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The authors used a mesoscale climate model, CSU-MM and digital land-use data from seven Asian megacities to simulate ground surface temperature (Tsfc) related to urbanization for three discrete years of the 20th century. The variability of Tsfc was compared with the measured vertical profiles of subsurface temperature in the targeted megacities, which were expected to record the historical time-series of Tsfc. Considering a calm and clear day of the hottest season, results showed that Tsfc increased about 1.1 K 100 y−1 during the 20th century. Considering the seasonal climate variability, simulations were run for three additional cases (rainy day in the hottest season; clear day and rainy day in the coldest or rainy season) for each year in each megacity. The difference between the rates of change of Tsfc in Bangkok (0.9 K 100 y−1) and Tokyo (1.9 K 100 y−1) is considerable, which suggests that the differences of annual climatic variability are important for the analyses of urban subsurface warming. The authors conclude historical digital land-use data are useful to study past urban climate change in numerical simulation, and difference of annual climatic variability brings the difference of subsurface warming in each megacity.

In relation to established plans of district heat supply facilities that make effective reuse of heat obtained from sewage, we developed GIS software to perform analyses of the spatial congruence between heat demand and the use of waste heat in heat supply operations. Based on an analysis using this GIS, we also explored plans for determining locations of heat-recovery facilities in Tokyo. Additionally, we assessed the suitability of heat-supply operations for individual geographical areas by evaluating their heat supply/demand relationships. In the areas with a large amount of usable heat, there are generally long sewerage lines and many possible heat recovery locations. We therefore chose indicators that represent the characteristics of the heat supply/demand relationship for each line. Taking into account the way sewerage line groups were formed, the representative indicators chosen were the values of the utilization factor and the amount of usable heat per heat pump when pumps were installed in three locations on a sewerage line. A large usable heat amount per pump is an advantage in establishing district heat supply operations. In that sense, the Shibaura treatment district is already highly suited to establishing heat supply operations.

Recent years have witnessed the academic interests of researchers in the topic of urban polycentricity. However, most previous studies have failed to the investigate the fine-scale regional characteristics of polycentricity and to examine how they vary with different urban functions at a metropolis scale. To fill this gap, this study measures the functional urban polycentricity of the Tokyo metropolitan area (TMA) at a fine scale and uncovers its relationship with the regional characteristics of human mobility patterns using a series of exploratory statistical analyses. The findings reveal a static dynamic pattern of the functional urban structure within an original multi-view analytical framework. Results prove that the relationship within each functional urban area reflects different spatiotemporal characteristics depending on its functional allocation and development level under TMA's four-level annular concentric layout. Functional complementarity and temporal symmetry can also be observed. Our achievements can not only provide rich information regarding the investigation of functional urban structure patterns but also allow urban planners to rethink the rationality and scientificity of the existing master plan.

The authors studied five major municipalities (Shanghai, Wuhan, Changsha, Chengdu and Chongqing) in China's hot summer and cold winter zone, using eQUEST to perform numerical simulations of the effects of shading by nearby residences on electricity consumption for space cooling and heating. Space cooling demand reductions were as much as 10% to 20%, while space heating demand increases up to 20%. The shading effect from nearby buildings in the targeted region causes reductions in space cooling demand in summer, otherwise this effect outweigh increases in space heating demand in winter. In Shanghai and Wuhan, these two effects counteracted each other, but in Changsha, Chengdu and Chongqing, the effect of increased space heating demand in winter was barely discernible. The negative effect of shading in winter may be disregarded in the three inland municipalities (Changsha, Chengdu and Chongqing), designs may be proposed such that the shading effect from nearby buildings is maximized in summer. In contrast, for Shanghai and Wuhan it is probably more effective to design greater distances between buildings while applying a measure such as planting deciduous trees near the buildings to produce a shading effect from the leaves. Except in Shanghai, the highest reductions can be expected in residential building clusters designed with the suggested minimum distances between buildings. In Wuhan and Changsha, the current recommended minimum distances between buildings are favorable with regard to reducing electricity consumption for air conditioning. The authors extended the target region north and south (Ha’erbin, Beijing, Shanghai, Fuzhou and Haikou), examined the effects of differences in weather values on the calculation results.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the spatiotemporal structure of human mobility patterns in the Tokyo metropolitan area (TMA), and to reveal the regional characteristics and differences of dynamic mobility behaviour therein, from the individual, location, and time-use perspectives. Furthermore, this study aimed to describe daily urban rhythms in terms of human mobility. For these purposes, we constructed a GIS microscope by handling our geo-tagged big data based on the person-trip data. Through a multi-view study, we affirmed that the spatiotemporal mobility patterns had a certain consistency at different scales. Results suggested that the human mobility patterns expressed a typical inter-regional functional complementarity and a certain daily rhythm under the layout of TMA’s quadruple concentric ring structure. By grasping the multidimensional dynamic pattern of human behaviour, researchers, the general public, and policymakers can be brought into alignment towards the goal of sustainable urban planning.

