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El puercoespín pardo, Coendou vestitus, se encuentra entre los roedores endémicos más amenazados de Colombia, con presencia corroborada en pocas localidades de la cordillera Oriental, en los departamentos de Boyacá y Cundinamarca. Presentamos registros recientes para tres localidades y observaciones de historia natural, como horarios de actividad y el uso de la cola a manera de soporte durante el desplazamiento. Como parte del conocimiento local se ha identificado el uso de sus púas como defensa ante animales domésticos y el consumo de cañas de chusque (Chusquea sp.), al igual que el uso de las espinas por parte de pobladores de las zonas de registro, relacionado con sus creencias. Nuestros registros, amplían a diez el número de localidades para el flanco occidental de la cordillera Oriental, en la ecorregión Selvas Montanas del Valle del Magdalena. Los registros fueron obtenidos durante el día y la noche, lo que hace necesario estudiar los patrones de actividad de los Coendou, generalizados como nocturnos, y obtener nuevos datos sobre la historia natural de esta especie. The brown hairy dwarf porcupine Coendou vestitus is among the most threatened endemic rodent species, with a corroborated presence in few localities in the Eastern Cordillera; departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca. We present new records for three localities and natural history observations such as the use of the tail as a support during locomotion and activity hours. As part of local knowledge, the use of their quills as defense against domestic animals and the consumption of chusque (Chusquea sp.) has been identified, as well as the use of the quills by local people in the localities of the records related to their beliefs. Our records extend to 10 the number of localities for the western flank of the Eastern Cordillera, in the Magdalena Valley Montane Forests ecoregion. The records were obtained during the day and at night, so it is necessary to study the activity patterns within Coendou, generalized as nocturnal, and obtain new data on the natural history of this species. © 2021 Parlar Scientific Publications. All rights reserved.

Torres-Martínez, María M, Aya-Cuero, Carlos A, Noguera-Urbano, Elkin A, Passos, Fernando C, Ramírez-Chaves, Héctor E (2021): Coendou vestitus (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). Mammalian Species 53 (1003): 43-50, DOI: 10.1093/mspecies/seab005, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/seab005

Olallamys albicaudus (G��nther, 1879) White-tailed Olalla Rat Thrinacodus albicauda G��nther, 1879:145. Type locality ���the vicinity of Medellin, Columbian Confederation.��� Thrinacodus apolinari Allen, 1914:387. Type locality ���Tomeque [= F��meque] (altitude 6500 feet), Bogota district, Colombia.��� Thrinacodus albicauda albicauda: Cabrera, 1961:545. Name combination. Thrinacodus albicauda apolinari: Cabrera, 1961:545. Name combination. Olallamys albicauda: Woods, 1993:790. First use of current name combination, but incorrect gender of specific epithet. Olallamys (= Thrinacodus) albicauda: P��rez-Torres and Correa, 1997:44. Name combination. Olallamys albicaudus: Emmons, Patton and Leite, 2015:887. Emendation of the specific epithet albicauda. CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Context as for genus. Two subspecies have been described (Cabrera 1961) based on morphological characters that are sometimes variable, like tail color, tooth size, and skull size (Emmons 2015). To date a lack of a suitable number of specimens has prevented a rigorous analysis of geographic variation and 2 subspecies are currently recognized (Emmons 2015): O. a. albicaudus (G��nther, 1879:145). See above. O. a. apolinari (Allen, 1914:387). See above. NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. The generic name Olallamys