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Bariatric surgery has expanded tremendously internationally over the past decade. In recent years, bariatric surgery has experienced a significant growth in Germany. However, the question arises as to whether this development is in line with international developments or whether there is still room for improvement that could be challenged. 63,990 primary bariatric procedures recorded in the German Bariatric Surgery Registry (GBSR) were analyzed from 2005 to April 2021. The distribution of procedures according to different variants was analyzed and presented. In the last 16 years, 17 different procedures have been performed. The most common surgical procedure was sleeve gastrectomy (SG), followed by Roux-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (42%). Adjustable gastric banding (AGB) has declined over time, from 23.5% in the first 5 years to 0.2% in recent years. In comparison, omega-loop gastric bypass has increased over the past 5 years (from 0.4% in the first 5 years to 5.9% in the last 5 years). Laparoscopic procedures have accounted for 96.4% of all bariatric surgeries in recent years. The frequency of some procedures has decreased and some bariatric procedures have lost significance. Overall, bariatric surgery in Germany has developed positively compared to the international trend. Nevertheless, there is one area that needs to be optimized: the development of robotic bariatric surgery, which crawls behind in Germany compared to other countries. To establish the technology in bariatric surgery in a timely manner, a balance must be found between cost neutrality and patient-oriented applications.

ZusammenfassungMinimalinvasive Resektionstechniken zur Behandlung verschiedener Pathologien des Pankreas sind potenziell vorteilhaft für die behandelten Patienten in Bezug auf Rekonvaleszenzzeit und postoperative Morbidität, stellen jedoch eine besondere technische Herausforderung für den behandelnden Chirurgen dar. Der Einzug der robotischen Technik in die Viszeralchirurgie bietet eine prinzipielle Möglichkeit zur weitreichenden Verbreitung minimalinvasiver Verfahren in der Pankreaschirurgie.Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten der robotischen Pankreaschirurgie in Deutschland zu überprüfen. Datengrundlage sind die Qualitätsberichte der Krankenhäuser der Jahre 2015–2019 kombiniert mit einer selektiven Literaturrecherche.Die Anzahl der vorliegenden Qualitätsberichte reduzierte sich von 2015 bis 2019 von 1635 auf 1594. Im Median führten 96 Kliniken 11–20, 56 Kliniken 21–50 und 15 Kliniken mehr als 50 Pankreaskopfresektionen jährlich durch. Bei den Linksresektionen waren es 35 Kliniken mit 11–20, 14 Kliniken mit 21–50 und 2 Kliniken mit mehr als 50 Eingriffen. Unter Berücksichtigung aller Kliniken, die 5 oder mehr Linksresektionen pro Jahr durchführen, wurden an nur 29 Kliniken minimalinvasive Verfahren eingesetzt. Der Anteil an laparoskopischen Linksresektionen über 50% wurde an nur 7 Kliniken beschrieben.Nach Datenlage in der Literatur divergieren die Lernkurven für die robotische Pankreaslinks- und Pankreaskopfresektion. Während die Lernkurve für die robotische Pankreaslinksresektion nach etwa 20 Eingriffen durchlaufen ist, hat die Lernkurve für die robotische Pankreaskopfresektion mehrere Plateaus, die etwa nach 30, 100 und 250 Eingriffen erreicht werden.Aufgrund der dezentralen Struktur der Pankreaschirurgie in Deutschland scheint ein flächendeckendes Angebot robotischer Verfahren aktuell in weiter Ferne. Insbesondere die Etablierung der robotischen Pankreaskopfresektion wird zunächst Zentren mit entsprechend hoher Fallzahl vorbehalten bleiben.

