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Background: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) provides molecular information on tumor heterogeneity. Data regarding the predictive significance of ctDNA after first-line epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are limited. Thus, this study analyzed ctDNA during osimertinib administration as a second-line or greater setting to examine the association between EGFR mutation levels and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods: Forty patients with EGFR T790M-positive NSCLC receiving osimertinib after prior EGFR-TKI treatment were enrolled. Plasma samples were obtained at osimertinib pretreatment, after 1 month of treatment, and at the time of progressive disease (PD). ctDNA analysis was performed using digital polymerase chain reaction.Results: The detection rate of copy numbers of exon 19 deletion, L858R, and T790M in plasma samples was significantly lower 1 month after osimertinib treatment than at pretreatment and significantly higher at PD than at 1 month, whereas that of C797S was significantly higher at PD than at 1 month. There was no statistically significant difference in the copy numbers of exon 19 deletion, L858R, T790M, and C797S between complete response or partial response and stable disease or PD.T790M detection at PD after osimertinib initiation was a significant independent prognostic factor for predicting worse prognosis, and the presence of major EGFR mutations at pretreatment and PD was closely associated with shorter survival after osimertinib initiation.Conclusion: Molecular testing based on ctDNA is useful for predicting outcomes of osimertinib treatment in T790M-positive NSCLC after previous EGFR-TKI treatment.

We introduce a new algebra associated with a hyperplane arrangement $\mathcal{A}$, called the Solomon–Terao algebra $ST(\mathcal{A}, \eta)$, where $\eta$ is a homogeneous polynomial. It is shown by Solomon and Terao that $ST(\mathcal{A}, \eta)$ is Artinian when $\eta$ is generic. This algebra can be considered as a generalization of coinvariant algebras in the setting of hyperplane arrangements. The class of Solomon–Terao algebras contains cohomology rings of regular nilpotent Hessenberg varieties. We show that $ST(\mathcal{A}, \eta)$ is a complete intersection if and only if $\mathcal{A}$ is free. We also give a factorization formula of the Hilbert polynomials of $ST(\mathcal{A}, \eta)$ when $\mathcal{A}$ is free, and pose several related questions, problems and conjectures.

In this paper, we specify a class of mathematical problems, which we refer to as "Function Density Problems" (FDPs, in short), and point out novel connections of FDPs to the following two cryptographic topics; theoretical security evaluations of keyless hash functions (such as SHA-1.), and constructions of provably secure pseudorandom generators (PRGs) with some enhanced security property introduced by Dubrov and Ishai (STOC 2006). Our argument aims at proposing new theoretical frameworks for these topics (especially for the former) based on FDPs, rather than providing some concrete and practical results on the topics. We also give some examples of mathematical discussions on FDFs, which would be of independent interest from mathematical viewpoints. Finally, we discuss possible directions of future research on other cryptographic applications of FDPs and on mathematical studies on FDPs themselves., Article, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE. 26(2):169-194 (2015)

The $K$-homology ring of the affine Grassmannian of $SL_n(C)$ was studied by Lam, Schilling, and Shimozono. It is realized as a certain concrete Hopf subring of the ring of symmetric functions. On the other hand, for the quantum $K$-theory of the flag variety $Fl_n$, Kirillov and Maeno provided a conjectural presentation based on the results obtained by Givental and Lee. We construct an explicit birational morphism between the spectrums of these two rings. Our method relies on Ruijsenaars's relativistic Toda lattice with unipotent initial condition. From this result, we obtain a $K$-theory analogue of the so-called Peterson isomorphism for (co)homology. We provide a conjecture on the detailed relationship between the Schubert bases, and, in particular, we determine the image of Lenart--Maeno's quantum Grothendieck polynomial associated with a Grassmannian permutation., added reference by Anderson-Chen-Tseng (arXiv: 1711.08414v1). minor changes

Let $\mathbb{F}_p$ be the finite field of prime order $p$. For any function $f \colon \mathbb{F}_p{}^n \to \mathbb{F}_p$, there exists a unique polynomial over $\mathbb{F}_p$ having degree at most $p-1$ with respect to each variable which coincides with $f$. We call it the minimal polynomial of $f$. It is in general a non-trivial task to find a concrete expression of the minimal polynomial of a given function, which has only been worked out for limited classes of functions in the literature. In this paper, we study minimal polynomial expressions of several functions that are closely related to some practically important procedures such as auction and voting., Comment: 11 pages

For the coinvariant rings of finite Coxeter groups of types other than H$_4$, we show that a homogeneous element of degree one is a strong Lefschetz element if and only if it is not fixed by any reflections. We also give the necessary and sufficient condition for strong Lefschetz elements in the invariant subrings of the coinvariant rings of Weyl groups., 18 pages

We give a model of the coinvariant algebra of the complex reflection groups as a subalgebra of a braided Hopf algebra called Nichols–Woronowicz algebra.