To stop pandemic of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), "an 80 percent reduction of person to person contact opportunities" was proposed by the Japanese government. This guideline was based on the result of macroscopic differential equation model akin to the SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) model. For the purpose of indicating person to person’s infection mechanism intuitively, we built a new model to calculate infections between two persons who are in contact each other. This model adopted a spatial random walk model to express random movement of people in a specific 2-D geographical space. This model was applied to verify the effect of the proposed infection control procedure, "80 percent reduction". The result of the numerical simulation supported a proposed infection control procedure of "an 80 percent reduction" derived by the SIR model.

This research designs a new approach by modifying the Fast-Newman algorithm for better implementing the process of detecting functional urban areas (FUAs) and further revealing the spatiotemporal patterns of functional urban polycentricity through 20 view-windows of each FUA in the Tokyo metropolitan area (TMA) by using geo-tagged big data. Through the 20 view-windows of our GIS microscope, it is possible to uncover patterns of functional connections and daily urban rhythms under the same layout of the functional urban structure in the TMA. Furthermore, our findings can elucidate the double-sided thinking by combining the explanations of functional urban polycentricity with the policy effects of the Tokyo Master Plan (TMP) from the perspective of area-byarea analysis across the entire TMA. Our results imply that the functional urban structure of the TMA is a four-level, annular pattern. The TMP still has room for the improvement toward sustainable urban planning in the TMA. Based on the investigation on the patterns of functional urban polycentricity, this research has obtained many hints and clues for improving the TMP. Rethinking the effectiveness of the TMP can also provide trustworthy academic verification and provide suggestions about concrete amendments that can enlighten future urban planning.

Air velocity and temperature fields in urban street canyons depend mainly on the wind velocity at the rooftop level, the exposure of heated surfaces, and the canyon's aspect ratio (ratio of building height to street width). However, available experimental data for different surface heating conditions are limited. This study used particle image velocimetry to investigate the effects of four different surface heating conditions and three different aspect ratios on flow and temperature fields in wind tunnel experiments. In experiments when either the leeward or windward wall was heated, the largest heat load at all aspect ratios was near the midpoint of the scale model height, which means that the area at the half-height level of the canyon could provide benefits in reducing the heat load. In experiments when the ground was heated, heat tended to accumulate in different corners of the canyon wall at different aspect ratios in response to changes in the position of the vortex. This study improves understanding of how the extent of heated surfaces in street canyons influences the flow field and temperature distribution, expands the body of experimental data under various thermal conditions in wind tunnel experiments, and may supplement previous studies and validate relevant simulations.

“Katsuren travertine” is a paving stone produced from a porous marine limestone mined near Katsuren town on Okinawa Island, Japan, that remains relatively cool under bright sunlight. As a pavement surface, it has promise as an effective material for mitigating the urban heat island effect, having a large heat storage capacity during the daytime and radiating modest amounts of heat at night. To quantitatively evaluate this material, we compared Katsuren travertine and ordinary concrete blocks by placing them in direct sunlight and monitored their surface temperature, conductive heat flux, radiation balance, and other parameters. In another trial, the concrete was covered with high-albedo paint closely fitting the optical properties of Katsuren travertine. In both trials, the travertine had a superior thermal performance as compared with concrete. We conclude that the high reflectance and thermal properties of Katsuren travertine make it a promising potential alternative to concrete to mitigate urban heat island effects.