Minimally invasive resection techniques for the treatment of various pathologies of the pancreas are potentially advantageous for the treated patients in terms of restitution time and postoperative morbidity, but are a technical challenge for the responsible surgeon. The introduction of robotic assistance in visceral surgery offers a possibility for further distribution of minimally invasive procedures in pancreatic surgery.The aim of this study was to examine the possibilities for developing robotic pancreatic surgery in Germany. The data are based on the quality reports of the hospitals for the years 2015-2019 combined with a selective literature search.The number of quality reports available decreased from 1635 to 1594 between 2015 and 2019. A median of 96 clinics performed 11-20, 56 clinics 21-50 and 15 clinics more than 50 pancreaticoduodenectomies. For distal resections, there were 35 clinics with 11-20, 14 clinics with 21-50 and two clinics with more than 50 procedures. In relation to all clinics with at least five distal resections per year, minimally invasive procedures were performed at only 29 clinics; a ratio to laparoscopic left resections of over 50% was reported in only seven clinics.According to the literature, the learning curves for robotic pancreatic distal resection and pancreaticoduodenectomy diverge. While the learning curve for robotic distal resection is completed after around 20 procedures, the learning curve for robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy has several plateaus, which are reached after around 30, 100 and 250 procedures.Due to the decentralised structure of pancreatic surgery in Germany, a nationwide introduction of robotic pancreatic surgery is unlikely. The routine use of robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy will probably be restricted to high volume centres in the foreseeable future.Minimalinvasive Resektionstechniken zur Behandlung verschiedener Pathologien des Pankreas sind potenziell vorteilhaft für die behandelten Patienten in Bezug auf Rekonvaleszenzzeit und postoperative Morbidität, stellen jedoch eine besondere technische Herausforderung für den behandelnden Chirurgen dar. Der Einzug der robotischen Technik in die Viszeralchirurgie bietet eine prinzipielle Möglichkeit zur weitreichenden Verbreitung minimalinvasiver Verfahren in der Pankreaschirurgie.Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten der robotischen Pankreaschirurgie in Deutschland zu überprüfen. Datengrundlage sind die Qualitätsberichte der Krankenhäuser der Jahre 2015–2019 kombiniert mit einer selektiven Literaturrecherche.Die Anzahl der vorliegenden Qualitätsberichte reduzierte sich von 2015 bis 2019 von 1635 auf 1594. Im Median führten 96 Kliniken 11–20, 56 Kliniken 21–50 und 15 Kliniken mehr als 50 Pankreaskopfresektionen jährlich durch. Bei den Linksresektionen waren es 35 Kliniken mit 11–20, 14 Kliniken mit 21–50 und 2 Kliniken mit mehr als 50 Eingriffen. Unter Berücksichtigung aller Kliniken, die 5 oder mehr Linksresektionen pro Jahr durchführen, wurden an nur 29 Kliniken minimalinvasive Verfahren eingesetzt. Der Anteil an laparoskopischen Linksresektionen über 50% wurde an nur 7 Kliniken beschrieben.Nach Datenlage in der Literatur divergieren die Lernkurven für die robotische Pankreaslinks- und Pankreaskopfresektion. Während die Lernkurve für die robotische Pankreaslinksresektion nach etwa 20 Eingriffen durchlaufen ist, hat die Lernkurve für die robotische Pankreaskopfresektion mehrere Plateaus, die etwa nach 30, 100 und 250 Eingriffen erreicht werden.Aufgrund der dezentralen Struktur der Pankreaschirurgie in Deutschland scheint ein flächendeckendes Angebot robotischer Verfahren aktuell in weiter Ferne. Insbesondere die Etablierung der robotischen Pankreaskopfresektion wird zunächst Zentren mit entsprechend hoher Fallzahl vorbehalten bleiben.

ZusammenfassungDie minimalinvasive Nephrektomie zur Lebendspende hat sich über die letzten 2 Jahrzehnte zum Standard in den meisten Transplantationszentren entwickelt und hat zu einer Reduktion der postoperativen Morbidität beim Spender beigetragen. Die robotisch assistierte Technik stellt eine Alternative zur herkömmlichen (handassistierten) laparoskopischen Technik dar und wird in der Zukunft vermehrt Anwendung finden. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit gehen wir anhand unserer eigenen Erfahrungen auf technische Aspekte der robotischen Nephrektomie ein und geben einen Überblick über die aktuell verfügbare Literatur. Die robotisch assistierte Nierenlebendspende ist ein sicherer Eingriff mit einer sehr geringen postoperativen Komplikationsrate. Ein Vorteil des Eingriffs gegenüber der offenen Operationstechnik liegt in einer Reduktion des postoperativen Analgetikabedarfs und einer vergleichsweise reduzierten Krankenhausverweildauer bei jedoch verlängerter Operations- und Warmischämiezeit ohne messbaren Effekt auf die Transplantatfunktion. Die Ergebnisse entsprechen im Wesentlichen denen der laparoskopischen Technik, wobei sich eine weitere Beschleunigung der postoperativen Rekonvaleszenz andeutet. Die Vorteile der robotisch assistierten Technik liegen aufgrund der besseren Expositionsmöglichkeiten vornehmlich bei Patienten mit hohem BMI und multiplen Nierenarterien sowie bei rechtsseitigen Nephrektomien, bei denen eine längere Transplantatarterie gewonnen werden kann. Die robotisch assistierte Nierenlebendspende ist aus der Zukunft der Transplantationschirurgie nicht mehr wegzudenken und stellt eine ernst zu nehmende Alternative zur herkömmlichen laparoskopischen Technik dar.

