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Wrist arthroscopy is a constantly evolving procedure. Allowing direct visualization and dynamic testing of intra-articular structures led to a novel approach toward traumatic and degenerative lesions based on most of the classifications routinely used in wrist surgery. The development of specific instrumentation, combined with a novel understanding of the local anatomy, progressively allowed wrist surgeons to describe more ambitious and complex surgeries. Wrist arthroscopy has become an increasingly useful tool in hand and wrist surgeons’ panoply and seems promised to have further development in the future. This paper discusses the surgical technique and the various pathologies that can be treated by arthroscopy of the wrist.

Introduction: Mason Type 3 radial-head fractures are typically treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or radial-head arthroplasty (RHA). Prosthetic options include traditional monobloc implants and newer modular implants designed to match patient anatomy. While short- and medium-term outcomes of metallic RHA are generally favorable, this study aims to compare the long-term outcomes of patients treated with monobloc versus modular implants. Methods : The medical records of all the patients who underwent RHA at a level I trauma center between 2000 and 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who were available for follow-up were invited for reassessment, which included physical examination, questionnaires for the assessment of elbow pain and function, and follow-up radiographs. Results: Out of 35 patients who had RHA, 13 (37%) had a monobloc prosthesis and 22 (63%) had a modular prosthesis. Out of the patients that could be traced, 4 patients from the monobloc group and 10 patients from the modular group agreed to participate in the study. The mean follow-up time was 15 years in the monobloc group and 12.4 years in the modular group. Patients in the modular group demonstrated superior functional outcomes compared to the monobloc group, with statistically significant improvements in MEPS and DASH scores and a non-significant trend towards better ASES scores and VAS scores. Physical examination revealed a decline in function in the operated arm for both groups, with statistically significant differences favoring the modular group in elbow flexion and extension. Radiographic analysis showed varying degrees of implant loosening, with the modular group exhibiting less loosening compared to the monobloc group. Mild degenerative changes and heterotopic ossification were also observed, predominantly in the modular group. Conclusions: The results suggest that modular implants offer superior functional outcomes compared to monobloc implants. The modular group showed statistically significant improvements in elbow flexion and extension. These findings indicate that modular implants may be a more favorable option for enhancing patient outcomes. Further research with larger sample sizes is recommended to confirm these trends and to better understand the long-term benefits of modular implants.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether using a Fracture Healing Patch (FHP) device that generates pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF), applied at the fracture site immediately after open reduction and internal fixation surgery, can accelerate healing of acute distal radius fractures., Methods: In a prospective, double-blind, randomized, and sham-controlled study, thirty-two patients with DRFs treated with ORIF were included. Patients were allocated to a PEMF (active) group (n = 15) or a control (sham) group (n = 17). All patients were assessed with regard to functional Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE), SF12, and radiological union outcomes (X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans) at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively., Results: Patients treated with the FHP demonstrated significantly bone bridging at 4 weeks as assessed by CT (70% vs 54%, p = 0.05). Mean grip strength in the active group was significantly higher as compared to control (16 ± 9 kg vs 7 ± 3.5 kg, respectively, p = 0. 02). The function subscale of the PRWE was significantly better in PEMF-treated group at 6 weeks after surgery (27.2 VS 35.5, p = 0.04). No statistically significant differences were found in SF12., Conclusion: PEMF application after ORIF of DRFs is safe, may accelerate bone healing which could lead to an earlier return to daily life activities and work., Level of Evidence: I., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Joint replacement arthroplasty for the treatment of thumb osteoarthritis is gaining popularity as recent studies have demonstrated better pinch and grip strength and faster rehabilitation. Our aim was to identify early complications in modern implant designs using a multicenter study. A total of 381 patients who underwent thumb carpometacarpal replacement surgery in six participating hospitals were enrolled. The complications included were fractures, dislocations, infections, tendon and nerve injuries, and complex regional pain syndrome. Major complications were defined as a failure to implant the prosthesis, revision surgery to remove the implant, and any other need for further surgical intervention. The secondary outcomes were any other complications treated non-surgically and the timing of the complications. Eleven procedures failed, and these patients were treated with trapeziectomies. Twelve other patients required repeat surgical interventions. Minor adverse events occurred in 25.4% of the cases, and transient irritation of the superficial radial nerve and De Quervain tendinopathy were the most prevalent complications. Although this cohort depicted the learning curves of multiple surgeons, our study demonstrated low short-term failure rates. An inability to achieve primary stability of the cup in the trapezium was the leading cause of failure. Dislocations and other major complications with modern implants were very few.