The research purpose of this study was to uncover the grouping of the water supply-and-demand structure in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) of China, focusing on the balance between groundwater and surface-water. Comparing the structure of water usage and the structure of groundwater usage estimated by previous studies in each region, 35 municipalities were selected and they were classified into 12 catchments in focusing on the geographical location and the similarity of the shape of the structure of water supply-and-demand. In the upper reaches, surface-water is mainly used and the share of agricultural usage is small, therefore, seasonal variability of groundwater usage is small. On the other hand, in the middle and the lower reaches, the share of groundwater is large and the share of agricultural usage is large, therefore, seasonal variability of groundwater usage is large. Especially, these characteristics are obvious in the Loess Plateau. In addition, surface-water is mainly used again in the lowermost reaches. The results qualitatively identify the spatial pattern of the classification of water supply-and-demand structure and investigate the geographical heterogeneity within each catchment. Performing a GIS (Geographic Information System) -based estimation is meaningful for grasping the geospatial pattern of water supply-and-demand structure and for providing an area-by-area report of the situation of the water resource usage. It is hoped that this study serves as an academic reference for optimizing the water resource management and for providing some policy recommendations on resource&rsquo, s sustainability by using a GIS-based approach.

To clarify the effects of mountain winds on urban temperatures, meteorological observations were conducted in the summers of 2008 and 2009 in Nagano City, central Japan. Hamada et al. (2006) showed that mountain winds blew along the Susobana River, extending into the center of Nagano City. This study selected Nagano Prefectural Office (NPO), which is near the center of Nagano City as a site to observe mountain winds blowing into the city, while Nagano Local Me teorological Observatory (NLMO) at the periphery of the city was selected as an observation site not to mountain winds. Wind conditions at NPO and NLMO were classified as days with (15 cases) and without (37 cases) mountain winds, respectively. Average air temperature, wind direction and speed, and relative humidity at the two points were compared for each case. As a result, at NPO, average wind speed was about 5 m/s, air temperature dropped, and relative humidity increased on days with mountain winds. On these days, air temperature was reduced by up to 2°C, with an average drop of 0.5°C. The drop in temperature with the mountain winds was negatively correlated (r = -0.46,p < 0.001) with wind speed, and the relationship depended on the strength of radiative cooling.

The spatial distribution of population density is crucial for analysing the relationships among economic growth, environmental protection and resource use. In this study we simulated China's population density in 1998 at 1 km×1 km resolution by integrating DMSP/OLS non-radiance-calibrated night-time images, SPOT/VGT 10-day maximum NDVI composite, population census data and vector county boundaries. Population density, both inside and outside of light patches, was estimated for four types of counties, which were classified according to their light characteristics. The model for estimating population density inside the light patches was developed based on a significant correlation between light intensity and population, while the model for estimating population density outside of light patches was constructed by combining Coulomb's law with electric field superposition principle. Our method was simpler and less expensive than existing methods for spatializing population density. The results were consistent with other estimates but exhibited more spatial heterogeneity and richer information.

By studying the county-level census data of 1990 and 2000, we analyzed the spatial and temporal changes in the floating population in China between 1990 and 2000. The results of the analysis revealed the following characteristics. First, the spatial distribution of the migrants (referred to as ‘floaters’ in this paper) became increasingly concentrated in the cities during the 1990s. Second, the number of floaters increased rapidly during this period, and the area in which the floaters settled expanded quickly into four population explosion belts: the coast, the Changjiang River Delta, the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway and national border belts. Third, the number of inter-province floaters increased rapidly and exceeded that of intra-province floaters in the 1990s. In addition, to obtain a quantitative relationship between the number of floaters and 10 socio-economic variables by using statistical methods and also to find the chiefly important pulling factors of the migration destination, the authors selected approximately 100 cities with the largest population of floaters. Consequently, we found that four factors—GDP, passenger trips per 10,000 persons, per capita GDP and foreign direct investment—could provide an explanation for 83.7% of the number of floaters in 2000. The GDP showed the highest correlation with the number of floaters, suggesting that a highly developed economy is the most important factor that attracts floaters. Furthermore, a fairly close relationship between the number of floaters and the GDP was also found in 2000 for all the counties.

