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YKL-40 is an important protein that plays a critical role in chronic inflammation in hypersensitivity disease. In this study, the expression of YKL-40 was investigated among patients with moderate/severe persistent allergic rhinitis (M/S PAR), patients with mild (M) PAR and healthy individuals. Moreover, the association between YKL-40 and immunopathogenesis of M/S PAR was meticulously surveyed. For this purpose, surgical samples were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate YKL-40 mRNA expression. The presence and location of YKL-40 protein in the tissue samples were determined by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we measured the number of eosinophils per field in the tissue samples, blood eosinophils, total serum IgE, specific serum IgE, total nasal syndrome score (TNSS) and YKL-40 serum levels. The data indicated that production of YKL-40 in patients with M/S PAR increased significantly when compared with the control group. Furthermore, local production of YKL-40 correlated with specific IgE, nasal eosinophil count and TNSS. The results of the present study indicate that YKL-40, for its correlation with allergic clinical manifestations and symptom severity in M/S PAR patients, should be considered as a trigger factor in AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botulinum toxins were primary suggested for the neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) treatment about thirty years ago. The application of BTX-A in LUTD have just developed and the approval of BTX-A injection confirmed in for patients with both overactive bladders (OAB) and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). Actually the BTX-A medication in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is not licensed, but there is under consideration. Despite BTX-A is recommended to treat patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (ICBPS) under different occasions, its efficacy and safety in the cure of (IC/BPS) is under consideration. One difficulty is related to the toxin delivering systems. It is shown that there is no difference in BTX-A injection to body or trigone but there is a need on further large-scale studies over this subject. Moreover, Hydro distention can boost the therapeutic effect of BTX-A for IC/BPS patients. Additional studies should consider the safety and efficacy of BTX-A injection in the treatment of BTX-A., Competing Interests: None., (AJCEU Copyright © 2019.)