was created to replace Thrinacodus G��nther, 1879, the original generic name, which is preoccupied by Thrinacodus St. John and Worthen, 1875 (a fossil shark���Emmons 1988). English common names are white-tailed Olalla rat, and Colombian soft-furred spiny rat; vernacular names used in South America include rata de los chusques, and conocono de los chuscales (Rodr��guez-Mahecha et al. 1995; P��rez-Torres and Correa 1997; Delgado-V. and Zurc 2005; Woods and Kilpatrick 2005). The genus name, Olallamys, is a combination of ���Ollala��� from the last name of the professional collector Carlos Olalla and his sons (Alfonso, Manuel, Ram��n, and Rosalino), and mys (Greek), meaning mouse; the specific epithet, albicaudus, is derived from albi [albus] (Latin), meaning white, and caudus (Latin), meaning tail. DIAGNOSIS Olallamys differs from the other 2 representatives (Dactylomys and Kannabateomys) of the subfamily Dactylomyinae by a combination of characters. In Ollallamys, the toes present a normal shape (middle digits elongated in Dactylomys and Kannabateomys), except for the 2nd pair (d2) on the hind foot which present an oblique asymmetrical nail (Thomas 1916; Emmons et al. 2015). The tail is sparsely haired and intermediate in the degree of hairiness between the tails observed in the Bolivian bamboo rat (Dactylomys boliviensis) and Amazon bamboo rat (D. dactylinus ���less haired), and Montane bamboo rat (D. peruanus) and Atlantic bamboo rat (Kannabateomys amblyonyx ���more haired���Thomas 1916; Emmons et al. 2015). Cranially, the palate is narrow in Olallamys and Dactylomys (wider in Kannabateomys) and the zygomatic arches are widest posteriorly in Olallamys and Dactylomys (widest anteriorly in Kannabateomys). The hypoflexids and metaflexids are united to form an anterior V-shaped loph and a single posterior loph in Olallamys and Dactylomys; these remain separate in Kannabateomys (Emmons et al. 2015). Olallamys albicaudus can be distinguished from the greedy Olalla rat O. edax by its smaller size (zygomatic breadth O. albicaudus and O. edax are conspecific; however, the reduced number of specimens available in museums limits proper analysis (Emmons et al. 2015). GENERAL CHARACTERS Olallamys albicaudus (Fig. 1) is a medium-sized rat with soft, dense, and long dorsal fur (about 25���30 mm in length). The dorsal fur is a bright reddish-brown (Fig. 1), with the longest hairs being black towards the tips. Ventral fur is whitish (G��nther 1879; Allen 1914). Tail is long with the terminal onehalf white, with gray-tinged hairs towards the tip (Allen 1914; Emmons et al. 2015). The rostrum is short (> 2/3 of the total cranium length��� G��nther 1879). The interorbital border is straight (Allen 1914). Overall, the skull (Fig. 2) is narrow with the rostrum extending anteriorly approximately the same or less than the upper toothrow length (Allen 1914). The incisive foramina are short; however, they extend into the maxillaries (G��nther 1879). Molars are broad and almost in contact in the midline, interrupting the continuity of the bony palate (G��nther 1879). Cheek teeth are low (brachyodont), heavy and broad, with the hypoflexids and mesoflexids coalescing forming, with the 4 lophs, 2 independent V- or Y-shaped pair of lophs. Lower molars with 2 lingual and 1 labial flexids. The hypoflexids and metaflexids are united to form an anterior V-shaped loph and a single posterior loph (Allen 1914; Emmons et al. 2015). Mean external measurements (mm; with parenthetical ranges) of 2 females (Instituto de Investigaciones Biol��gicas Alexander von Humboldt [IAvH 1218] and Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia [ICN 17047]), and one male (IAvH 3857) were: total length, 558 (535���580); length of tail, 327.3 (319���343); length of hind foot (without claws), 39.4 (38.4���41.0); length of hind foot (with claws), 42.6 (41.4���44.0); length