近年の成長が著しい中国の巨大都市である重慶において2004年8月の典型的暑熱問題日に観測された暑熱環境指標関連のデータを解析し, 当該都市内の景観の異なる複数地点における体感温熱指標を計算し, その空間的時間的特徴について, 周辺都市構造からの検討を行った. その過程において, 都市計画GISデータなどの電子空間情報基盤へのアクセスが不可能であったため, 魚眼レンズを用いた天空写真およびRay Man Modelを用い, 観測で求められた体感温熱指標の数値計算による検証を行い, 計算値との良好な一致をみた. このことは, 精緻な電子空間情報基盤が存在しないフィールドにあっても, 簡便な手法によって一定の精度で体感温熱指標が算出できる可能性を示唆する. この手法は, 都市空間情報基盤不足地域における熱環境評価にとって有益と考えられる.

Since current administrative unit-based urban land area statistical data in China lack enough spatial information, the urbanization process research at large scale cannot be effectively supported. Based on the current administrative unit-based urban land area statistical data in China, a new approach to quickly and cheaply derive urban land information from the non-radiance-calibrated Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/ Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light imagery is presented in this paper. With the new approach, the urban pattern information in China in 1992, 1996 and 1998 was derived with the urbanization processes in China in the 1990s restored by using the non-radiance-calibrated DMSP/OLS nighttime imagery. The accuracy assessment based on the statistical data showed that the relative error between the derived total urban land area and the statistical data at national scale was less than 2% in 1992, and less than 1% in 1996 and 1998, and the maximum relative error at province scale do not exceed 10% with most of the provinces less than 3%. In addition, the urban patterns derived from the high-resolution Landsat TM imagery were compared with those from the DMSP/OLS data. The results showed that the urban pattern characteristics derived from DMSP/OLS were basically coincident with those from TM imagery with the total accuracy of about 80%. Thus it can be seen that our restored urbanization process in China in the 1990s by using the non-radiance DMSP/OLS night-time imagery can be accepted and can represent the actual urban development in China at that time on the whole.

人ロセンサスなどの統計資料を用い,中国国内における1990年と2000年の流動人口(戸籍を移さない転居人口)の空間分布,およびその変化を県レベルの精度で調べた.その結果,以下の事実が明らかとなった.流動人口の空間分布は主に都市部に集中し,北京市,天津市,珠江デルタ,長江デルタ,各省の省都が巨大な流動人口の受皿となっている.1990～2000年の10年間に流動人ロの規模と範囲は急激に増加し,1990年には到着地が大都市に集中した点状分布となっていたのが,2000年には大都市を中心とした経済発展の著しい地域に面状に分布するように変化し,沿海,長江沿い,交通要路沿い(たとえば,北京-広州問京広鉄道沿線),国境沿いの四つの増加帯を形成した.省間移動は1990～2000年の10年間に急増し,省内移動を上回るようになった.また,流入の多い約100都市について,経済格差,投資,都市化,雇用,産業構成,交通の便利さを代表する10変数を独立変数として流動人口に対して重回帰分析を行い,移動要因を解析するとともに流入大都市における流動人口を推測する重回帰式を提案した.その結果,2000年においては,都市GDP,1万人当たり旅客運送量,1人当たりGDP,海外からの投資額の4変数で流入現象の83.7%を説明できた。都市GDPが流動人口と最大の偏相関を持ち,移動先の経済力が人々を引き付ける最も重要な要因ということが裏付けられた.さらに,全国県(都市を含む2327箇所)に対して県内GDPと流動人口の回帰分析を行い,中国全県に対する流動人口を推測する式を提案した.

