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Abstract Purpose Legg Calve Perthes disease (LCPD) is a paediatric hip disorder caused by ischemia of the femoral epiphysis, causing femoral head deformity when untreated. This study aims to determine if previously validated pelvic obliquity radiographic parameters, used for assessing acetabular retroversion in developmental dysplasia of the hip, are applicable to patients with LCPD and its prognostic value. Method A retrospective study of patients with Legg Calve Perthes disease was carried out, analysing 4 pelvic parameters: Ilioischial Angle, Obturator Index, Sharp’s Angle and Acetabular Depth-Width Ratio (ADR). The differences between healthy and affected hips were studied, and subsequently, it was assessed whether these parameters have prognostic value in the disease outcome. Results Statistically significant differences have been obtained in the ilioischial angle, obturator index and ADR, between the affected and healthy hip. However, only the Acetabular Depth-Width Ratio showed predictive value for the disease outcome. Conclusion Although this study revealed differences in pelvic parameters between healthy and diseased hips, with only the ADR showing statistical significance in the disease's evolution and prognosis, further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary.

This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined resting-state (RS) connectivity in adolescent and adult patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) using symptom provocation paradigms. Differential food reward mechanisms were investigated through separate assessments of responses to food images and low-caloric/high-caloric food consumption. Thirteen young (≤ 21 years) and seventeen adult (> 21 years) patients with AN and age-matched controls underwent two stimulus-driven fMRI sessions involving RS scans before and after the presentation of food-related stimuli and food consumption. Graph theory and machine learning were used for analyzing the fMRI and clinical data. Healthy controls (HCs) showed widespread developmental changes, while young participants with AN exhibited cerebellum differences for high-calorie food. Young individuals with AN displayed increased connectivity during the consumption of potato chips compared to zucchini, with no differences in adults with AN. Multiparametric machine learning accurately distinguished young individuals with AN from healthy controls based on RS connectivity following food visual stimulation (“anticipatory”) and consumption (“consummatory”). This study highlights the differential food reward mechanisms and minimal developmental changes in RS connectivity from youth to adulthood in individuals with AN compared to healthy controls. Young individuals with AN demonstrated heightened reactivity to high-caloric foods, while adults showed decreased responsiveness, potentially due to desensitization. These findings shed light on aberrant eating behaviors in individuals with AN and contribute to our understanding of the chronicity of the disease.

En el marco de la Tesis doctoral “El Conocimiento Didáctico del Contenido –CDC- en relación con la enseñanza de las Geotecnologías: Imagen Satelital - (IS) en el proyecto curricular de Ingeniería Topográfica en la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (Bogotá-Colombia): Estudio de caso”, se llevó a cabo una revisión del estado del arte, el cual aborda dos ejes fundamentales relacionados con el problema de investigación: i) la enseñanza de las Geotecnologías, específicamente la Imagen Satelital (IS), en el contexto de las ingenierías; y ii) el Conocimiento Didáctico del Contenido (CDC) de los profesores universitarios que imparten enseñanza en el ámbito de las Geotecnologías, focalizándose en la Imagen Satelital (IS) en ingenierías.

INTRODUCCIÓN. El concepto de tiempo es clave para entender la forma en que las personas envejecen, jugando un papel importante en la salud y en la percepción de bienestar de las personas mayores. MÉTODO. El propósito de esta investigación radica en estudiar las asociaciones entre la percepción del tiempo futuro, la edad y la satisfacción con la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores, tomando como factores moderadores los recursos individuales (condiciones de salud autoinformadas, capacidad cognitiva y funciones físicas). El diseño del estudio es de corte cuantitativo y de carácter no experimental (expost facto), a través de la técnica de cuestionario. La muestra quedó conformada por un total de 509 personas mayores de 60 años residentes en España. RESULTADOS. Los resultados revelan que la mayor parte de la muestra presenta una perspectiva del tiempo futuro extendido, percepción que se asocia a satisfacción vital incluso después de tener en cuenta recursos individuales como la salud autopercibida, y el funcionamiento físico y cognitivo. Además, a medida que aumenta la edad se presenta una perspectiva de tiempo más limitado asociada a una menor satisfacción vital; (c) los recursos individuales moderaron estas asociaciones, especialmente las condiciones de salud autoinformadas. DISCUSIÓN. Se entiende entonces que la forma en que perciben el tiempo futuro las personas mayores resulta ser un indicador de satisfacción con su calidad de vida y bienestar, independientemente de factores como la edad o los recursos individuales, lo que nos permite incidir en la importancia del tiempo subjetivo en relación con la adaptación satisfactoria en la vejez.