Background  Open reduction and internal fixation of distal radius fractures is one of the most common procedures performed in wrist surgery. The use of volar locking plate has gained increasing interest in the past decade. Epiphyseal fixation can be done either with locking screws or smooth locking pegs, with no evidence supporting the use of one rather than the other. Purpose  The aim of this study is to compare the stability of distal radius fixation by volar locking plate using locking screws or smooth locking pegs. Methods  Adult patients with A2-A3 AO fractures treated with a volar plate with locking screws only or smooth locking pegs only were retrospectively included. Radiographic assessment was performed to evaluate extra-articular parameters in the intraoperative postreduction and fixation period and after bony healing. Forty-seven distal radius fractures were included. Results  Twenty-four fractures had fixation with locking screws and 23 had fixation with smooth locking pegs. For both groups, all radiographic parameters measured showed a statistically significant difference between the intraoperative postreduction and fixation period and the remote postoperative period after union of the fracture ( p  < 0.05) attesting a slight loss of reduction. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between the groups in radiographic extra-articular parameters. Conclusion  This clinical study shows that there is no difference in stability fixation between locking screws or smooth locking pegs in A2-A3 distal radius fractures. Clinical Relevance  The use of smooth locking pegs only for epiphyseal fixation appears to be safe in volar plating of A2-A3 distal radius fractures in adult patients and could be an alternative to locking screws. More clinical data are needed to confirm these results. Level of Evidence  Level III; retrospective comparative study., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

A neuroma-in-continuity is a neuroma resulting from a nerve injury in which internal neuronal elements are partially disrupted (with a variable degree of disruption to the endoneurium and perineurium) while the epineurium typically remains intact. The portion of injured axons are misdirected and embedded in connective tissue, which may give rise to local neuroma pain and a distal nerve deficit. The lesion may result from a multitude of injury mechanisms, and clinical presentation is often variable depending on the nerve affected. Clinical, electrodiagnostic, and imaging examinations are helpful in assessing the extent and degree of the lesion. If no clear evidence of recovery is identified within 3-4 months post-injury, the patient may benefit from operative exploration. Surgical management options include neurolysis, neuroma resection, nerve grafting, and nerve transfer, or a combination of modalities. A primary consideration of surgery is the possibility of further downgrading nerve function in the pursuit of more, thereby highlighting the need to carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages prior to surgical intervention. The objective of this review article is to describe the current understanding of the pathophysiology of neuroma-in-continuity lesions, and to review the approach to the affected patient including clinical evaluation, ancillary testing, and intraoperative assessment and treatment options., (Copyright © 2023 SFCM. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: this pilot study aimed at determining whether the application of a novel new method of generating pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), the Fracture Healing Patch (FHP), accelerates the healing of acute distal radius fractures (DRF) when compared to a sham treatment., Methods: 41 patients with DRFs treated with cast immobilization were included. Patients were allocated to a PEMF group ( n = 20) or a control (sham) group ( n = 21). All patients were assessed with regard to functional and radiological outcomes (X-rays and CT scans) at 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks., Results: fractures treated with active PEMF demonstrated significantly higher extent of union at 4 weeks as assessed by CT (76% vs. 58%, p = 0.02). SF12 mean physical score was significantly higher in PEMF treated group (47 vs. 36, p = 0.005). Time to cast removal was significantly shorter in PEMF treated patients, 33 ± 5.9 days in PEMF vs. 39.8 ± 7.4 days in sham group ( p = 0.002)., Conclusion: early addition of PEMF treatment may accelerate bone healing which could lead to a shorter cast immobilization, thus allowing an earlier return to daily life activities and work. There were no complications related to the PEMF device (FHP).