Nocturnal mountain breeze appears in Nagano City and it invades to central part of the urbanized area. In meteorological conditions which mountain breeze appears, urban heat island would also appear and thermal mitigation of urban heat island by mountain breeze as a relative cooler air flow is expected. In this study, features of the mountain breeze in Nagano is clarified by meteorological observations and its thermal mitigation probability on urban heat island, namely, an availability as urban ventilation lanes is discussed.

We simulated urban climate with surface boundary conditions based on satellite remote sensing (RS) data. Most previous mesoscale meteorological modeling studies use land-use data instead as the surface boundary conditions. However, small patches of vegetation-cover, such as roadside trees and garden trees, are excluded from the land-use data. Therefore, we made a fractional vegetation cover (FVC) dataset with these small patches of vegetation-cover from RS data, and then simulated the urban heat island in Tokyo with FVC data as new surface boundary conditions. In addition, we compared the above simulation results with results from a simulation that used only land-use data. The comparison shows that the air temperature with the new boundary condition is up to 1.5 °C lower than that with the old boundary condition. Furthermore, the new boundary condition led to predicted air temperatures closer to the measured temperatures than those with the old boundary condition. Therefore, it is important for urban climate simulations to include small vegetation cover.

GDPの比に比例して, 食糧余剰地域から食糧不足地域にメッシュ間の食糧輸送が起こる計画経済的な (非市場原理型の) モデル, メッシュの食糧吸引力分布形が当該メッシュのGDPに比例して決まる市場原理型のモデルの2つを構築し, 1辺約360kmの仮想島及び中国の華中～華南を対象として食糧ストック変化の数値シミュレーションを行った. 非市場原理型の線形需要空間型モデルでは, 食糧ストックの地域格差を縮小する方向に変化が進むのに対し, 市場原理型の非線形需要空間型モデルでは, 沿海部の大都市が急速に食糧を蓄積する結果, 地域格差が拡大し, 内陸地域で広域的に食糧ストックが不足するアンバランスな分布が発生する.

The principal objective of this research is to clarify the mitigation effect of heat island and air pollution in Seoul city after the restoration of the Cheong-Gye Stream and green spaces which has been one of the main highway in Seoul. The authors are monitoring several meteorological parameters such as air temperature, humidity, wind speed/velocity, and heat budgets using the automated meteorological data acquisition system settled by themselves. Also they have made field meteorological observations in and around the Cheong-Gye Stream area twice before the removal of overhead highway in June and August, 2003. Most of the previous studies, which aimed to evaluate and predict the mitigation effect of urban heat island by the expansion of water surface and green spaces in a big city, applied numerical simulation using urban climate model. However, the ongoing the Cheong-Gye Stream restoration project in Seoul city will surely provide us a rare opportunity to verify the mitigation effect of heat island by monitoring the various meteorological factors during the course of this big project from beginning to completion. The results might contribute not only to the urban climatology but also to the urban planning studies.

A special material for pavement, “Katsuren Travertine” is produced from limestone (foraminifera rich) mined enough around Katsuren Town in the Okinawa Island. One advantage of “Katsuren Travertine” as a paving material comparing with others like concrete is saving the increase of surface temperature by solar radiation. To apply this “Katsuren Travertine” on pavement in urban area for thermal environmental mitigation, the saving mechanism has to be quantitatively evaluated. The authors have settled “Katsuren Travertine” with the size of 5m × 5m and comparative normal concrete blocks on a flat grassland with no sunshade, and monitored surface temperature, conductive heat flux, radiation balance, and other meteorological factors from July to November in 2003. As another comparative study, the high-albedo painting which fitted the reflection rate to “Katsuren Travertine” was applied on the surface of the concrete. Due to not only its high reflectance but also its thermal physical factors like specific heat capacity, the authors concluded “Katsuren Travertine” has a potential to mitigate urban thermal environment. But more examination is necessary about the physiological impact for pedestrians of the application.

This study aims to evaluate the mitigation effects on summer thermal stress by the current distribution of urban vegetation in Tokyo Metropolitan Area using an urban climate simulation. In previous urban climate researches, land use data were used generally to generate physical characteristics of ground surface. In contrast with them, this paper emphasizes on making use of vegetation coverage ratios calculated from satellite remote sensing data, which make it possible to assess the effects of small vegetation such as roadside trees that are unable to discriminate from land use data. The result shows that air temperature is decreased 1.5°C due to vegetation during daytime on a typical summer day in Tokyo. Vertical distribution and diurnal variation of cooling effects, and direction and velocity of wind are also analyzed.

