, and the Moore Foundation; his participation in the program has benefited this work. F. O.E. acknowledges support from the FONDECYT grant No. 1201223. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant No. 1744555. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics at The Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, the Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, NFS’s NOIRLab, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. The UCSC team is supported in part by NASA grant NNG17PX03C, NSF grant AST-1815935, the Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, and by fellowships from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation to R.J.F. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo InterAmerican Observatory at NSFʼs NOIRLab (NOIRLab Prop. ID 2012B-0001; PI: J. Frieman), which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. Based on observations obtained at the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope, which is a joint project of the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Comunicações (MCTIC) da República Federativa do Brasil, the U.S. NSF’s NOIRLab, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), and Michigan State University (MSU). The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grants ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007- 2013), including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) e-Universe (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). This paper has gone through internal review by the DES collaboration. This manuscript has been authored by the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02- 07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics.

We show the significance of the super-Eddington accretion for the cosmic growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with a semi-analytical model for galaxy and black hole evolution. The model explains various observed properties of galaxies and active galactic nuclei at a wide redshift range. By tracing the growth history of individual SMBHs, we find that the fraction of the SMBH mass acquired during the super-Eddington accretion phases to the total SMBH mass becomes larger for less massive black holes and at higher redshift. Even at z = 0, SMBHs with > 1e+9 Msun have acquired more than 50% of their mass by super-Eddington accretions, which is apparently inconsistent with classical Soltan's argument. However, the mass-weighted radiation efficiency of SMBHs with > 1e+8 Msun obtained with our model, is about 0.08 at z = 0, which is consistent with Soltan's argument within the observational uncertainties. We, therefore, conclude that Soltan's argument cannot reject the possibility that SMBHs are grown mainly by super-Eddington accretions., 10 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a recently proposed subtype that responds well to steroid treatment; however, its pathogenesis remains unclear. We report here a 65-year-old Japanese woman with skin itching and lip swelling. She had liver injury with jaundice, which persisted despite stopping anti-allergic agents. Blood chemistry revealed highly elevated serum IgG and IgG4 (535 mg/dL) levels, and positive anti-nuclear antibody. The diagnosis of AIH was based on liver biopsy. Notably, the IgG4+ /IgG+ cell ratio was 85%. On fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography, robust signal intensity was found in the liver, and in enlarged lymph nodes and salivary glands with confirmed IgG4+ cell infiltration. Immunofluorescence analysis of the liver biopsy specimen indicated clear expression of glucose transporter-3 (Glut-3) in IgG4+ inflammatory cells infiltrating into the portal area. This is the first report of simultaneous strong accumulation of FDG and Glut-3 expression in IgG4-related AIH, which might aid in elucidating the pathogenesis of this disease.

Narrow-line regions excited by active galactic nuclei (AGN) are important for studying AGN photoionization and feedback. Their strong [O III] lines can be detected with broadband images, allowing morphological studies of these systems with large-area imaging surveys. We develop a new technique to reconstruct the [O III] images using the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Survey aided with spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The technique involves a careful subtraction of the galactic continuum to isolate emission from the [O III]$\lambda$5007 and [O III]$\lambda$4959 lines. Compared to traditional targeted observations, this technique is more efficient at covering larger samples with less dedicated observational resources. We apply this technique to an SDSS spectroscopically selected sample of 300 obscured AGN at redshifts 0.1 - 0.7, uncovering extended emission-line region candidates with sizes up to tens of kpc. With the largest sample of uniformly derived narrow-line region sizes, we revisit the narrow-line region size-luminosity relation. The area and radii of the [O III] emission-line regions are strongly correlated with the AGN luminosity inferred from the mid-infrared (15 $\mu$m rest-frame) with a power-law slope of $0.62^{+0.05}_{-0.06} \pm 0.10$ (statistical and systemic errors), consistent with previous spectroscopic findings. We discuss the implications for the physics of AGN emission-line region and future applications of this technique, which should be useful for current and next-generation imaging surveys to study AGN photoionization and feedback with large statistical samples., Comment: 20 pages, 13 figures, MNRAS submitted

Tang, S., et al., We report on a spectroscopic program to search for dual quasars using Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) images of SDSS quasars, which represent an important stage during galaxy mergers. Using Subaru/FOCAS and Gemini-N/GMOS, we identify three new physically associated quasar pairs having projected separations less than 20 kpc, out of 26 observed candidates. These include the discovery of the highest-redshift (z = 3.1) quasar pair with a separation, Funding was contributed by the FIRST program from the Japanese Cabinet Office, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), the Toray Science Foundation, NAOJ, Kavli IPMU, KEK, ASIAA, and Princeton University