We describe the Schur–Weyl duality for a polynomial representation of the quantum group and the Hecke algebra of type A from a viewpoint of a q-analog of the strong Lefschetz property. A q-deformation of the Specht polynomial appears as a constituent of bases for irreducible components.

We give a description of the (small) quantum cohomology ring of the flag variety as a certain commutative subalgebra in the tensor product of the Nichols algebras. Our main result can be considered as a quantum analog of a result by Y. Bazlov.

For any finite Coxeter system (W,S) we construct a certain noncommutative algebra, the so-called bracket algebra, together with a family of commuting elements, the so-called Dunkl elements. The Dunkl elements conjecturally generate an algebra which is canonically isomorphic to the coinvariant algebra of the Coxeter group W. We prove this conjecture for classical Coxeter groups and I2(m). We define a “quantization” and a multiparameter deformation of our construction and show that for Lie groups of classical type and G2, the algebra generated by Dunkl’s elements in the quantized bracket algebra is canonically isomorphic to the small quantum cohomology ring of the corresponding flag variety, as described by B. Kim. For crystallographic Coxeter systems we define the so-called quantum Bruhat representation of the corresponding bracket algebra. We study in more detail the structure of the relations in Bn-, Dn- and G2-bracket algebras, and as an application, discover a Pieri-type formula in the Bn-bracket algebra. As a corollary, we obtain a Pieri-type formula for multiplication of an arbitrary Bn-Schubert class by some special ones. Our Pieri-type formula is a generalization of Pieri’s formulas obtained by A. Lascoux and M.-P. Schützenberger for flag varieties of type A. We also introduce a super-version of the bracket algebra together with a family of pairwise anticommutative elements, the so-called flat connections with constant coefficients, which describes “a noncommutative differential geometry on a finite Coxeter group” in the sense of S. Majid.

We study algebraic aspects of equivariant quantum cohomology algebra of the flag manifold. We introduce and study the quantum double Schubert polynomials S w (x,y) , which are the Lascoux–Schutzenberger type representatives of the equivariant quantum cohomology classes. Our approach is based on the quantum Cauchy identity. We define also quantum Schubert polynomials S w (x) as the Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization of some set of monomials with respect to the scalar product, defined by the Grothendieck residue. Using quantum Cauchy identity, we prove that S w (x)= S w (x,y)| y=0 and as a corollary obtain a simple formula for the quantum Schubert polynomials S w (x)=∂ ww 0 (y) S w 0 (x,y)| y=0 . We also prove the higher genus analog of Vafa–Intriligator's formula for the flag manifolds and study the quantum residues generating function. We introduce the Ehresmann–Bruhat graph on the symmetric group and formulate the equivariant quantum Pieri rule.

In this chapter we would like to discuss a generalization of Lefschetz elements for an Artinian local ring to study the Jordan decomposition of a general element. The point of departure for us is Theorem 5.1 due to D. Rees. Several results from Chap. 6 (e.g., stable ideals, Borel fixed ideals, gin(I), etc) are needed at a few points in Chap. 5.

The Lefschetz property originates in the Hard Lefschetz Theorem for compact Kahler manifolds, so it is natural that some results discussed in the former chapters have geometric backgrounds. For example, Corollary 4.17 on the flat extension can be understood from the cohomology ring of projective space bundles in a geometric setting.

The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate a role played by the SLP in connection with the theory of Artinian rings and the Schur–Weyl duality. We assume that the reader is familiar with commutative algebra but perhaps without knowledge of representation theory, but we are hopeful that the expert in representation theory may also find the following sections of interest.

The main result of this chapter is Theorem 4.10. This may be regarded as a generalization of Theorem 3.34 which states that the SLP is preserved by tensor products. Using the main theorem, we give some examples of complete intersections with the strong Lefschetz property.

In this chapter we discuss topics of invariant theory such as coinvariant algebras of reflection groups. In particular the coinvariant algebras of real reflection groups have the SLP, and the set of Lefschetz elements is explicitly determined in most cases.

In this chapter we define the k-Lefschetz properties by generalizing the Lefschetz properties. The k-Lefschetz properties give us a way of computing generic initial ideals and graded Betti numbers of Artinian graded K-algebras.