Purpose Laparoscopic rectosigmoid resection rectopexy (LRR) is the most effective treatment of obstructive defecation syndrome but is associated with a higher postoperative morbidity compared to transanal approaches. Natural orifice specimen extraction (NOSE) has been described as a promising technique to lower morbidity in colorectal cancer surgery. In this study, we analyze the technical challenges of adapting this technique to LRR and compare the perioperative results to the conventional laparoscopic technique with specimen extraction via minilaparotomy and extracorporeal anastomosis. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 45 patients who underwent laparoscopic rectosigmoid resection rectopexy due to obstructive defecation syndrome at our institutions. From September 2020 to July 2021, we treated 17 consecutive patients with NOSE-LRR and compared the results to a historic cohort of 28 consecutive patients treated with conventional laparoscopic rectosigmoid resection rectopexy plus minilaparotomy (LAP-LRR) for specimen extraction between January 2019 and July 2020. Assessed were patient- and disease-specific parameters, operative time, hospital and postoperative complications and subjective patient satisfaction after 6 months of follow-up. Results Both groups were comparable in terms of gender distribution, age, and comorbidities. The median operating time was similar and the perioperative morbidity was comparable in both groups. The length of stay in hospital was significantly shorter in the NOSE-LRR group (median 6 vs 8 days). Conclusion NOSE-LRR can be implemented safely, performed in a comparable operating time, and is associated with a comparable rate of postoperative complications. The technique offers the a potentially fast postoperative recovery compared to the conventional laparoscopic technique.

PIPAC (Pressurized IntraPeritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy) is a minimally invasive approach relying on physical principles for improving intraperitoneal drug delivery, including optimizing the homogeneity of drug distribution through an aerosol. Feasibility and safety of the new approach are now consolidated and data on its effectiveness are continuously increasing. Although any surgical procedure associated with PIPAC had always been discouraged due to the high risk of complications, surgical practice is constantly changing: with growing expertise, more and more surgical teams associate PIPAC with surgery. PLUS study is part of the retrospective international cohort studies including 10 centers around the world (India, Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland) and 96 cases of combined approaches evaluated through a propensity score analysis. the procedures most frequently associated with PIPAC were not only adhesiolysis, omentectomy, adnexectomy, umbilical/inguinal hernia repairs, but also more demanding procedures such as intestinal resections, gastrectomy, splenectomy, bowel repair/stoma creation. Although the evidence is currently limited, PLUS study demonstrated that PIPAC associated with additional surgical procedures is linked to an increase of surgical time (p < 0.001), length of stay (p < 0.001) and medical complication rate (p < 0.001); the most frequently reported medical complications were mild or moderate in severity, such as abdominal pain, nausea, ileus and hyperthermia. No difference in terms of surgical complications was registered; neither reoperation or postoperative deaths were reported. these results suggest that PIPAC can be safely combined in expert centers with additional surgeries. Widespread change of practice should be discouraged before the results of ongoing prospective studies are available.

Background/aim The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) has been reported to have an impact on prognosis in different tumor entities. Little is known about CTC morphology and heterogeneity. Patients and methods In a multicenter setting, pre-therapeutic peripheral blood specimens were drawn from patients with non-metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). CTCs were captured by size-based filtration (ScreenCell®), subsequently Giemsa-stained and evaluated by two trained readers. The isolated cells were categorized in groups based on morphologic criteria. Results Small and large single CTCs, as well as CTC-clusters, were observed in 69.2% (n=81) of the 117 specimens; small CTCs were observed most frequently (59%; n=69), followed by large CTCs (40%; n=47) and circulating cancer-associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs; 34.2%, n=40). Clusters were rather rare (12%; n=14). CTC/CAML were heterogeneous in the cohort, but also within one specimen. Neither the presence of the CTC subtypes/CAMLs nor the exact cell count were associated with the primary clinical TNM stage. Conclusion Morphologically heterogenic CTCs and CAMLs are present in patients with non-metastatic, non-pretreated EAC.

BACKGROUND Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) in combination with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) improves patient survival in colorectal cancer (CRC) with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). Commonly used cytotoxic agents include mitomycin C (MMC) and oxaliplatin. Studies have reported varying results, and the evidence for the choice of the HIPEC agent and uniform procedure protocols is limited. AIM To evaluate therapeutic benefits and complications of CRS + MMC vs oxaliplatin HIPEC in patients with peritoneal metastasized CRC as well as prognostic factors. METHODS One hundred and two consecutive patients who had undergone CRS and HIPEC for CRC PC between 2007 and 2019 at the Medical Center of the University Freiburg regarding interdisciplinary cancer conference decision were retrospectively analysed. Oxaliplatin and MMC were used in 68 and 34 patients, respectively. Each patient’s demographics and tumour characteristics, operative details, postoperative complications and survival were noted. Complications were stratified and graded using Clavien/Dindo analysis. Prognostic outcome factors were identified using univariate and multivariate analysis of survival. RESULTS The two groups did not differ significantly regarding baseline characteristics. We found no difference in median overall survival between MMC and oxaliplatin HIPEC. Regarding postoperative complications, patients treated with oxaliplatin HIPEC suffered increased complications (66.2% vs 35.3%; P = 0.003), particularly intestinal atony, intraabdominal infections and urinary tract infection, and had a prolonged intensive care unit stay compared to the MMC group (7.2 d vs 4.4 d; P = 0.035). Regarding univariate analysis of survival, we found primary tumour factors, nodal positivity and resection margins to be of prognostic value as well as peritoneal cancer index (PCI)-score and the completeness of cytoreduction regarding peritoneal carcinomatosis. Multivariate analysis of survival confirmed primary distant metastasis and primary tumour resection status to have a significant impact on survival and likewise peritoneal cancer index-scoring regarding peritoneal carcinomatosis. CONCLUSION In this single-institution retrospective review of patients undergoing CRS with either oxaliplatin or MMC HIPEC, overall survival was not different, though oxaliplatin was associated with a higher postoperative complication rate, indicating treatment favourably with MMC. Further studies comparing HIPEC regimens would improve evidence-based decision-making.