Objectives: To assess outcomes and complications of conservatively managed humeral diaphyseal fractures in elderly patients, with an emphasis on the subgroup diagnosed with dementia., Design: Retrospective., Setting: Upper extremity surgery unit at an academic Level I trauma center., Patients/participants: Consecutive patients 65 years of age and older who were managed conservatively for humeral diaphyseal fractures between 2007 and 2015., Intervention: Conservatively managed humeral diaphyseal fractures., Main Outcome Measurements: Complications and radiographic outcomes., Results: One-hundred twenty-four patients who were conservatively managed for humeral diaphyseal fractures were identified. Their mean age was 77 (65-92) years, 36 (30%) of them were male and 88 (70%) were female. Fifty-seven (46%) patients experienced complications associated with their treatment, and 33 (27%) patients were eventually treated surgically. Seventeen (14%) patients were diagnosed with dementia. This subgroup had 64% fracture-related complications, and all of them were operated (P-value <0.01 compared with age-matched patients among the other 107 participants in the study)., Conclusion: Conservative management of humeral diaphyseal fractures seems to be associated with greater morbidity in elderly patients, especially in those diagnosed with dementia. Therefore, early surgical treatment should be considered., Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Several anatomic plates for fixation of the olecranon after a fracture or an osteotomy are commercially available. They serve as an alternative for tension band wiring, which is associated with a relatively high complication rate. Plating of the olecranon reportedly might result in nonunion or malunion and eventually may require revision surgery or plate removal because of skin irritation. The authors describe a proximal periprosthetic avulsion fracture of the tip of the olecranon as a unique complication associated with the use of an anatomic plate for fixation of an olecranon osteotomy. This retrospective case series included 35 patients with comminuted distal humerus fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation through an olecranon osteotomy with an anatomic olecranon plate. Of the 35 patients, 6 (17.1%) had postoperative olecranon tip fracture, just proximal to the osteotomy site. In all cases, the fracture line coursed through the proximal cluster of screws situated on the proximal part of the plate. Avulsion fractures of the tip of the olecranon after plating of the olecranon osteotomy could have occurred as a result of biomechanical factors. The short design of the proximal part of the plate and the high screw density in the proximal part of the olecranon could lead to increased mechanical stress during contraction of the triceps. This complication should prompt further biomechanical evaluation of the plate design. [ Orthopedics . 2021;44(4):e583-e587.].

Background: Severe radiocapitellar pathologies represent a unique problem in the pediatric population, as radial head excision can lead to substantial long-term complications. We present a case series of four pediatric patients treated by a novel technique-radial head excision followed by Achilles allograft interposition arthroplasty., Methods: Four children (ages 12-15 years) are described. Their clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed by a visual analog scale, the Mayo Elbow Performance Score, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, grip strength, and range of motion., Results: At a mean follow-up of two years, the average flexion-extension arc of motion improved from 107° to 131°, and the rotation arc improved from 100° to 154°. The average visual analog scale, Mayo Elbow Performance Score, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores were 2, 92.5, and 11.5, respectively. Two patients required subsequent additional procedures-manipulation under anesthesia and ulnar shortening osteotomy. Proximal migration of the radius was observed in three out of the four patients., Discussion: Combined radial head excision and Achilles allograft interposition arthroplasty represents a viable option for the treatment of chronic pediatric radiocapitellar pathologies, with good results in terms of clinical and functional outcomes as well as patient satisfaction in the short-medium term., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© 2020 The British Elbow & Shoulder Society.)

Radial shaft convergence in distal radius fractures is often misdiagnosed. This common deformation is often associated with a radial translation of the distal fragment. This parameter has to be corrected because of the increased risk of distal radioulnar joint instability due to detensioning of the distal interosseous membrane if there is an associated triangular fibrocartilage complex lesion. A new radiologic sign for diagnosis of proximal radius convergence during distal radius fracture is presented as well as technical tips for correction of this deformity.

Lunotriquetral (LT) synchondrosis is an uncommon variant of congenital LT coalition. Unlike complete LT fusions, this incomplete pseudoarthrosis-like coalition can become symptomatic. Surgical LT arthrodesis is a described treatment for this variant of LT coalition (Minnaar type I). We report 4 patients who underwent LT fusion with a second-generation headless compression screw and distal radius cancellous autograft. Fusion was achieved in all cases at an average of 2.5 months postoperatively. All the patients were satisfied with complete pain relief in 2 patients and minimal pain in 2 patients, and all improved their range of motion. We recommend this procedure, and report the techniques for this limited wrist arthrodesis as treatment for the symptomatic LT synchondrosis.