Adipokines are a heterogeneous group of signalling molecules secreted prevalently by adipose tissue. Initially considered as regulators of energy metabolism and appetite, adipokines have been recognized for their substantial involvement in musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and many others. Understanding the role of adipokines in rheumatic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as well as in other musculoskeletal diseases such as intervertebral disc degeneration, is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Targeting adipokines, or their signalling pathways, may offer new opportunities for the treatment and management of these conditions. By modulating adipokines levels or activity, it may be possible to regulate inflammation, to maintain bone health, and preserve muscle mass, thereby improving the outcomes and quality of life for individuals affected by musculoskeletal diseases. The aim of this review article is to update the reader on the multifaceted role of adipokines in the main rheumatic diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis and to unravel the complex interplay among adipokines, cartilage metabolism, bone remodelling and muscles, which will pave the way for innovative therapeutic intervention in the future. For completeness, the role of adipokines in intervertebral disc degeneration will be also addressed.

Dos habilidades que han de mejorarse en la etapa universitaria son el aprendizaje autorregulado (ARA) y la lectura de textos científicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar ARA, el perfil de lectura científica y la relación entre estas variables en una muestra de 1.253 estudiantes de Grado en Maestro en Educación Infantil y Primaria. Se planteó un estudio descriptivo de tipo selectivo y transversal. Se administró un cuestionario digital que incluía datos sociodemográficos, el rango de artículos científicos leídos en un cuatrimestre y el instrumento SRSI-SR adaptado para medir ARA. Los resultados evidenciaron diferencias significativas en la puntuación media en ARA a favor de las mujeres, pero no por grado estudiado o curso. El rango de lecturas científicas fue inferior a tres artículos científicos al cuatrimestre para más de la mitad de la muestra con mejores resultados en mujeres y en estudiantes de segundo curso. Todas las puntuaciones de la escala SRSI-SR adaptada mejoran con el aumento de la lectura científica. Estos hallazgos sugieren que incrementar la lectura científica en estudiantes de educación, puede mejorar sus habilidades de autorregulación del aprendizaje, fomentando también el pensamiento crítico y la elección voluntaria de lecturas científicas por parte del estudiantado.

Abstract Climate change may exacerbate the impact of invasive parasites from warmer climates through pre‐existing temperature adaptations. We investigated temperature impacts on two closely related marine parasitic copepod species that share the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) as host: Mytilicola orientalis has invaded the system from a warmer climate 90 years to adapt. In laboratory experiments with temperatures 10–26°C, covering current and future temperatures as well as heat waves, the development of both life cycle stages of both species accelerated with increasing temperature. In the parasitic stages, the growth of the established invader increased evenly from 10°C to 22°C, whereas the recent invader barely grew at all at 10°C and grew faster already at 18°C. In contrast, temperature had little effect on the transition success between life cycle stages. However, the highest temperature (26°C) limited the egg development success of the established invader and the host entry success of both species, whereas the infection success of the established invader increased at 18°C and 22°C. In general, our experiments indicate that the main effect of temperature on both species is through development speed and not life cycle stage transition success. Based on regional long‐term temperature data and predictions, the numbers of completed life cycles per year will increase for both parasites. The established invader seems better adapted for low current temperatures (around 10°C), whereas the more recent invader barely develops at these temperatures but can cope in high temperatures (around 26°C). Hence, pre‐existing temperature adaptations of the recent invader may allow the species to better cope with heat waves.

Life for today's adolescents generally involves spending a large part of their time in front of a screen, permanently connected to the internet. It is no surprise to learn that recent years have witnessed an increase in the number of studies on how adolescent identities are being affected by the phenomenon of hyperconnectivity. This article addresses the perception adolescents have of the uses and functions they encounter during the time they are online and their self-perceived risks, as well as the tools or strategies they use to tackle the threats of a hyperconnected society. This involved designing a qualitative study in which 130 adolescents took part in different focus groups. The results revealed that adolescents use technologies mainly as a means of communication and entertainment, and as they mature, they perceive greater risks associated with this use. The study also found that they deploy few tools and strategies to deal with the self-perceived risks.

Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective approach to suppress gene expression and monitor gene regulation. Despite its wide application, its use is limited in certain taxonomic groups, including cnidarians. Myxozoans are a unique group of cnidarian parasites that diverged from their free-living ancestors about 600 million years ago, with several species causing acute disease in farmed and wild fish populations. In this pioneering study we successfully applied RNAi in blood stages of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari, combining a dsRNA soaking approach, real-time PCR, confocal microscopy, and Western blotting. For proof of concept, we knocked down two unusual actins, one of which is known to play a critical role in S. molnari cell motility. We observed intracellular uptake of dsRNA after 30 min and accumulation in all cells of the typical myxozoan cell-in-cell structure. We successfully knocked down actin in S. molnari in vitro, with transient inhibition for 48 h. We observed the disruption of the cytoskeletal network within the primary cell and loss of the characteristic rotational cell motility. This RNAi workflow could significantly advance functional research within the Myxozoa, offering new prospects for investigating therapeutic targets and facilitating drug discovery against economically important fish parasites.

Although some ancient sources relate Parmenides to the religious doctrine of fate, this concept is not usually prominent in the scholarly presentation of the Eleatic thinker. Here, we offer a tentative interpretation of the notion of necessity in Parmenides’ poem, as a peculiar philosophical understanding of the presence of fate in reality. Necessity, divinised by Parmenides, implies that all things are bound together by the chains of fate. Therefore, his philosophical proposal consists in understanding this unity of reality originated by the connexion of fatal necessity. However, this presence of fate in all things is not bad news, but also means that everything is connected by Love.

Science is part of the educational curricula, and its teaching is the responsibility of teachers. Since 2000, scholars from The Organisation for Economic Co-operation (OECD) countries have been tested in science by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), despite the diversity in national higher education systems. This requires a global perspective on teaching methods and the scientific competencies of teachers. This systematic review addresses scientific knowledge among educators and the strategies for improving this knowledge in higher education. The twenty-five articles were evaluated following PRISMA guidelines. Five large databases (WOS, Scopus, Proquest, EbscoHost and PubSyc) were searched systematically using the main concept of scientific literacy in the target group: teachers, pre-service teachers, and educators involved in science education. Google Scholar was also examined to avoid publication bias. The procedure was guided by the CADIMA Software to ensure transparency and accuracy. The findings indicate medium or low levels in scientific literacy (SL) and low scores in the nature of science (NOS) among the sample. Explicit instruction, such as inquiry-based, solving-problem, and modelling approaches, could enhance the teaching and learning of science by improving the depth of knowledge current and future teachers transfer to their pupils.

A series of C2-functionalied Pt (IV) glycoconjugates based on glucosamine have been synthesised, characterised and tested as anticancer agents on a series of different 2D and 3D cancer cell lines. The carbohydrate will act as a targeted delivery system to improve the selectivity, exploiting the Warburg Effect and the GLUTs receptors that are overexpressed in most of the cancer cells. The hydroxyl at C2 of the carbohydrates does not participate in hydrogen bonding with the GLUTs receptors, making C2 an attractive position for drug conjugation as seen in literature. In this study, we use the amino functionality at the C2 position in glucosamine and Copper-catalysed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition “click” (CuAAC) reaction to connect the prodrug Pt (IV) scaffold to the carbohydrate. We have investigated complexes with different linker lengths, as well as acetyl protected and free derivatives. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first series of Pt (IV) glucosamine-conjugates functionalised at C2.