Background In end-stage renal transplant recipients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), the imperative, optimal timing, and technique of native nephrectomy remains under discussion. The Freiburg Transplant Center routinely performs a simultaneous ipsilateral nephrectomy. Methods From April 1998 to May 2017, we retrospectively analyzed 193 consecutive ADPKD recipients, receiving per protocol simultaneous ipsilateral nephrectomy and compared morbidity, mortality, and outcome with 193 non-ADPKD recipients of a matched pair control. Results The incidence of surgical complications was similar with respect to severe medical, surgical, urological, vascular, and wound-related complications as well as reoperation rates and 30-day mortality. Intraoperative blood transfusions were required more often in the ADPKD (22.8%) compared with the control group (6.7%; p p = 0.0246). Time of surgery was prolonged by 30 min (ADPKD 169 min; 95%CI 159.8–175.6 min/control 139 min; 95%CI 131.4–145.0 min; p p = 0.6537) and death-censored graft survival (ADPKD 94.8%/control 93.7%; p = 0.5479) were comparable between both groups. Conclusions With respect to morbidity and mortality, per protocol, simultaneous native nephrectomy is a safe procedure. Especially in asymptomatic ADPKD KTx recipients, the number of total operations can be reduced and residual diuresis preserved up until transplantation. In living donation, even preemptive transplantation is possible.

BACKGROUND: Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is increasingly used to treat patients with peritoneal cancer. A recent survey demonstrated considerable diversification of current practice of PIPAC raising issues of concern also regarding safety and efficacy. The study aim was to reach consensus on best practice of PIPAC treatment.METHODS: Current practice was critically discussed during an expert meeting and the available evidence was scrutinized to elaborate a 33-item closed-ended questionnaire. All active PIPAC centers were then invited to participate in an online two-round Delphi process with 3 reminders at least. Consensus was defined a priori as >70% agreement for a minimal response rate of 70%.RESULTS: Forty-nine out of 57 invited PIPAC centers participated in Delphi 1 and 2 (86%). Overall, there was agreement for 21/33 items. Consensus was reached for important aspects like advanced OR ventilation system (91.8%), remote monitoring (95.9%), use of the PRGS (85.7%) and use of a safety checklist (98%). The drug regimens oxaliplatin (87.8%) and cisplatin/doxorubicin (81.6%) were both confirmed by the expert panel. Important controversies included number and location of Biopsies during repeated PIPAC and the combination of PIPAC with additional surgical procedures.CONCLUSION: This consensus statement aims to allow for safe and efficacious PIPAC treatment and to facilitate multi-center analyses of the results. Additional preclinical and clinical studies are needed to resolve the remaining controversies.

Since 2004, ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation (ABOi KTx) became an established procedure to expand the living donor pool in Germany. Currently, ABOi KTx comprises > 20% of all living donor KTx. Up to September 2015, > 100 ABOi KTx were performed in Freiburg. Regarding lymphocele formation, only scarce data exist. Between April 2004 and September 2015, 106 consecutive ABOi and 277 consecutive ABO-compatible kidney transplantations (ABOc KTx) were performed. Two ABOi and 117 ABOc recipients were excluded due to differences in immunosuppression. One hundred-four ABOi and 160 ABOc KTx patients were analyzed concerning lymphocele formation. The incidence of lymphoceles in ABOi KTx was 25.2% and 10.6% in ABOc KTx (p = 0.003). A major risk factor appeared the frequency of ≥ 8 preoperative immunoadsorption and/or plasmapheresis sessions (OR 5.61, 95% CI 2.31–13.61, p