The volar Henry approach is most commonly used for surgical fixation of distal radius fractures. However, this approach is limited in achieving adequate exposure for the fixation of the volar-ulnar portion of the distal radius, rendering it difficult for the ideal placement of the fixation construct. We propose the use of the extensile volar-ulnar approach for fixation of distal radius fracture involving a small volar-ulnar fragment. This approach allows optimal reduction of the sigmoid notch and the volar lunate facet, which anatomically reduces both the radiocarpal joint and the sigmoid notch. In addition, extension of this approach may safely be performed if concomitant carpal tunnel release is necessary., (Copyright © 2016 American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Paronychia and felon are the most common infections of the hand. Surgical treatment is required once an abscess develops, but systematic use of postoperative antibiotic therapy remains open for discussion. Antibiotics both favor the selection of resistant bacteria and increase the cost of treatment. To our knowledge, no study has demonstrated their benefit following excision, yet many practitioners prescribe them systematically and empirically. In our current practices, we do not use antibiotic coverage following excision of uncomplicated paronychia or felon (no signs of arthritis, osteitis, flexor tenosynovitis, lymphangitis), except in potentially at-risk patients (immunosuppressed, diabetic, cardiac valve prosthesis recipient). Since this approach seems to lead to good outcomes, our objective was to evaluate them clinically in this study. Our prospective study included 46 patients who were not considered at risk. There were 26 cases of paronychia, 3 cases of felon and 17 patients presenting both paronychia and felon. All cases were abscessed and uncomplicated. All patients underwent surgical excision, and none received postoperative antibiotics. Follow-up took place on the day after surgery, at days 7, 14, 21 and 45. The main criterion for evaluation was healing of the infection and the wound. We recorded 45 cases of healing with no complications and a single case of recurrence. Surgical excision of paronychia or felon without antibiotic coverage gives excellent results with only rare recurrence. The single failure can be attributed to inadequate excision. Antibiotic therapy has no role in managing uncomplicated felon or paronychia in patients who are otherwise not at risk. Successful treatment depends above all on the completeness of the surgical excision., (Copyright © 2016 SFCM. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Hematogenous osteoarticular infections of the hand and the wrist in children with sickle cell anemia are rare and no specific studies for this location have been published., Methods: This retrospective and comparative study reviewed 34 children who carry the diagnosis of osteoarticular infections of the wrist and the hand at our institution during a 10-year period extending from January 2000 to December 2010. The first group included 8 patients with sickle cell anemia (Hg SS). The second group or control group included 26 children without sickle cell disease or any immune deficiency. Differences between groups were established by χ tests., Results: The most common site of osteomyelitis for the sickle cell group was the metacarpals and the fingers phalanx (87.5%) whereas the most common site for the control group was the wrist and the carpus (96.2%; P<0.005).The most common pathogens responsible for osteomyelitis was Salmonella sp. (37.5%) for children with SCD, whereas it was Staphylococcus aureus (70%) for the nonsicklers. There was a significant difference between both groups regarding the treatment. Indeed, a surgical procedure was needed for the sickle cell group in all cases (100%) whereas a surgical debridement was needed in only 19.2% patients in the control group (P<0.001). At long-term follow-up, there were more long-term complications in the sickle cell group (62.5%) with epiphysiodesis of the metacarpals and metacarpophalangeal joint destruction whereas only 11.5% cases with complications were present in the control group including distal ulna epiphysiodesis, proximal interphalangeal joint stiffness, and a central radius epiphysiodesis (P<0.004)., Conclusions: Our results confirm the severity of hand osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell disease. A systematic approach is needed to perform early diagnosis and treatment. Identification of the causative organism is required (blood culture, bone aspiration). With antibiotic therapy, surgical treatment is the rule. Parents have to be advised about frequent complications like shortening or deformation due to premature fusion., Level of Evidence: Level III.

Dupuytren's disease, first described in 1831 by G. Dupuytren, is a mysterious retractile fibrosis of the palmodigital aponeurosis. Its etiology remains unclear despite various risk factors identified including genetics factors. Most patients are middle age males and have Caucasian's origin (northern Europe). Among risk factors, diabetes is the most frequent associated disease. Characteristic clinical signs are the palmar nodules, ombilications and cords causing finger contractures. There is various clinical features with also ectopic signs: Ledderhose's disease, Lapeyronie's disease and dorsal pads. There is no conservative treatment. The treatment is justified when the patient can't put his hand flat on the table (Hueston's test). Therapeutic strategy depends on the extent and level of retractions. Needle fasciotomy is preferred for palmar forms. Surgery (fasciectomy) is the standard procedure for digitopalmar forms because of complexity of band's anatomy and its proximity with the neurovascular bundle. Enzymatic fasciotomy using collagenase injections have been recently developped. Published results are hopeful and assessment in Europe is underway. Anyhow the used technique, recurrence is frequent and can be treated by dermofasciectomy. Palliative surgery, as arthrodesis, can be necessary in case of recurrency.