We prove the Lefschetz property for a certain class of finite-dimensional Gorenstein algebras associated to matroids. Our result implies the Sperner property of the vector space lattice. More generally, it is shown that the modular geometric lattice has the Sperner property. We also discuss the Grobner fan of the de fining ideal of our Gorenstein algebra., Article, JOURNAL OF COMMUTATIVE ALGEBRA. 8(4):549-570 (2016)

We discuss a class of generalized divided difference operators which give rise to a representation of Nichols-Woronowicz algebras associated to Weyl groups. For the root system of type $A,$ we also study the condition for the deformations of the Fomin-Kirillov quadratic algebra, which is a quadratic lift of the Nichols-Woronowicz algebra, to admit a representation given by generalized divided difference operators. The relations satisfied by the mutually commuting elements called Dunkl elements in the deformed Fomin-Kirillov algebra are determined. The Dunkl elements correspond to the truncated elliptic Dunkl operators via the representation given by the generalized divided difference operators.

We construct a model of the affine nil-Hecke algebra as a subalgebra of the Nichols-Woronowicz algebra associated to a Yetter-Drinfeld module over the affine Weyl group. We also discuss the Peterson isomorphism between the homology of the affine Grassmannian and the small quantum cohomology ring of the flag variety in terms of the braided differential calculus.

We give a characterization of the Lefschetz elements in Artinian Gorenstein rings over a field of characteristic zero in terms of the higher Hessians. As an application, we give new examples of Artinian Gorenstein rings which do not have the strong Lefschetz property.

For the root system of type $A$ we introduce and study a certain extension of the quadratic algebra invented by S. Fomin and the first author, to construct a model for the equivariant cohomology ring of the corresponding flag variety. As an application of our construction we describe a generalization of the equivariant Pieri rule for double Schubert polynomials. For a general finite Coxeter system we construct an extension of the corresponding Nichols-Woronowicz algebra. In the case of finite crystallographic Coxeter systems we present a construction of extended Nichols-Woronowicz algebra model for the equivariant cohomology of the corresponding flag variety.

Fomin and Kirillov initiated a line of research into the realization of the cohomology and K-theory of generalized flag varieties G/B as commutative subalgebras of certain noncommutative algebras. This approach has several advantages, which we discuss. This paper contains the most comprehensive result in a series of papers related to the mentioned line of research. More precisely, we give a model for the T -equivariant K-theory of a generalized flag variety KT (G/B) in terms of a certain braided Hopf algebra called the Nichols-Woronowicz algebra. Our model is based on the Chevalley-type multiplication formula for KT (G/B) due to the first author and Postnikov; this formula is stated using certain operators defined in terms of so-called alcove paths (and the corresponding affine Weyl group). Our model is derived using a type-independent and concise approach. Dedicated to Professor Kenji Ueno on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday

We study some aspects of noncommutative differential geometry on a finite Weyl group in the sense of S. Woronowicz, K. Bresser {\it et al.}, and S. Majid. For any finite Weyl group $W$ we consider the subalgebra generated by flat connections in the left-invariant exterior differential algebra of $W.$ For root systems of type $A$ and $D$ we describe a set of relations between the flat connections, which conjecturally is a complete set.

For any Lie algebra of classical type or type $G_2$ we define a $K$-theoretic analog of Dunkl's elements, the so-called truncated {\it Ruijsenaars-Schneider-Macdonald elements}, $RSM$-elements for short, in the corresponding {\it Yang-Baxter group}, which form a commuting family of elements in the latter. For the root systems of type $A$ we prove that the subalgebra of the {\it bracket algebra} generated by the RSM-elements is isomorphic to the Grothendieck ring of the flag variety. In general, we prove that the subalgebra generated by the {\it images} of the RSM-elements in the corresponding {\it Nichols-Woronowicz algebra} is canonically isomorphic to the Grothendieck ring of the corresponding flag varieties of classical type or of type $G_2$. In other words, we construct the ``Nichols-Woronowicz algebra model'' for the Grothendieck Calculus on Weyl groups of classical type or type $G_2,$ providing a partial generalization of some recent results by Y. Bazlov. We also give a conjectural description (theorem for type $A$) of a commutative subalgebra generated by the {\it truncated RSM-elements} in the bracket algebra for the classical root systems. Our results provide a proof and generalizations of recent conjecture and result by C. Lenart and A. Yong for the root system of type $A$.

The aim of this paper is to emphasize the significance of a certain mathematical problem in research on information security. We point out that the mathematical problem, which we refer to as "Function Density Problem," has connections to the following two major cryptographic topics; security analysis of hash functions in the real world (like SHA-1), and construction of pseudorandom generators with some enhanced security property. We also provide a first example to show how a study of Function Density Problem can contribute to the progress of the above-mentioned two topics. Other potential applications of Function Density Problem to information security are also discussed.