Search

Trees in cities can make communities more resilient to climate change and provide sustainable infrastructure for heat mitigation and stormwater regulation. Urban areas around the world are growing, and there is potential to plan for urban forestry to be equitable and sustainable. In the Southwestern United States, growing populations along with a higher frequency of drought and heat waves poses a need for urban forestry management in conjunction with efficient water use. This dissertation used a mechanistic model, the Regional Eco-Hydrologic Simulation System (RHESSys), to simulate urban tree carbon and water fluxes during a multi-year drought in Southern California. Tree leaf area index (LAI), net primary productivity (NPP), and water use were estimated under different scenarios of temperature, irrigation, and neighboring land cover. In the first chapter, I used high spatial resolution remote sensing data from Santa Barbara, California of tree species, LAI, and changes to the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index during the 2012-2016 drought to create tree species parameter sets for five common urban tree species. With these urban tree parameter sets, I estimated tree drought resistance and resilience for LAI and NPP and showed how they differ in the case of a drought with similar precipitation patterns and different temperatures. I demonstrated how temperature plays an important role for tree productivity post-drought and can increase resilience. Warmer temperatures increased resilience, but only to a certain extent: 1.8C of warming increased post-drought productivity leading to higher resilience compared to the cooler temperature scenarios, but extreme warming of 4C hindered growth. In the second chapter, I used the same tree species parameters to simulate how irrigation inputs to the system would affect drought resilience and water use efficiency (WUE). The response of the average tree NPP to irrigation input during drought was non-linear, with a break-point analysis displaying a steeper decline in NPP beyond irrigation reductions of 25% to 50% depending on tree species. Transpiration was linearly related to irrigation input, and this caused WUE to increase with less irrigation. In the third chapter, I went a step further to explore irrigation effects by incorporating neighboring irrigation on turfgrass. In some city locations, mature trees on their own may not be directly receiving irrigation. However, in this study I found that trees may be receiving excess irrigation water from turfgrass area. This study also highlighted an example of hydrologic modeling with sub-grid water routing, and showed how impervious surfaces disconnected from the stormwater drainage system can increase tree productivity.

Dissertação de mestrado em Gestão e Negócios, Ter uma gestão que entenda como solucionar os problemas organizacionais é uma boa estratégia, principalmente em momentos como os vividos atualmente. A crise econômica causada pela pandemia do coronavírus tornou-se uma realidade mundial em 2020. Quase todas as empresas foram atingidas, muitas das quais foram afetadas negativamente. Desligamentos, cortes de custos e dispensas tornaram-se tarefas diárias nas organizações. O presente trabalho procura demonstrar a importância da cultura organizacional nas organizações e como ela se torna um factor relevante para passar por situações imprevisíveis. Sabemos que toda organização é composta por membros e para que todos estejam bem conectados, é necessário formular regras que determinem o seu próprio comportamento e também o ambiente organizacional. E essas normas são criadas através da cultura que define o caminho da integração. Logo, a cultura organizacional é um modelo usado para os actuais e novos membros da organização aprenderem a respeitar, exercitar e ensinar as crenças, costumes e valores, criando assim regras para a coexistência interpessoal. Entende-se que o contínuo desenvolvimento do mercado global e as constantes mudanças no ambiente pedem que as organizações reexaminem a sua própria cultura e, em alguns casos, até mesmo a mudem completamente, pois só assim poder-se-ão se adaptar ao ambiente e ao mercado. Para levar a cabo o presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo de caso acerca da influência que a cultura organizacional tem sobre as situações imprevisíveis que possam surgir em períodos de crise, com ênfase na pandemia da COVID-19. Neste sentido, desenvolveu-se um estudo exploratório de caráter qualitativo, que consistiu na realização de 20 entrevistas semiestruturadas, como método de recolha de dados. A análise dos dados provenientes das entrevistas permitiu uma melhor compreensão da relação que a cultura de uma organização tem na resolução de possíveis problemas em situações de crise., Having a management that understands how to solve organizational problems is a good strategy, especially in times like those currently experienced. The economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic became a global reality in 2020. Almost all companies were affected, many of which were negatively affected. Shutdowns, cost cutting and layoffs have become daily tasks in organizations. This paper seeks to demonstrate the importance of organizational culture in organizations and how it becomes a relevant factor to go through unpredictable situations. We know that every organization is composed of members and for everyone to be well connected, it is necessary to formulate rules that determine their own behavior and also the organizational environment. And these norms are created through the culture that defines the path to integration. Therefore, organizational culture is a model used for current and new members of the organization to learn to respect, exercise and teach beliefs, customs and values, thus creating rules for interpersonal coexistence. It is understood that the continuous development of the global market and the constant changes in the environment require organizations to re-examine their own culture and, in some cases, even change it completely, as only then will they be able to adapt to the environment and to the market. To carry out this work, a case study was carried out on the influence that organizational culture has on unpredictable situations that may arise in periods of crisis, with an emphasis on the COVID-19 pandemic. In this sense, an exploratory study of a qualitative nature was developed, which consisted of conducting 20 semi-structured interviews, as a method of data collection. The analysis of data from the interviews allowed a better understanding of the relationship that the culture of an organization has in solving possible problems in crisis situations.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI) viabilizando a via verde, Cadernos BAD, N.�� 2 (2014): Atas da 5�� Confer��ncia Luso-Brasileira sobre Acesso Aberto