Nowadays many of the urban areas in Asian countries give more priority to economic development than to environmental issues. Information showing developing stages of urban area are generally restricted to published statistics by governments. Thus it is difficult to collect cross-sectional urban environmental indicators under a common criteria.DMSP (Defensive Meteorological Satellite Program)/OLS (Operational Linescan System) Stable Light Image (SLI) shows frequencies of light observation on the earth during nighttime. This study proposes a method to estimate spatial distribution of economic activity using SLI defined as an accessible indicator of light observation.From the enormous archives in NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), the authors established temporal data sets in Asian region for 1992-3, 1996, 1998 and figured out impacts of-Asian economic crisis (1997)-stress in the marginal zone between India and Pakistan-temporal variability of fisheries in the Japan Sea (the Eastern Sea) through the analyses on these data sets.They also compared these data sets summed up in each province in China with some published statistics on socio-economic factors. Intensity of the nocturnal light showed high alterability for GDP and consumption of electricity (per km2).

To evaluate vulnerability of cereal transportation and stocks estimated from the land use and supply-demand on cereal in China, two types of numerical models (Non-market type and Market type) were developed and applied to this topic. Input data were 20km-cell base. Target year was around 1995. In case of no cereal transportation, severe cereal shortage appeared in urban regions. In the non-market-type model, cereal was transported from grid-cells with positive cereal stocks to grid-cells with the negative in proportion to the ratio of their GDP. In the market-type model, each grid cell absorbed cereal from surrounding cells in proportion to its GDP (economic potential). In the non-market-type model, regional imbalances of cereal stocks were decreased by the cereal transportation. However, the result in the market-type model showed some risk of decreasing cereal stocks in hinterlands of productive regions and in urban regions far from productive regions, especially coastal zone in the south China, because a quick accumulation of cereal in the coastal municipalities enlarged such regional imbalances.

This study analyzed new residential property values of Xi’an City in March, 2014. Results show that accessibility indices, such as distance to CBD, have been well capitalized into the residential property values. Particularly, a within-zone housing unit is sold 9.4% more than if it was outside the attendance zone of a Key Primary School, i.e. home buyers have how much willingness-to-pay for the high-quality educational resource. Another corollary is got that the accessibility to subway stations has not significantly been capitalized, only with a low premium reflecting in the real estate market of Xi’an City. Considered that spatial local singularities caused by unobserved variables or estimation bias can be associated with multi-regression errors, this study herein has explored an unconventional viewpoint to residual problem, which combines the regional differences (coming from real world) and the spatial distributions of singularities (feedback from data). Furthermore, whole samples are classified into 5 agglomerations for revealing the underlying reasons about the future trend and variation of real estate market within each region. It is effective to provide scientific basis of decision making for the real estate investors and planners.

発展途上国の巨大都市において、悪化の著しい熱環境を改善する意図を念頭におき、中国の最大都市である上海を対象として、メソスケール気象モデルによる夏季静穏日の地上気温及び地上風系の数値シミュレーションを行った。また、急激な都市の発展が都市熱環境に与える影響を把握した。都市熱環境の改善には、人工排熱の削減より都市部の緑化促進などの土地被覆改善の方が有効であることが確認された。

It is an urgent subject to know the geographical distribution of potential arable land in order to estimate the potential land productivity in China. In this study we have developed a 2km-grid digital map of potential arable land of China in consideration of only natural conditions, such as topographical factors, climatic factors, and soil and water factors. Furthermore, we have developed a map of convertible arable land by overlaying with the map of potential arable land and that of actual arable land in 1997. The results showed that:(1) A large amount ofconvertible arable land is distributed in the north of China, such as Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and Liaoning Provinces, while a small amount of convertible land in the south and Qingzang Plateau;(2) Some areas in Shanxi, Shaanxi provinces in the Loess Plateau and Sichuan Province, which are considered not to be suitable for cultivation, have been cultivated. In such areas, cultivation should be stopped and cultivated land should be returned to grassland or forestland.