of ear, 21 (20���22). Craniodental measurements (mm) of the same 2 female specimens (skull of male specimen missing) were: greatest length of skull, 51.7, ���; condylobasal length, 48.3, ���; zygomatic breadth, 22.0, 24.8; mastoid width, 19.4, ���; least interorbital breadth, 11.7, 11.5; length of nasals, 17.0, 17.1; width of nasals at middle, 5.9, 5.1; length of upper toothrow, 14.1, 14.2; length of lower toothrow, 14.0, 14.6. External measurements (mm) of the holotype of O. albicaudus albicaudus (Natural History Museum, London [BMNH 1878.8.31.10]), and the holotype of O. a. apolinari (American Museum of Natural History [AMNH 36245]), respectively, were: total length, ���, 340; length of tail, 255, 260; length of hind foot, ���, 40; length of ear, ���, 13 (G��nther 1879; Allen 1914). Craniodental measurements (mm) of the holotype of O. a. apolinari were: greatest length of skull, 57.0; condylobasal length, 50.8; zygomatic breadth, 26.6; mastoid width, 20.3; least interorbital breadth, 11.5; length of nasals, 18.4; width of nasals at middle, 5.3; breadth of braincase, 19.8; length of upper toothrow, 14.3; length of lower toothrow, 14.5. DISTRIBUTION Olallamys albicaudus is known from localities in the Central Cordillera in the Department of Antioquia ��� Reserva San Sebasti��n-La Castellana (06��06 ��� N, 75��33 ��� W; 2,800 m), P��ramo de Belmira (06��38 ��� N, 75��40 ��� W; 3,145 m), and vicinities of Medell��n (without precise locality���G��nther 1879; Delgado-V. and Zurc 2005), the Department of Valle del Cauca (without precise locality���Rojas-D��az et al. 2012), and the municipality of Salento (04��38 ��� N, 75��34 ��� W; 2,740 m), Department of Quind��o (Universidad del Valle [UV 3368]��� Alberico et al. 2000). In the Eastern Cordillera from the Department of Cundinamarca ��� Carpanta, Jun��n (04��36 ��� 07.09 ��� N, 73��39 ��� 29.64 ��� W; 2,400 m [ICN 17047]���Mu��oz et al. 2000), Chingaza Natural National Park (P��rez-Torres and Correa 1997; Mu��oz et al. 2000), Choach�� (04��32 ��� N, 73��56 ��� W; 1,924 m; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution [USNM 091820]), San Cristobal, Bogot�� (04��34 ��� 0.00 ��� N, 74��04 ��� 59.99 ��� W; 2,600 m; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago [FMNH 71128���71129]), F��meque (about 04��29 ��� N, 73��53 ��� W; 1,980 m [AMNH 36245]��� Allen 1914; Mar��a 1914), Soacha, Finca El Soche, 15 km W of Soacha (04��34 ��� 59.88 ��� N, 74��13 ��� 00.12 ��� W; 3,000 m [IAvH 1218, IAvH 3857]���Mu��oz et al. 2000), and Tabio, Reserva Passiflora (04��55 ��� 420.20 ��� N, 74��6 ��� 53.30 ��� W; 1,912 m���Li��vano-Latorre and L��pez-Ar��valo 2015). Southernmost records are represented by specimens collected in La Cocha, Nudo de Los Pastos in the Department of Nari��o (UV 9710���Ram��rez-Chaves and Noguera-Urbano 2011). Although it has been suggested that the genus Olallamys is endemic to the Choc�� rainforest (Fabre et al. 2013), O. albicaudus is only known from the Andes region of Colombia (Fig. 3). No fossils are known. FORM AND FUNCTION The baculum of Olallamys albicaudus ranges between 6 and 9.5 mm in length (n = 2). It is barely convex, narrow, swollen, slightly raised at the proximal end (1.5���1.6 mm, n = 2), and the ventral surface is flat and incised with small lateral edge marks. The distal end (1.0��� 1.1 mm, n = 2) forms a small cup, which bears a long extension of cartilage; the proximal extremity increases in size forming a marked and large angulation, which is slightly narrow at the proximal end, but larger than the distal end (Didier 1962). The dental formula of O. albicaudus is i 1/1, p 1/1, m 3/3, total 20. ECOLOGY Little is known of the habitat preferences and the natural history of Olallamys albicaudus other than the information from the localities where the reported specimens have been found (see Emmons et al. 2015), mainly because the