Critério é uma ferramenta típica da avaliação e pode ser definido como uma dimensão-padrão em função da qual a realidade do objeto da avaliação receberá julgamento qualitativo e/ou quantitativo. Em uma avaliação, o procedimento de elaborar, esclarecer, negociar e aplicar critérios para determinar o valor (ou mérito) do objeto avaliado faz parte de um exercício metodológico que deve ser cuidadoso. Este artigo apresenta critérios de julgamento para avaliar a satisfação dos usuários com a dispensação dos medicamentos para o tratamento do HIV/Aids e seu processo de construção por meio de consenso entre diferentes atores sociais. Para estabelecer o consenso utilizou-se técnica de Delfos, uma técnica formal utilizada para consenso de especialistas com metodologia e processos estruturados. Neste estudo, foram considerados especialistas aqueles com experiência acadêmica e em gestão, bem como ativistas informados e comprometidos com a questão. Os achados foram sistematizados sob a forma de uma nova estrutura de satisfação, sob a qual os critérios construídos são articulados hierarquicamente. Buscou-se contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia metodológica participativa em avaliação e ampliar o conhecimento sobre a satisfação dos usuários e a dispensação dos medicamentos para HIV/Aids. A criterion is a typical tool in the evaluation field that can be defined as a standard-dimension under which the object of an evaluation receives qualitative or quantitative judgments. During an evaluation, several rigorous methodological procedures are involved in development and application of suitable criteria to determine the value of the object being evaluated. This article presents a set of criteria to evaluate user satisfaction with HIV/Aids-related pharmaceutical delivery services. The criteria construction process involved consensus amongst different experts, from academia, NGOs, management, by means of the Delphi technique. This technique prescribes a series of formal steps towards a consensus of experts, based on pre-structured methodology and processes. The findings were systematically organized in a structure under which the resulting satisfaction criteria are hierarchically organized. Results suggest the importance of developing a methodological strategy in evaluation that involves participation of different actors and of enhancing knowledge on user satisfaction and pharmaceutical delivery services for HIV/Aids.