We focus on the evidence of a past minor merger discovered in the halo of the Andromeda galaxy (M31). Previous N-body studies have enjoyed moderate success in producing the observed giant stellar stream (GSS) and stellar shells in M31's halo. The observed distribution of stars in the halo of M31 shows an asymmetric surface brightness profile across the GSS; however, the effect of the morphology of the progenitor galaxy on the internal structure of the GSS requires further investigation in theoretical studies. To investigate the physical connection between the characteristic surface brightness in the GSS and the morphology of the progenitor dwarf galaxy, we systematically vary the thickness, rotation velocity and initial inclination of the disc dwarf galaxy in N-body simulations. The formation of the observed structures appears to be dominated by the progenitor's rotation. Besides reproducing the observed GSS and two shells in detail, we predict additional structures for further observations. We predict the detectability of the progenitor's stellar core in the phase-space density distribution, azimuthal metallicity gradient of the western shell-like structure and an additional extended shell in the north-western direction that may constrain the properties of the progenitor galaxy., 19 pages, 22 figures, accepted for MNRAS

We present the stellar population and ionized-gas outflow properties of ultra-luminous IR galaxies (ULIRGs) at $z=$ 0.1-1.0, which are selected from AKARI FIR all-sky survey. We construct a catalog of 1077 ULIRGs to examine feedback effect after major mergers. 202 out of the 1077 ULIRGs are spectroscopically identified by SDSS and Subaru/FOCAS observations. Thanks to deeper depth and higher resolution of AKARI compared to the previous IRAS survey, and reliable identification from WISE MIR pointing, the sample is unique in identifying optically-faint (i$\sim$20) IR-bright galaxies, which could be missed in previous surveys. A self-consistent spectrum-SED decomposition method, which constrains stellar population properties in SED modeling based on spectral fitting results, has been employed for 149 ULIRGs whose optical continua are dominated by host galaxies. They are massive galaxies ($M_{\rm star}\sim10^{11}$-$10^{12}$ M$_{\odot}$), associated with intense star formation activities (SFR $\sim$ 200-2000 M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$). The sample covers a range of AGN bolometric luminosity of $10^{10}$-$10^{13}$ L$_{\odot}$, and the outflow velocity measured from [OIII] 5007A line shows a correlation with AGN luminosity. Eight galaxies show extremely fast outflows with velocity up to 1500-2000 km s$^{-1}$. However, the co-existence of vigorous starbursts and strong outflows suggests the star formation has not been quenched during the ULIRG phase. By deriving stellar mass and mass fraction of young stellar population, we find no significant discrepancies between stellar properties of ULIRGs with weak and powerful AGNs. The results are not consistent with the merger-induced evolutionary scenario, which predicts that SF-dominated ULIRGs show smaller stellar mass and younger stellar populations compared to AGN-dominated ULIRGs., 28 pages, 25 figures, 7 tables; accepted by ApJ

We have obtained three-dimensional maps of the universe in $\sim200\times200\times80$ comoving Mpc$^3$ (cMpc$^3$) volumes each at $z=5.7$ and $6.6$ based on a spectroscopic sample of 179 galaxies that achieves $\gtrsim80$\% completeness down to the Ly$\alpha$ luminosity of $\log(L_{\rm Ly\alpha}/[\mathrm{erg\ s^{-1}}])=43.0$, based on our Keck and Gemini observations and the literature. The maps reveal filamentary large-scale structures and two remarkable overdensities made out of at least 44 and 12 galaxies at $z=5.692$ (z57OD) and $z=6.585$ (z66OD), respectively, making z66OD the most distant overdensity spectroscopically confirmed to date with $>10$ spectroscopically confirmed galaxies. We compare spatial distributions of submillimeter galaxies at $z\simeq 4-6$ with our $z=5.7$ galaxies forming the large-scale structures, and detect a $99.97\%$ signal of cross correlation, indicative of a clear coincidence of dusty star-forming galaxy and dust unobscured galaxy formation at this early epoch. The galaxies in z57OD and z66OD are actively forming stars with star formation rates (SFRs) $\gtrsim5$ times higher than the main sequence, and particularly the SFR density in z57OD is 10 times higher than the cosmic average at the redshift (a.k.a. the Madau-Lilly plot). Comparisons with numerical simulations suggest that z57OD and z66OD are protoclusters that are progenitors of the present-day clusters with halo masses of $\sim10^{14}\ \mathrm{M_\odot}$., Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures, Accepted for Publication in ApJ