Objective To examine pasireotide’s effect on intestinal anastomotic healing under physiological conditions and following preoperative whole-body irradiation. Material and methods Forty-five male Wistar rats received an ileoileal end-to-end anastomosis. Group 1 (Co, n = 9) served as control. Group 2 (SOM, n = 10) received pasireotide (60 mg/kg) 6 days preoperatively. Group 3 (R-Co, n = 13) was subjected to 8 Gy whole-body irradiation 4 days preoperatively. Finally, group 4 (R-SOM, n = 13) received pasireotide 6 days preoperatively and whole-body irradiation 4 days preoperatively. On postoperative day 4, anastomotic bursting pressure, histology, IGF-1 staining, and collagen density were examined. Results Mortality was higher in irradiated animals (30.8% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.021), and anastomotic bursting pressure was significantly lower (median, R-Co = 83 mmHg; R-SOM = 101 mmHg; Co = 149.5 mmHg; SOM = 169 mmHg). Inflammation measured by leukocyte infiltration following irradiation was reduced (p = 0.023), and less collagen was observed, though this was not statistically significant. Bursting pressure did not significantly differ between Co and SOM and between R-Co and R-SOM animals respectively. Semi-quantitative scoring of IGF-1, fibroblast bridging, or collagen density did not reveal significant differences among the groups. Conclusion Whole-body irradiation decreases the quality of intestinal anastomotic wound healing and increases mortality. Pasireotide does not significantly lessen this detrimental effect.

Minimally invasive donor nephrectomy has become the standard procedure in most transplant centres over the past two decades and has contributed to a reduction in postoperative morbidity for the donor. Robot-assisted technology is an alternative to conventional (hand-assisted) laparoscopic technology and will find increasing use in the future. In this review article, we address technical aspects of robotic-assisted donor nephrectomy, in accordance with our own experience and will provide an overview of the currently available literature. Robot-assisted living kidney donation is a safe procedure with a very low postoperative complication rate. The procedure offers advantages over the open surgical technique with respect to the reduction in the postoperative need for analgesia and the duration of hospital stay, with longer operating times and warm ischemia times, but without a measurable effect on transplant function. The postoperative outcome parameters are comparable to those of the laparoscopic technique, indicating a further acceleration of postoperative convalescence. The advantages of robot-assisted technology, due to the better exposure options, are most relevant in patients with a high BMI and multiple renal arteries, as well as in right-sided nephrectomies in which a longer transplant artery can be obtained. Robot-assisted living kidney donation will play a major role in the future of transplant surgery and is a serious alternative to conventional laparoscopic technology.Die minimalinvasive Nephrektomie zur Lebendspende hat sich über die letzten 2 Jahrzehnte zum Standard in den meisten Transplantationszentren entwickelt und hat zu einer Reduktion der postoperativen Morbidität beim Spender beigetragen. Die robotisch assistierte Technik stellt eine Alternative zur herkömmlichen (handassistierten) laparoskopischen Technik dar und wird in der Zukunft vermehrt Anwendung finden. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit gehen wir anhand unserer eigenen Erfahrungen auf technische Aspekte der robotischen Nephrektomie ein und geben einen Überblick über die aktuell verfügbare Literatur. Die robotisch assistierte Nierenlebendspende ist ein sicherer Eingriff mit einer sehr geringen postoperativen Komplikationsrate. Ein Vorteil des Eingriffs gegenüber der offenen Operationstechnik liegt in einer Reduktion des postoperativen Analgetikabedarfs und einer vergleichsweise reduzierten Krankenhausverweildauer bei jedoch verlängerter Operations- und Warmischämiezeit ohne messbaren Effekt auf die Transplantatfunktion. Die Ergebnisse entsprechen im Wesentlichen denen der laparoskopischen Technik, wobei sich eine weitere Beschleunigung der postoperativen Rekonvaleszenz andeutet. Die Vorteile der robotisch assistierten Technik liegen aufgrund der besseren Expositionsmöglichkeiten vornehmlich bei Patienten mit hohem BMI und multiplen Nierenarterien sowie bei rechtsseitigen Nephrektomien, bei denen eine längere Transplantatarterie gewonnen werden kann. Die robotisch assistierte Nierenlebendspende ist aus der Zukunft der Transplantationschirurgie nicht mehr wegzudenken und stellt eine ernst zu nehmende Alternative zur herkömmlichen laparoskopischen Technik dar.

Background PIPAC is a new treatment modality for peritoneal cancer which has been practiced and evaluated until very recently by few academic centers in a highly standardized manner. Encouraging oncological outcomes and the safety profile have led to widespread adoption. The aim of this study was to assess current PIPAC practice in terms of technique, treatment and safety protocol, and indications. Methods A standardized survey with 82 closed-ended questions was sent online to active PIPAC centers which were identified by help of PIPAC training centers and the regional distributors of the PIPAC-specific nebulizer. The survey inquired about center demographics (n = 8), technique (n = 34), treatment and safety protocol (n = 34), and indications (n = 6). Results Overall, 62 out of 66 contacted PIPAC centers answered the survey (response rate 93%). 27 centers had performed >60 PIPAC procedures. A consensus higher than 70% was reached for 37 items (50%), and higher than 80% for 28 items (37.8%). The topics with the highest degree of consensus were safety and installation issues (93.5% and 80.65%) while chemotherapy and response evaluation were the least consensual topics (63.7 and 59.6%). The attitudes were not influenced by volume, PIPAC starting year, type of activity, or presence of peritoneal metastases program. Conclusion Homogeneous treatment standards of new techniques are important to guarantee safe implementation and practice but also to allow comparison between cohorts and multi-center analysis of merged data including registries. Efforts to avoid diversification of PIPAC practice include regular update of the PIPAC training curriculum, targeted research and a consensus statement.