A seleção de medicamentos essenciais orienta a utilização eficaz, segura e racional de medicamentos. O texto descreve e discute o processo e os resultados alcançados pelo trabalho da Comissão de Farmácia e Terapêutica do Instituto Fernandes Figueira no momento de revisão de sua lista de medicamentos, ressaltando as implicações para a gestão, para a clínica e para a formação médica e da equipe multidisciplinar. Os dados trabalhados foram resgatados de documentos produzidos pelo grupo entre abril de 2005 e março de 2008. Foram trabalhados três grupos de medicamentos. Os achados apontam diminuição mínima de 44% no quantitativo de itens. O processo envolveu grande número de profissionais de diferentes categorias e setores do hospital. Embora demorada e complexa, estima-se que a revisão da lista de medicamentos tenha despertado todos para a necessidade de repensar a utilização do arsenal terapêutico, contribuindo para uma formação mais centrada no paradigma da evidência científica e favorecendo a adesão aos produtos finais. Essential drug selection guides the efficacious, safe, and rational use of medicines. This article describes and discusses the process and results achieved in the work of the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee of the Fernandes Figueira Institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the revision of its drug list, highlighting the implications for management, clinical practice, and medical and multidisciplinary team training. The data were retrieved from documents produced by the group from April 2005 to March 2008. Three drug groups were analyzed. The findings point to a decrease of at least 44% in the amount of items. The process involved a large number of staff members from different professions and departments in the hospital. Although long and complex, it is estimated that the revision of the drug list awakened the entire staff to the need for rethinking the use of the therapeutic armamentarium, contributing to training based on the scientific evidence paradigm and favoring adherence to the drugs on the final list.

Este artigo discute a produção científica relacionada à farmácia hospitalar brasileira direcionada à internação, na tentativa de ampliar a visão sobre características e prioridades. Foram localizados dezessete artigos nas bases de dados Medline e Lilacs condizentes com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão definidos a priori. A maioria ateve-se aos componentes ensino/pesquisa, logística e farmacotécnica, a partir da observação de hospitais públicos localizados no Sudeste. Percebe-se a escassez de textos relacionados a atividades estruturais como gerenciamento e seleção. Estima-se que à formação acadêmica dos farmacêuticos atrele-se a percepção da manipulação como atividade preponderante nos serviços embora, atualmente, esta seja necessária apenas em um número restrito de hospitais. Soma-se a isto a baixa adequação das atividades realizadas a normas legais e padrões estabelecidos e a inexistência de revista brasileira dedicada ao tema e indexada pela BVS. Tendo em vista a maior freqüência de trabalhos oriundos do setor público, há, aparentemente, ou maior liberdade de atuação do farmacêutico neste setor ou menor produção científica, quantificada por publicações, no setor privado. This paper discusses the literature on hospital pharmacy services for in-patients in Brazil, seeking a broader view of its characteristics and priorities. Seventeen papers were located in the Medline and Lilacs databases that complied with the pre-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Most of them were related to teaching and research, logistics and compounding, based on observations in public hospitals in Southeast Brazil. Few studies focused on core activities such as management and selection. The academic syllabus through which pharmacy students are trained may underlie the perception that compounding is the preponderant aspect of hospital pharmacy services, although this is required in only a few institutions. Added to this is poor compliance by pharmacy activities with established norms and standards and the lack of an indexed Brazilian publication in this field. As there were far more studies of the public sector than its private counterpart, it seems as though there is either greater freedom of action in the former or less scientific output in the latter, quantified by published studies.