We herein report the first case of immune-mediated drug-induced liver injury that may have been caused by laninamivir. A 15-year-old girl was diagnosed with influenza and prescribed 40 mg laninamivir. Six weeks later, she was admitted to our hospital because of jaundice and fatigue. Laboratory examinations revealed elevated levels of hepatobiliary enzymes, and acute liver injury was suspected. Laboratory examinations and histological findings were characteristic of autoimmune hepatitis. Steroid treatment was ineffective, and azathioprine was added to the treatment. Twenty-two months after the onset, a second biopsy revealed the absence of inflammatory infiltrations, and the drugs were withdrawn. Liver function tests remained normal nine months after withdrawal.

We show the Eddington ratio distributions of supermassive black holes at a wide redshift range (0 < z < 8) obtained with a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation. The distribution is broadly consistent with observational estimates at low redshift. We find that the growth rate of black holes at higher redshift is more likely to exceed the Eddington limit because the typical gas fraction of the host galaxies is higher at higher redshift. We also find that the super- Eddington growth is more common for less massive supermassive black holes, supporting an idea that supermassive black holes have been formed via super-Eddington accretion. These results indicate the "slowing down" of cosmic growth of supermassive black holes: the growth of supermassive black holes with a higher Eddington ratio peaks at higher redshift. We also show the effect of the sample selection on the shape of the Eddington ratio distribution functions and find that shallower observations will miss active galactic nuclei with not only the smaller but also higher Eddington ratios., 11 pages, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present deep near-infrared spectroscopy of six quasars at 6.15.8 quasars with measured black hole masses. From single-epoch mass measurements based on MgII2798, we find a wide range in black hole masses, from M_BH=10^7.6 to 10^9.3 Msun. The Eddington ratios L_bol/L_Edd range from 0.16 to 1.1, but the majority of the HSC quasars are powered by M_BH=10^9 Msun supermassive black holes (SMBHs) accreting at sub-Eddington rates. The Eddington ratio distribution of the HSC quasars is inclined to lower accretion rates than those of Willott et al. (2010a), who measured the black hole masses for similarly faint z=6 quasars. This suggests that the global Eddington ratio distribution is wider than has previously been thought. The presence of M_BH=10^9 Msun SMBHs at z=6 cannot be explained with constant sub-Eddington accretion from stellar remnant seed black holes. Therefore, we may be witnessing the first buildup of the most massive black holes in the first billion years of the universe, the accretion activity of which is transforming from active growth to a quiescent phase. Measurements of a larger complete sample of z>6 low-luminosity quasars, as well as deeper observations with future facilities will enable us to better understand the early SMBH growth in the reionization epoch., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We apply a new X-ray clumpy torus model called XCLUMPY (Tanimoto et al. 2019), where the clump distribution is assumed to be the same as in the infrared clumpy torus model (CLUMPY) by Nenkova et al. 2008, to the broadband X-ray spectra of type-1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) for the first time. We analyze the archival data of IC 4329A and NGC 7469 observed with NuSTAR/Suzaku and NuSTAR/XMM-Newton, respectively, whose infrared spectra were studied with CLUMPY by Ichikawa et al. 2015 and optical extinctions ($A_{\rm V}$) of the tori were estimated. We consider two models, invoking (Model 1) a relativistic reflection component from the accretion disk and (Model 2) a partial absorber. Assuming that the narrow Fe K$\alpha$ emission line at 6.4 keV originates from the torus, we separate the contribution of the torus reflection components in the total spectra. Our models yield equatorial hydrogen column densities of the tori to be $N^{\rm Equ}_{\rm H} =$ (0.53--1.43) $\times 10^{23}~\rm cm^{-2}$ and $N^{\rm Equ}_{\rm H} =$ (0.84--1.43) $\times 10^{24}~\rm cm^{-2}$, for IC 4329A and NGC 7469, respectively. We find that the $N_{\rm H}/A_{\rm V}$ ratios in the tori are by factors of 25--68 (IC 4329A) and 2.4--3.9 (NGC 7469) smaller than that in the Galactic interstellar medium (ISM). These results suggest that a non-negligible fraction of AGNs are 'dust-rich' compared with the Galactic ISM, as opposite to the general trend previously reported in many obscured AGNs., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, (accepted in the Astrophysical Journal, ApJ)