Der Osophagus ist, obwohl er eine relativ einfache schlauchformige Struktur besitzt, ein komplexes Organ, das einzige im menschlichen Korper, das drei Korperhohlen verbindet. Seine topografischen Besonderheiten in Thorax und Abdomen machen dieses Organ zu einer chirurgischen Herausforderung. Durch ihre anatomischen Beziehungen (mit Pankreas, Leber, Kolon, Dunndarm etc.) und ihre komplexe Blut- und Lymphdrainage sind der Magen und das Duodenum ebenfalls anspruchsvolle Organe fur den Chirurgen. Dies erklart auch die relativ hohe Inzidenz und die schwerwiegenden Konsequenzen der postoperativen Komplikationen. In diesem Kapitel werden sowohl die epidemiologischen, die klinischen als auch die therapeutischen Grundlagen der benignen und malignen Erkrankungen dieser Organe beschrieben. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird der Behandlung der Komplikationen gewidmet.

Background:Guidelines do not recommend surgery for patients with oligometastatic disease from esophagogastric adenocarcinoma (EGAC), although some studies suggest a more favourable survival. We analyzed the outcome of oligometastatic EGAC receiving FLOT chemotherapy followed by surgery. Methods:The data of patients with either pre-therapeutic, post-neoadjuvant or intraoperative clinical diagnosis of oligometastatic EGAC were extracted from a prospective database of the 2009-2018 treatment period. 48 consecutive patients were identified with oligometastatic disease, who underwent perioperative chemotherapy plus surgery. We retrospectively analyzed surgical outcome and overall survival. Results:The overall 5-year survival was 18 %. 12 patients with pre-therapeutic oligometastatic EGAC, who had no histologic vital tumor evidence of metastases after surgery had a survival rate of 48 % compared to an 11 % 5-year survival rate of 36 patients, who had histologic vital tumor metastatic evidence after FLOT chemotherapy and surgical resection (p=0.012). The survival rates after R0, R1 and R2 (non-resected metastases) resection were 21 % (n=33), 0 % (n=4) and 17 % (n=11), respectively (p=0.273).Conclusion:Oligometastatic EGAC is associated with poor overall survival even after complete resection of all tumor manifestations. The subgroup of patients with a complete pathohistologic response of metastatic lesions to neoadjuvant FLOT shows 5-year survival rates similar to non-metastatic EGAC. Trial registration: Not applicable

Mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR pro-ANP) has been shown to be a diagnostic marker for sepsis. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the potential of MR pro-ANP in the diagnosis of postoperative sepsis. We enrolled 18 patients with postoperative sepsis, 19 patients who underwent major abdominal surgery without sepsis and 9 healthy individuals as control subjects. MR pro-ANP, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and procalcitonin (PCT) were measured on the day of inclusion in the study, and at days 3, 7 and 10. The mean levels of MR pro-ANP were significantly higher in patients with postoperative sepsis than in patients without sepsis (two-way ANOVA p