Antecedentes: El traumatismo craneoencefálico es una de las principales causas de discapacidad en todo el mundo. Las afecciones después del traumatismo son tanto físicas como neurales, ocasionando respuestas como pirexia y alteración en la neurotransmisión. Objetivo: Evaluar los cambios de temperatura y en la neurotransmisión GABAérgica y glutamatérgica estriatal durante el déficit y la recuperación motora en un modelo de lesión cerebral traumática. Método: En ratas Wistar, se registraron la conducta motora y la temperatura durante 20 días tras una lesión, y con la técnica de microdiálisis cerebral se midieron los niveles de glutamato y de GABA estriatales. Resultados: El traumatismo produce un mayor déficit las primeras 24 horas (p < 0.05) y una recuperación motora después de 192 horas (p > 0.5). Produce un incremento en la temperatura mayormente los primeros 4 días (p < 0.001), con un restablecimiento al día 8 (p > 0.05) posterior a la lesión. Se presenta una reducción en los niveles de GABA y de glutamato al día 3, seguida de un restablecimiento durante el tiempo de la recuperación motora. Conclusiones: Los análisis de correlación sugieren que los cambios en la neurotransmisión GABAérgica y glutamatérgica estriatal, y el incremento de la temperatura, después de una lesión cerebral no están asociados con el déficit motor ni con la recuperación funcional motora.

This study aims to assess the persistence of traditional journalistic quality features within the contemporary digital ecosystem. Digital advancements have fundamentally altered media creation, notably with the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in newsrooms. AI holds potential for substantial shifts in journalism, impacting business models, dissemination methods, and professional practices. Present in 75% of newsrooms, AI streamlines tasks, allowing more creative time for journalists. Ethical and quality concerns persist, particularly regarding AI’s ability to meet journalism’s established quality standards. This article aims to investigate the incorporation of these quality criteria in news articles generated by artificial intelligence (AI). Focus group and in-depth interviews were used as methodological techniques, involving ten experts. It is concluded that journalistic ethics have remained intact despite the disruptive technological advances in recent decades. However, there is a need to integrate these ethics with new criteria associated with the tools being used. Therefore, it is necessary to consider criteria from a dual perspective: both social and technological.

Recensión del libro dirigido por M.ª Dolores Utrilla Fernández-Bermejo, El Derecho Administrativo de CastillaLa Mancha. Diagnóstico y posibilidades de evolución en un contexto multinivel, Iustel, 2022, 442 pp.

Solar power tower plants that are operated with molten salt offer the advantage that the molten salt can be used as a heat transfer medium as well as storage medium. Consequently, solar energy can be stored easily and efficiently in only one loop without transformation losses. Furthermore, by using large-scale storage facilities, almost a 24/7 base load operation is possible. Since the molten salt begin to crystallize at temperature of 238 °C, the absorber tube must be preheated before the plants’ operation can begin. During the preheating a subset of heliostats will be aimed on the receiver surface to ensure a solar flux density that leads to tube temperatures above the solar salt crystallization point. Since the absorber tubes are empty during the preheating, there is a risk of high temperature gradients and transients and thus high thermal stresses that may lead to fatigue damage. To prevent this, a preheating strategy for a molten salt test receiver was developed and tested, taking into account ambient conditions and time. The present work shows the results of the commissioning of the developed preheating strategy and discusses its potential for improvement.

This study aimed to present the occurrence of sixteen mycotoxins in 105 meat alternatives based on wheat, legumes, and vegetables from Italy. The targeted mycotoxins were aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1, FB2), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2/HT-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin B (ENNB), and beauvericin (BEA). The occurrence of mycotoxins was between 0% (AFB2) – 97.4% (ENNB). Mycotoxin co-occurrence varied from binary combinations up to mixtures of twelve. To assess the dietary exposure and potential health risks we simulated the replacement of meat consumption for Italian consumers with meat alternatives. The cumulative exposure to Alternaria mycotoxins and trichothecenes indicated a potential health risk while the exposure to aflatoxins and ochratoxin A indicated a potential health concern related to liver and renal cancer in the model scenario. Moreover, we estimated the risk of liver cancer from exposure to AFB1 and quantified the potential burden using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Luckily, the potential risk of liver cancer was low between 0 and 0.05/100,000 individuals with an associated burden of disease of 0.83 DALYs/100,000 individuals. Taking into consideration the presence of meat alternatives on the food market and the ongoing shift towards plant-based diets there is a need for continuous monitoring to keep the occurrence at safe levels. More attention is needed from the regulatory side for policymakers to consider the legislations of mycotoxins in meat alternatives.