In order to construct a sample of ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs, with infrared luminosity, $L_{\rm IR} > 10^{12}$ L$_{\odot}$) at 0.5 < z < 1, we are conducting an optical follow-up program for bright 90-$��$m FIR sources with a faint optical (i < 20) counterpart selected in the AKARI Far-Infrared Surveyor (FIS) Bright Source catalog (Ver.2). AKARI-FIS-V2 J0916248+073034, identified as a ULIRG at z = 0.49 in the spectroscopic follow-up observation, indicates signatures of an extremely strong outflow in its emission line profiles. Its [OIII] 5007�� emission line shows FWHM of 1830 km s$^{-1}$ and velocity shift of -770 km s$^{-1}$ in relative to the stellar absorption lines. Furthermore, low-ionization [OII] 3726�� 3729�� doublet also shows large FWHM of 910 km s$^{-1}$ and velocity shift of -380 km s$^{-1}$. After the removal of an unresolved nuclear component, the long-slit spectroscopy 2D image possibly shows that the outflow extends to radius of 4 kpc. The mass outflow and energy ejection rates are estimated to be 500 M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ and $4\times10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$, respectively, which imply that the outflow is among the most powerful ones observed in ULIRGs and QSOs at 0.3 < z < 1.6. The co-existence of the strong outflow and intense star formation (star formation rate of 990 M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$) indicates that the feedback of the strong outflow has not severely affect the star-forming region of the galaxy., 20 pages, 18 figures, accepted to be published in PASJ

To protect our lives and properties from disasters and accidents, we need to identify sources of risks, acknowledge weaknesses in our societies and ourselves, and be readily prepared in both hardware and software. We frequently express the odds of events taking place with probabilistic numbers; thus, we must have at least the minimum knowledge in mathematical statistics. This chapter first introduces quantitative evaluations of probabilities of events to cause damages to us and the magnitudes of the damages. We will then learn how to analyze and estimate risks using the evaluations. The chapter closes with decision-making methods in finding the best measures that minimize the risks.

The previous chapter discussed characteristics of contemporary societies in problems related to safety. Histories of birth of societies and cities and their maturing are deeply related to histories of birth and development of scholarship and science. This chapter overviews how scholarship and science were born, how they branched out and specialized, and then how they unified and formed interdisciplinary studies beyond boundaries of specialized fields. It also explains histories of various academic fields related to societal safety sciences.

In this study, we investigate the X-ray properties of WISE J090924.01+000211.1 (WISEJ0909+0002), an extremely luminous infrared (IR) galaxy (ELIRG) at $z_{\rm spec}$= 1.871 in the eROSITA final equatorial depth survey (eFEDS). WISEJ0909+0002 is a WISE 22 $��$m source, located in the GAMA-09 field, detected by eROSITA during the performance and verification phase. The corresponding optical spectrum indicates that this object is a type-1 active galactic nucleus (AGN). Observations from eROSITA combined with Chandra and XMM-Newton archival data indicate a very luminous ($L$ (2--10 keV) = ($2.1 \pm 0.2) \times 10^{45}$ erg s$^{-1}$) unobscured AGN with a power-law photon index of $��$ = 1.73$_{-0.15}^{+0.16}$, and an absorption hydrogen column density of $\log\,(N_{\rm H}/{\rm cm}^{-2}) < 21.0$. The IR luminosity was estimated to be $L_{\rm IR}$ = (1.79 $\pm$ 0.09) $\times 10^{14}\, L_{\odot}$ from spectral energy distribution modeling based on 22 photometric data (X-ray to far-IR) with X-CIGALE, which confirmed that WISEJ0909+0002 is an ELIRG. A remarkably high $L_{\rm IR}$ despite very low $N_{\rm H}$ would indicate that we are witnessing a short-lived phase in which hydrogen gas along the line of sight is blown outwards, whereas warm and hot dust heated by AGNs still exist. As a consequence of eROSITA all-sky survey, $6.8_{-5.6}^{+16}\times 10^2$ such X-ray bright ELIRGs are expected to be discovered in the entire extragalactic sky ($|b| > 10^\circ$). This can potentially be the key population to constrain the bright-end of IR luminosity functions., 10 pages, 5 figures, and 3 tables, accepted for publication in A&A Letters (special Issue: First science highlights from SRG/eROSITA)