A farmácia hospitalar é responsável por diversas atividades com influência no cuidado à saúde de pacientes hospitalizados. Este artigo descreve a construção de critérios e indicadores de resultado para a farmácia hospitalar brasileira utilizando Delfos, um método de consenso que dispensa contato presencial. Participaram do estudo 22 especialistas de quatro regiões brasileiras. Todo processo ancorou-se no modelo lógico da farmácia hospitalar brasileira, previamente construído. Foram enviados por correio eletrônico quatro documentos de trabalho. A primeira rodada identificou 103 possíveis resultados. O julgamento quanto à adequação, relevância e possibilidade de mensuração permitiu selecionar 22 critérios que originaram 20 indicadores, agrupados em 7 aspectos da qualidade do serviço. As contribuições iniciais permitiram explicitar melhor o objetivo de quatro componentes do modelo lógico. Observa-se que todos os itens considerados como resultado pelos especialistas neste estudo encontram-se descritos na literatura, seja como indicadores de estrutura ou processo da farmácia hospitalar. Estima-se que a construção de indicadores compostos para a farmácia hospitalar, com base nos aspectos de qualidade observados, permitiria traduzir melhor sua contribuição na avaliação do cuidado a pacientes hospitalizados. The hospital pharmacy is responsible for several services which influence inpatient outcomes. This paper describes the construction of criteria and outcome indicators for Brazilian hospital pharmacies using Delphos, a consensus technique in which physical presence of specialists is not necessary. 22 specialists from 4 Brazilian regions participated. The entire process was anchored on the logical model previously constructed for the Brazilian hospital pharmacy. The four phases were conducted through e-mail contact. The first round of contributions identified 103 possible outcomes. These were screened and classified according to adequacy, relevance and measurability, producing 22 criteria that originated 20 outcome indicators, grouped in 7 separate aspects of quality of the pharmacy service. Initial contributions helped clarify four different log frame components. All of the outcomes considered by specialists in this study have been already described in the literature as structure and process indicators. Based on the results, we believe that the construction of composite indicators for the Brazilian hospital pharmacy based on the aspects of quality that emerged from the analysis would better depict these indicators' contribution to the evaluation of inpatient care.

The present study was carried out in order to determine the relationship between family violence and levels of self - esteem in women in the Band District of Shilcayo January - May 2003. The methodology used in the present study was descriptive, Used the descriptive correlational design. The universe was constituted by 925 women belonging to the clubs of mothers aged 18 - 42 years, to whom the Murillo test was applied to determine the number of women who were raped in the last month prior to the survey, 448, representing 48.4%, to which the epi info statistical package was processed for the calculation of the sample, considering a sample of 130 women for the study, which was selected by systematic sampling. Total of 130 women, 89 obtained scores of 5 to 9 points with 68.4% and 41 women obtained scores of 1 to 4 points with 31.6o / o which showed that if there is large-scale family violence. Between 64.6% for those with inadequate self-esteem and 35.4o / o with adequate self-esteem. When the variables family violence and self-esteem levels were crossed, we found that 68.4% of mothers had higher scores Of violence (5-9 points), of which 85.5% present inadequate self-esteem. Of the 31.6% who have violence scores between 1 - 4 points, 80.5% have adequate self - esteem. These results show the highly significant association (P

The purpose of this study was to analyze what a group of In-Service, Content- Area teachers in a middle school were saying to their Limited English Proficient (LEP) students as part of the curriculum and instruction, and lo categorize the comments along the lines of scientific curriculum inquiry (Foshay, 1991, as cited in Short, 1991). Observations and interview s were the primary methods of data collection for this proposed study. An analysis was made of what the teachers were saying to communicate curricular applications and instructional modifications made by In-Service, Content-Area teachers at a middle school to leach LEP students. The language that this group of teachers used was coded lo describe the originality of the types of statements made by the teachers. The study attempted to identify the curricular applications and instructional modifications made by In-Service, Content-Area teachers in a middle school. Moreover, the study attempted to fill in the gap in the literature regarding curriculum and instruction for LEP students at the middle school level. The study did not attempt to evaluate the curricular adaptations and instructional modifications of the second-language-acquisition strategies learned in university-level course for meeting the needs of LEP students. In addition, the study did not attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the In-Service, Content-Area teacher at the middle school level. Finally, the study did not attempt to predict success of the curricular adaptations and instructional modifications. The teachers in this study, who had taken university-level courses designed to meet the needs of LEP students, have been found to have applied specific second-language- acquisition methods to their delivery of curriculum and instruction. In addition, this group of In-Service, Content-Area teachers at the middle school level who have been assigned to teach LEP students use language to manage lime, lessons, and the classroom. As a result of further analysis, as related to curricular adaptations and instructional modifications, the language was found as being of substance (what), educational practice (how), and purpose (why).