下水から得られる温熱エネルギーを都市内で有効に再利用するための地域熱供給施設の立地について, 専用に開発されたGISにより, 東京23区内の全11下水処理区を対象とした温熱需要と熱供給事業における排熱利用との空間的整合性に対する解析を行った. 地域熱供給事業適性評価を地域別に示すため, 熱の需給関係や利用可能性の類型化を試みた. 下水道幹線上の3ヶ所にヒートポンプを設置する場合の利用率, ヒートポンプ1基当たりの利用可能熱量を, 幹線毎の熱の需給関係の特徴を代表させる指標として解析した. その結果, 利用率が小さくヒートポンプ1基当たりの利用可能熱量の大きい芝浦処理区は, 現状でも既に地域熱供給事業の適性が高いことが明らかになった.

Macroscopic analysis on structure of energy consumption in China and its recent succession were performed. These structures and their succession in the latter half of 1980's were classified based on regional statistics. In China, the consuming share of solid fossil fuels represented by coal is significantly large and the share of industrial sector is also large, while recently both of them are decreasing.Regional diversity of energy consumption structure is noticeable in China. For instance, Shanghai and Guangdong consume much more liquid fuels due to the development of transportation sector. In Sichuan, Henan, Hebei and Heilongjiang, the share of household sector is relatively great.In China, bottle neck of energy transportation seems to cause that structure of energy consumption reflects the regional structure of industry and type of produced fossil energy strongly. This tendency appears significantly in household sector. Through the latter half of 1980's the dependence on coal had become smaller and per capita energy consumption was increasing. The constitution of fossil fuels excluding coal shows some diversity, for instance, LPG in Beijing, natural gas in Liaoning, coal gas in Shanghai are characteristics. In urbanized region, industrial region and coastal region, the share of electricity consumption is relatively large.

This study quanti"es the contribution through energy consumption, to the heat island phenomena and discussed how reductions in energy consumption could mitigate impacts on the urban thermal environment. Very detailed maps of anthropogenic heat in Tokyo were drawn with data from energy statistics and a very detailed digital geographic land use data set including the number of stories of building at each grid point. Animated computer graphics of the annual and diurnal variability in Tokyo’s anthropogenic heat were also prepared with the same data sources. These outputs characterize scenarios of anthropogenic heat emission and can be applied to a numerical simulation model of the local climate. The anthropogenic heat #ux in central Tokyo exceeded 400 W m~2 in daytime, and the maximum value was 1590 W m~2 in winter. The hot water supply in o$ces and hotels contributed 51% of this 1590 W m~2. The anthropogenic heat #ux from the household sector in the suburbs reached about 30 W m~2 at night. Numerical simulations of urban climate in Tokyo were performed by referring to these maps. A heat island appeared evident in winter because of weakness of the sea breeze from Tokyo Bay. At 8 p.m., several peaks of high-temperature appeared, around Otemachi, Shinjuku and Ikebukuro; the areas with the largest anthropogenic heat #uxes. In summer the shortwave radiation was strong and the in#uence of anthropogenic heat was relatively small. In winter, on the other hand, the shortwave radiation was weak and the in#uence of anthropogenic heat was relatively large. The e!ects of reducing energy consumption, by 50% for hot water supply and 100% for space cooling, on near surface air temperature would be at most !0.53C. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of a three-dimensional replacement of urban thermal environment activity is discussed on the basis of numerical simulation with a mesoscale climate model. Given a three-dimensional replacement of urban activity, greater concentration decreased surface air temperatures. Such concentration is apparently effective for modifying the thermal environment during the daytime, while the reduction of energy consumption is more effective during the night-time. Through sensitivity analysis, it is shown that building width and height variations with associated drag effects modify the environment near the ground.