species is arboreal (Emmons 2005), inconspicuous, and inhabits high-elevation bamboo tickets which makes it difficult to capture (Delgado-V. and Zurc 2005). It is known from mountain ecosystems (2,000 ���3,200 m), including P��ramos, in Central and Eastern Cordillera, and the Nudo de Los Pastos (Alberico et al. 2000; Delgado-V. and Zurc 2005; Ram��rez- Chaves and Noguera-Urbano 2011). It has a preference for dense bamboo thickets in montane forests (Eisenberg 1989). In Cundinamarca, O. albicaudus has been found in Andean forest with predominance of Chusquea tessellata. A nest with 3 individuals was found in May 1914 in high-elevation bamboo thickets (Chusquea) in F��meque, Cundinamarca (Mar��a 1914). Additional dental remains have been found in scats of crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) in 2 localities of the Central Cordillera in the Department of Antioquia (Delgado-V. and Zurc 2005). Although it has been suggested that O. albicaudus inhabits the Choc�� rainforest (Fabre et al. 2013), the data available for this species indicate that this is unlikely. One specimen from Nari��o (UV 9710) tested negative for the Pichind�� virus (Trapido and Sanmart��n 1971), and 3 specimens from Cundinamarca (IAvH 1218, IAvH 3857, UV unknown number) tested negative for Echinococcus (D���Alessandro et al. 1981). GENETICS Two studies have evaluated the phylogenetic position of Olallamys albicaudus. Upham et al. (2013, 2015) used sequences of 1 mitochondrial (cyt- b) and 2 nuclear markers (GHR and vWF) of O. albicaudus and additional markers (e.g., 12S, RAG1) from other species (e.g., bamboo rats��� Kannabateomys amblyonyx and Dactylomys) to study the evolution of caviomorph rodents. The genetic material of O. albicaudus was obtained from 2 historic specimens housed at the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH 71128 and 71129), collected in Bogot��, San Cristobal. The analyses placed O. albicaudus as part of a clade formed by Kannabateomys, Olallamys, and Dactylomys, these 3 groups shared a most recent common ancestor of about 10.3 million years ago (Upham et al. 2013, 2015). The Amazon is suggested as the ancestral geographic range of all bamboo rats, with a post- Pliocene dispersal of Olallamys to its current endemic range in the Andes (Upham et al. 2013). CONSERVATION Olallamys albicaudus is only known from a total of 17 records from 12 localities: 14 museum specimens, 2 cranial fragments and molars found in scats (e.g., Delgado-V. and Zurc 2005), and 1 video and photographic record (Li��vano-Latorre and L��pez-Ar��valo 2015). Two specimens deposited in the collection of the Universidad de La Salle, Bogota, collected with the holotype of Thrinacodus apolinari (Mar��a 1914) are lost and probably were destroyed in a fire that affected the collection in 1948 (Mantilla-Meluk et al. 2014). Globally, O. albicaudus is considered ���Data Deficient��� by the International Union for Conservation of Nature because of the known patchy distribution and insufficient records (Delgado and G��mez-Laverde 2008). However, Olallamys might be at a high risk of extinction because it is endemic to a small peripheral Andean ecosystem in comparison with other representatives of the family (Emmons 2005). O. albicaudus has been reported in some protected areas: Chingaza National Natural Park, Reserva Carpanta, and Reserva Passiflora (Department of Cundinamarca), and Reserva San Sebasti��n-La Castellana (Department of Antioquia). A major threat to O. albicaudus is the deforestation of the Colombian Andean ecosystems (Delgado and G��mez-Laverde 2008)., Published as part of Ram��rez-Chaves, H��ctor E., Velazco, Pa��l M., Li��vano Latorre, Luisa F. & Torres-Mart��nez, Mar��a M., 2017, Olallamys albicaudus (Rodentia: Echimyidae), pp. 18-22 in Mammalian Species 49 (943) on pages 18-21, DOI: 10.1093/mspecies/sex002, http://zenodo.org/record/4573424, {"references":["GuNTHER, A. 1879. On a new rodent from Medellin. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1879: 144 - 145.","ALLEN, J. A. 1914. New South American bats and a new Octodont. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 33: 381 - 389.","CABRERA, A. 1961. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Parte II. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \" Bernardino Rivadavia \". Ciencias Zoologicas 4: xxii + 1 - 732.","EMMONS, L. H., J. L. PATTON, AND Y. L. R. LEITE. 2015. Subfamily Dactylomyinae Tate, 1935. Pp. 880 - 888 in Mammals of South America. Volume 2. Rodents (J. L. Patton, U. F. J. Pardinas, and G. D'Elia, eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.","DELGADO- V, C., AND D. ZURC. 2005. New records of Olallamys albicauda (Rodentia: Echimyidae) in Antioquia, Colombia. Brenesia 63 - 64: 131 - 132.","ALBERICO, M., A. CADENA, J. HERNaNDEZ- CAMACHO, AND Y. MUnOZ- SABA. 2000. Mamiferos (Synapsida: Theria) de Colombia. Biota Colombiana 1: 43 - 75.","FABRE, P. - H., T. GALEWSKI, M. TILAK, AND E. J. P. DOUZERY. 2013. Diversification of South American spiny rats (Echimyidae): a multigene phylogenetic approach. Zoologica Scripta 42: 117 - 134.","DIDIER, R. 1962. Note sur L'os penien quelques rongeurs de L'Amerique du Sud. Mammalia 26: 408 - 430.","EMMONS, L. H. 2005. A revision of the genera of arboreal Echimyidae (Rodentia: Echimyidae, Echimyinae), with descriptions of two new genera. Pp. 247 - 309 in Mammalian diversification: from chromosomes to phylogeography (a celebration of the career of James L. Patton) (E. A. Lacey and P. Myers, eds.). University of California Publications in Zoology 133. University of California Press, Berkeley.","EISENBERG, J. F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics. Volume 1: The Northern Neotropics: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.","D'ALESSANDRO, A., R. L. RAUSCH, G. A. MORALES, S. COLLET, AND S. ANGEL. 1981. Echinococcus infections in Colombian animals. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30: 1263 - 1276."]}

The Colombian Weasel (Mustela felipei) is perhaps the rarest carnivore species in South America (Schreiber et al. 1989), due to the small number of known and validated records (Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2012, Ramírez-Chaves & Patterson 2014) . The species can be included in category C of rarity, according to Arita et al. (1990), because it has restricted distribution and low population densities. Although it has been mentioned that there are at least 10 registration locations (Emmons & Helgen 2008, Burneo et al. 2009), it has also been shown that many of them lack support (Ramírez Chaves & Mantilla-Meluk 2009, Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2012), due to these circumstances a call for prudence has been made when it comes to presenting records on the species (Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2012)., La Comadreja Colombiana (Mustela felipei) es quizás la especie de carnívoro más rara de Sudamérica (Schreiber et al. 1989), debido al escaso número de registros conocidos y validados (Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2012, Ramírez-Chaves & Patterson 2014). La especie puede incluirse en la categoría C de rareza, de acuerdo a Arita et al. (1990), debido a que presenta distribución restringida y bajas densidades poblacionales. Aunque se ha mencionado que existen al menos 10 localidades de registros (Emmons & Helgen 2008, Burneo et al. 2009), también se ha demostrado que muchas de ellas carecen de soporte (RamírezChaves & Mantilla-Meluk 2009, Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2012), debido a estas circunstancias se ha hecho un llamado a la prudencia cuando se trata de presentar registros sobre la especie (Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2012).