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OBJECTIVE: Diabetes is a common cause of shortened life expectancy. We aimed to assess the association between diabetes and cause-specific death. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used the pooled analysis of individual data from 12 Spanish population cohorts with 10-year follow-up. Participants had no previous history of cardiovascular diseases and were 35-79 years old. Diabetes status was self-reported or defined as glycemia >125 mg/dL at baseline. Vital status and causes of death were ascertained by medical records review and linkage with the official death registry. The hazard ratios and cumulative mortality function were assessed with two approaches, with and without competing risks: proportional subdistribution hazard (PSH) and cause-specific hazard (CSH), respectively. Multivariate analyses were fitted for cardiovascular, cancer, and noncardiovascular noncancer deaths. RESULTS: We included 55,292 individuals (15.6% with diabetes and overall mortality of 9.1%). The adjusted hazard ratios showed that diabetes increased mortality risk: 1) cardiovascular death, CSH = 2.03 (95% CI 1.63-2.52) and PSH = 1.99 (1.60-2.49) in men; and CSH = 2.28 (1.75-2.97) and PSH = 2.23 (1.70-2.91) in women; 2) cancer death, CSH = 1.37 (1.13-1.67) and PSH = 1.35 (1.10-1.65) in men; and CSH = 1.68 (1.29-2.20) and PSH = 1.66 (1.25-2.19) in women; and 3) noncardiovascular noncancer death, CSH = 1.53 (1.23-1.91) and PSH = 1.50 (1.20-1.89) in men; and CSH = 1.89 (1.43-2.48) and PSH = 1.84 (1.39-2.45) in women. In all instances, the cumulative mortality function was significantly higher in individuals with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes is associated with premature death from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and noncardiovascular noncancer causes. The use of CSH and PSH provides a comprehensive view of mortality dynamics in a population with diabetes. This work was supported by MARATO TV3 (081630), Instituto de Salud Carlos III–Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional–European Regions Development Funds (Red de Investigación Cardiovascular RD12/0042 [Programa HERACLES], Red RedIAPP RD12/0005, RD06/0018, PI081327, and PI1101801), Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (2014 SGR 240), Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, and Consortium for Biomedical Research in Obesity and Nutrition. M.G. was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III– Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional–European Regions Development Fund FEDER (FIS CP12/ 03287).

Fundamentos: Las desigualdades de género en salud han sido ampliamente documentadas. El principal objetivo es evaluar si existen diferencias de género en salud percibida y utilización de servicios sanitarios, y su relación con la doble carga de trabajo, en una muestra representativa de población inmigrante y autóctona de la Región de Murcia (RM). Métodos: Se utilizaron datos de la ENS 2006 y el Estudio Salud y Culturas, 1.303 inmigrantes y 1.303 españoles residentes en la RM. La combinación del trabajo reproductivo y remunerado se consideró «doble carga» (DC). Se estimó la razón de prevalencia (RP) de la percepción positiva de salud, morbilidad crónica, limitación de actividad, visitas al médico, hospitalización, visitas a urgencias y consumo de fármacos, en cada grupo de origen, mediante métodos de regresión. Se construyeron dos modelos, añadiendo el ajuste por DC al modelo ajustado por variables sociodemográficas. Se realizó análisis inter e intrasexo. Resultados: Al ajustar por DC no se observaron cambios en las diferencias entre sexos [RP mujeres/hombres de percepción positiva salud: 0,70 (0,54-0,89) europeos Este; 0,87 (0,79-0,95) autóctonos / morbilidad crónica: 1,44 (1,14-1,82) hispanoamericanos; 1,36 (1,19-1,55) autóctonos / limitación actividad: 2,23 (1,29-3,83) hispanoamericanos; 1,45 (1,01-2,10) autóctonos / consulta médico: 1,93 (1,50-2,48) hispanoamericanos; 1,74 (1,06-2,86) marroquíes; 1,32 (1,09-1,59) autóctonos / hospitalización: 1,80 (1,02-3,17) hispanoamericanos], casi los mismos que sin ajustar. Las mujeres consumieron más fármacos que los hombres. Entre sexos, hombres (1,19; 1,06-1,33) y mujeres (1,18; 1,01-1,40) de la RM con DC compartida declararon mayor percepción positiva de salud que aquellos sin DC; hombres hispanoamericanos con DC sin ayuda: 0,67 (0,47-0,94). Conclusiones: Las mujeres presentan peores indicadores de salud y mayor uso de servicios sanitarios independientemente del origen. La doble carga no modifica las desigualdades de género en salud. Background: Gender inequalities in health have been largely documented. The main objective of this study is to assess whether there are gender differences in perceived health and health services utilization, and their relation with double workload in a representative sample of immigrants and Murcian natives. Methods: We used data from the NHS 2006 and Health and Culture Study, 1,303 immigrants and 1,303 Spanish, both residents in the Region of Murcia. With the combination of reproductive work and paid work we built up the variable "double workload” (DW). We estimated the prevalence ratio (PR) for positive self-perceived health, chronic morbidity, activity limitation, doctor's visits, hospitalization, emergency and drug use, by origin, using regression methods. Two models were constructed by adding double burden to the basic model adjusted by sociodemographic variables. Analyses were performed between and within sex. Results: After adjusting for DW, no changes were seen in the differences by gender [RP women/men of positive perception health: 0.70 (0.54-0.89) East European; 0.87 (0.79-0.95) autochthonous / chronic morbidity: 1.44 (1.14-1.82) Hispanic; 1.36 (1.19-1.55) autochthonous / activity limitation: 2.23 (1.29-3.83) Hispanic; 1.45 (1.01-2.10) autochthonous / doctor's visits: 1.93 (1.50-2.48) Hispanic; 1.74 (1.06-2.86) Moroccan; 1.32 (1.09-1.59) autochthonous / hospitalization: 1.80 (1.02-3.17) Hispanic], almost the same than unadjusted. Women used more drugs than men. Within sexes, both autochthonous men (1.19; 1.06-1.33) and women (1.18; 1.01-1.40) with shared DW had more positive self-perceived health than those without DW. Hispanic men with DW without assistance: 0.67 (0.47-0.94). Conclusions: Women have worse health indicators and greater use of health services regardless of origin. Consideration of the double workload does not explain gender inequalities in health.