This paper predicts the effects of the capital relocation on a thermal environment using a meso-scale meteorological model. Five candidate cities, Tomakomai, Nasu, Hamamatsu, Toki and Ueno, are chosen for study areas.The simulation results show that temperature will rise in all the candidate cities after the relocation. The temperature rise averaged over a day is from 0.5 to 1.0 degree centigrade in each candidate city. In the coastal candidate cities, Tomakomai and Hamamatsu, the temperature will rise not only in new capital regions but also in the leeward regions because of the sea breeze.Relative contribution of land cover changes and anthropogenic heat to the temperature rise are also compared. The temperature rise in the daytime is brought mostly by land cover changes. At night the influence of anthropogenic heat becomes large, and in some candidate cities it becomes greater than that of land cover changes. These results imply the energy-saving at night is effective for controllingthe temperature rise in a new capital.

In Germany, “Klimaanalyse fuer die Stadtplanung” (Climate analysis for the urban planning) is widely practiced mainly in inland cities, for the purpose of mitigation of heat stress in summer and air pollutant load in winter.“Klimaanalyse” gives “Hinweiskarte” (Planning advice map). Planners are recommended to refer to “Hinweiskarte” for drawing “B-Plan” (Building plan; obligation to be practiced). As the result, urban planning with consideration on the urban climate protection represented by “Luftleitbahnen” (Urban ventilation path) is practiced effectively. In inland cities in Germany, wind speed is quite low through most time of the year especially during periods of high pressure in summer and polluted air mass can easily be diluted. Therefore they have to consider keeping the urban ventilation path. We Japanese have to analyse basic wind data statistically for the discussion on the necessity of urban ventilation path in Japanese cities, e.g. frequency of calm days in each season, histogram of wind velocity, geographical relationships between the dominant wind direction, “klimaaktive Flaechen” (Climatic active surfaces; e.g. green park, water body) and urban area. In this research, the authors discuss on the probability to apply “Luftleitbahnen” to Japanese and Asian cities based on comparison with German case studies.

LUIS (Land Use Information System) is a digital land use data set covering all Japan with 2 km grid. The land use on each grid point in circa 1850, circa 1900, circa 1955 and circa 1985 were compiled in LUIS. By the numerical simulations with a mesoscale model referring to LUIS, the author attempted to pick up the influence on near surface air temperature by regional warming related with land use change during around 135 years.During 4 periods, the area showing the regional warming related with land use change has expanded. This feature was significant around Tokyo and Osaka. The maximum difference between circa 1850 and circa 1985 emerged at 9PM and the minimum emerged at 6AM. The former was 1.8 Celsius degrees in Tokyo (Otemachi).Urbanization during 4 periods weakened the daytime penetration of sea breeze in south Kanto and it brought a regional warming. The warming area moved to north with expanding on the Kanto Plain by sea breeze since daytime to mid-night. But an effect of recovery of forest in the mountainous area in central Japan was not clear. In Osaka Plain the movement of warming area by sea breeze was smaller than in Kanto Plain.

On Asian countries facing a recent drastic change, the characteristics of land use change since 1970s was discussed on the basis of inter annual survey on land use data. Description of statistical relationships between land use and several kinds of factor in the field of sociology, economy and nature was attempted. In south Asia, the ratio of agricultural land use increased in proportion to a growth ofpopulation density, while in Taiwan and Korea, its ratio was decreasing in regions with high population density. There seemed to be a difference of economical developing stage and structure of food supply between these two groups of country.

代表的な未利用エネルギーである下水から得られる温熱エネルギーを都市内で有効に再利用するための地域熱供給施設の立地について, 熱需要と熱供給事業における排熱利用との空間的整合性に対する解析を行うためのGISを開発した. また, それを用いて東京23区をフィールドとした配置案の検討を試みた. 具体的には, 下水熱回収地点周辺1,250m四方を供給対象領域とした場合に温水供給を通じて賄うことが可能な熱量が最大となるようなケースを求めた. 利用可能熱量の多い落合, 三河島処理区では幹線が長く回収候補地点が多い. また温熱需要の大きな地点が多いため, ヒートポンプ1基当たりの利用可能熱量も多い. 地域熱供給施設適地選定システムとしてGISを利用する手法は有益であると思われる.