Background The recommended standard immunosuppressive therapy for renal transplant recipients comprises an initial induction therapy mainly with an interleukin-2-receptor antibody (IL2-RA) and a triple maintenance therapy. With tacrolimus and mycophenolate acid it is unknown whether IL2-RA application affects the short- and long-term results. This question is addressed in the present analysis. Methods From July 2007 to June 2019 a total of 127 living donor kidney transplant recipients meeting the center-specific definition of immunologic low risk situation (first transplantation, HLA-mismatch ≤3, panel reactive antibody ≤10%) were identified. In 83 recipients with a first-degree relationship to the donor we omitted the IL2-RA induction (IL2-RA-). The remaining 44 recipients, mostly not first-degree relatives, served as controls (IL2-RA+). Biopsy-proven acute rejection and long-term patient and graft survival rates were compared. Results Biopsy-proven acute rejection rates after 3 months were similar in both groups with 4.8% (IL2-RA-) vs 13.7% (IL2-RA+; P = .0937), including borderline rejection rates of 18.0% (IL2-RA-) vs 18.3% (IL2-RA+; P = 1.000), respectively. Ten-year long-term survival rates were comparable between the IL2-RA- and the IL2-RA+ group with 95.6% vs 93.5% (patient survival; P = .5465) and 92.1% vs 90.6% (death-censored graft survival; P = .8893). Conclusion For low-risk living donor kidney transplant recipients with first-degree relationship to the donor, it is safe to omit induction therapy with IL2-RA.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Der Chylothorax ist eine seltene Komplikation nach Thoraxtrauma oder chirurgischen Eingriffen, insbesondere der Ösophagusresektion, die unbehandelt in ein potenziell lebensbedrohliches Krankheitsbild übergeht. Methoden Dieser Artikel bietet einen Überblick über die bestehende Literatur zur Prävention und chirurgischen Therapie des Chylothorax. Ergebnisse Das Risiko für eine Chylusleckage steigt mit der Schwierigkeit der mediastinalen Präparation. Es ist mit etwa 3% am höchsten bei radikalen Ösophagusresektionen und kardiochirurgischen Eingriffen bei Kindern. Bei diesem Risiko besteht die Möglichkeit einer prophylaktischen intraoperativen Ligatur des Ductus thoracicus entweder als selektive Ligatur oder als Massenligatur. Metaanalysen bestätigen die Effektivität dieser Maßnahme mit einer Senkung des Risikos bis auf unter 1% bei der Ösophagusresektion. Bei Vorliegen eines postoperativen Chylothorax kann ein konservativer Therapieversuch bei Drainagenfördermenge bis zu 1000 ml täglich unternommen werden. Bei Anzeichen für eine persistierende Leckage scheint eine zügige chirurgische Re-Intervention angezeigt. Diese kann entweder transthorakal oder transhiatal als selektive Ligatur oder Massenligatur erfolgen und hat eine Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit von über 90%. Schlussfolgerung Die prophylaktische primäre oder therapeutische sekundäre Ligatur des Ductus thoracicus ist ein effektives Mittel zur Prävention und Therapie einer postoperativen Chylusleckage.

In esophageal surgery, total minimally invasive techniques compete with hybrid and robot-assisted procedures. The benefit of the individual techniques for the patient remains vague. At our institution, the hybrid minimally invasive laparoscopic-thoracotomic esophagectomy (HMIE) has been routinely applied since 2013. We conducted this retrospective study to analyze the perioperative outcome. Since 2013, 60 patients were operated in HMIE technique for esophageal cancer. Each of these patients was paired according to the criteria of gender, BMI, age, tumor histology, pulmonary preexisting conditions, and a history of smoking with a patient treated by open esophagectomy (OE). Perioperative parameters were extracted from our prospectively maintained database and compared among the groups. The HMIE and OE groups were homogeneous in terms of patient- and tumor-related data. There was no difference in lymph nodes harvested (22 vs. 20, p = 0.459) and R0-resection rate (95 vs. 93%, p = 0.500). The operation time for the HMIE was significantly shorter (329 vs. 407 min, p

BACKGROUND Obesity is generally considered to be associated with worse surgical outcome and impaired oncological prognosis. The impact of pre-therapeutic body mass index (BMI) in patients with oesophagogastric cancer on the surgical outcome is controversially discussed. METHODS We retrospectively examined 730 patients who had undergone curative treatment for oesophagogastric cancer at the Medical Center of the University of Freiburg (1996-2015). Patients were divided in groups according to pre-therapeutic BMI (underweight (UW): 30 kg/m2 ). RESULTS Median BMI was 24.7 kg/m2 . Forty-two patients were UW, 337 NW, 263 OW and 84 OB. No significant differences between the groups (UW/NW/OW/OB) in operating time, hospital stay, perioperative complication rate and in-hospital mortality were found. Pre-therapeutic BMI was significantly associated with 5-year survival (UW: 22%, NW: 37%, OW: 51%, OB: 50%, P

Background Pressurized IntraPeritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) is an innovative drug delivery technique. Most common indication is palliative therapy of peritoneal metastasis of gastrointestinal and gynecological origin in the salvage situation. Access to the abdomen is the critical step of the procedure, since most patients had previous surgery. Potential pitfalls include non-access because of adhesions, bowel access lesions and postoperative subcutaneous toxic emphysema. Methods We propose a technique, the “finger-access technique” that might prevent largely these pitfalls. A minilaparotomy of 3 cm is performed in the midline, a finger introduced into the abdomen and a 5-mm double-balloon trocar (no Hasson trocar) is placed under finger protection at some distance of the first incision. The fascia of the minilaparotomy, not the skin, is then closed. The abdomen is insufflated with CO2 and tightness is controlled with saline solution in the minilaparotomy. A second 10–12 mm trocar is then introduced under videoscopic control. The first trocar is then visualized through the second one to exclude a bowel lesion during first access. Results and conclusions In our hands, this access technique has shown to be safe and effective.