Tesis-Universidad de Murcia., MEDICINA ESPINARDO. DEPOSITO. MU-Tesis 632., Consulte la tesis en: BCA. GENERAL. DEPOSITO. T.M-1996.

FUNDAMENTO: La Región de Murcia es un área de alta mortalidad coronaria y cerebrovascular en el contexto español. Además, la tendencia en mortalidad coronaria, descendente en prácticamente todas las áreas geográficas españolas, se ha incrementado en ésta ligeramente durante el periodo 1985-1991. En este estudio se evalúan las prevalencias poblacionales de diferentes factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la Región de Murcia. MÉTODOS: El trabajo se ha realizado mediante una encuesta a una población muestral representativa de la población adulta de la región (18-65 años), en la que se obtuvo una tasa de respuesta del 61%. Se realizó medición estandarizada de la tensión arterial, de la obesidad y de los lípidos séricos, junto a la aplicación de un cuestionario sobre consumo de tabaco, actividad física y diabetes. Presentación de datos estandarizados globales y truncados para los grupos de edad de 35-64 años. La recogida de información se llevó a cabo desde noviembre de 1991 a marzo de 1993. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco resultante es de 54,4% en hombres y 31,3% en mujeres. Las cifras de hipertensión son superiores en los hombres (32,3% prevalencia, 16,4% tratamiento, 2,6% control del total de hipertensos y 15,6% control entre sólo los hipertensos tratados) que en las mujeres (23,7%, 34,3%, 9,5% y 27,8%, respectivamente). Las cifras medias de colesterol son bajas en ambos sexos así como altas las cifras de HDL-colesterol en todos los grupos de edad. El Índice de Masa Corporal medio es 26,7 en ambos sexos, aunque las mujeres presentan una mayor variabilidad. La prevalencia de diabetes declarada se sitúa alrededor del 3-4%. CONCLUSIONES: Comparadas estas cifras, para los grupos de edad correspondientes, con las proporcionadas por el estudio MONICA y otros estudios en población adulta española se observa que, salvo el elevado consumo de tabaco y el alto índice de obesidad, la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular observada en la Región de Murcia estarían en el extremo más bajo de la distribución de centros MONICA. Es posible, por tanto, que existan diferencias en la asistencia al paciente coronario que expliquen en parte las tendencias desfavorables en mortalidad coronaria observadas en la Región de Murcia. BACKGROUND: The Region of Murcia is an area, within the Spanish context, of high coronary and stroke mortality. Moreover, the trend in ischaemic heart disease mortality, decreasing for almost all geographical Spanish areas, has suffered in Murcia a slight increase during the period 1985-1991. In this study the population prevalences to different cardiovascular risk factors are evaluated. METHODS: Survey of a random sample of adult population (aged 18-65) with a response rate of 61%. Standardised measurement of arterial blood pressure, obesity and serum lipids besides a questionnaire of tobacco consume, physical activity and diabetes. Presentation of standardised results for overall age groups and for the truncated 35-64 age group. The field work were from november 1991 to march 1993. RESULTS: Tobacco smoking prevalence rises up to 54,4% in men and 31,3% in women. Figures for hypertension are less favourable in men (32,3% prevalence, 16,4% treatment, 2,6% hypertension control among all hypertensives, and 15,6% control among only treated hypertensives) that among women (23,7%, 34,3%, 9,5% y 27,8%, respectively). The average serum concentrations of cholesterol are low in both sexes, as high are the HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Mean Body Mass Index is 26,7 for both sexes, although women present wider variability in the measurements. The prevalence of self informed diabetes is around 3-4%. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing these figures, for the corresponding age groups, with those offered by the MONICA study and with other studies on Spanish adult population it is possible to observe that, exception made for the high tobacco consumption and Body Mass Index seen in the Region of Murcia, the overall figures of cardiovascular risk factors are located in the lowest end of the distribution of MONICA centres ranked according their prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. It might exist, therefore, differences in the management of the coronary patient that could explain at least part of the unfavourable coronary heart mortality trends observed in the Region of Murcia.