Background Intestinal anastomotic insufficiency (AI) is a common problem in visceral surgery associated with overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In some patients it occurs more than once. The etiology of recurring anastomotic insufficiency (RAI) is not understood yet and should be addressed as an independent disease entity. Materials and methods Thirty nine consecutive patients with AI were treated at our university center and were included in this prospective study. Clinical data were evaluated by correlative statistical analysis to identify independent risk factors for RAI. Patients were divided in two groups: 18 patients had a single operative revision until restoration (group SAI), and 21 patients had two or more revisions (group RAI). Anastomotic tissue samples as well as untouched bowel wall were collected during reoperations for analysis of MMPs and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP2). Clinical data were correlated with pathological observations. Results Significant differences of clinical and molecular pathological data were found between the two groups. Transfusion of red blood cells until the first reoperation and alcohol abuse led to RAI and were the only independent risk factors for RAI in multivariate analysis. Overexpression of MMP-8, -9, and -13 in anastomotic tissue correlated with the administration of red blood cells during initial operation. Reduced expression of TIMP2 was frequent in nearly all patients without differences throughout the subgroups. Conclusions RAI seems to have an independent disease pattern. Transfusion of blood products is not only a known risk factor for AI but seems to significantly disturb the anastomotic healing process leading to RAI.

A combination of platin-based perioperative chemotherapy (PBPC) plus surgical resection has become the standard of care in Europe for locally advanced esophagogastric adenocarcinoma (EGAC). In contrast to preoperative chemotherapy, the postoperative administration of chemotherapy is omitted in a high percentage of patients. We conducted this database study to analyse the impact of postoperative completion of perioperative chemotherapy on patient outcome.Patients with EGAC (cT3-4 and/or cN+) were treated with preoperative PBPC plus curative surgical resection. Patient demographics, postoperative tumour stages, histopathological regression (HPR) and administration of postoperative chemotherapy were correlated with overall survival.Of one-hundred-thirty-four patients, 76 received preoperative docetaxel, folinic acid, fluorouracil, oxaliplatin (FLOT), 53 patients epirubicin, cisplatin, folinic acid (ECF) and 5 epirubicin, oxaliplatin, capecitabine (EOX) chemotherapy. The 5-year-survival for the whole collective was 58%. Designated postoperative chemotherapy was omitted in 36% of the patients. 5-year-survival was 75.8% in patients who received pre- and post-operative chemotherapy and 40.3% in patients with only preoperative chemotherapy (p0.001). Histopathological regression, postoperative nodal status and administration of postoperative chemotherapy were identified as independent prognostic factors. Analysis of subgroups revealed a pronounced survival benefit after administration of postoperative chemotherapy in patients with ypN+ stages (5-year-survival 64.5% vs 9.7%, p = 0.002) and poor HPR (5-year-survival 55.5% vs 19.3%, p = 0.015).Our study provides further evidence that administration of postoperative chemotherapy may contribute to the achieved survival benefit of PBPC in patients with EGAC and implies a beneficial effect especially in presence of lymphonodular tumour involvement and limited HPR.

Chylothorax is a rare complication after thoracic trauma or surgery, especially oesophagectomy, which, if left untreated, can be potentially life-threatening.This article provides an overview of the existing literature on the prevention and surgical therapy of chylothorax.The risk of chyle leakage after oesophagectomy increases with the difficulty of mediastinal dissection and is reported to be around 3% for oesophagectomy. With this risk, there is the possibility of a prophylactic intraoperative ligature of the thoracic duct, either as a selective or mass ligation. Meta-analyses confirm the effectiveness of this measure, with a reduction in the risk to less than 1%. In the case of postoperative chylothorax, a conservative therapeutic trial may be undertaken with drainage of up to 1000 ml per day for up to one week. If there is any indication of persistent leakage, rapid surgical reintervention appears appropriate. This can be either transthoracic or transhiatal as a selective or mass ligation and has a probability of success of over 90%.The prophylactic primary or therapeutic secondary ligature of the thoracic duct is an effective surgical preventive measure and therapy of postoperative chyle leakage.Der Chylothorax ist eine seltene Komplikation nach Thoraxtrauma oder chirurgischen Eingriffen, insbesondere der Ösophagusresektion, die unbehandelt in ein potenziell lebensbedrohliches Krankheitsbild übergeht.Dieser Artikel bietet einen Überblick über die bestehende Literatur zur Prävention und chirurgischen Therapie des Chylothorax.Das Risiko für eine Chylusleckage steigt mit der Schwierigkeit der mediastinalen Präparation. Es ist mit etwa 3% am höchsten bei radikalen Ösophagusresektionen und kardiochirurgischen Eingriffen bei Kindern. Bei diesem Risiko besteht die Möglichkeit einer prophylaktischen intraoperativen Ligatur des Ductus thoracicus entweder als selektive Ligatur oder als Massenligatur. Metaanalysen bestätigen die Effektivität dieser Maßnahme mit einer Senkung des Risikos bis auf unter 1% bei der Ösophagusresektion. Bei Vorliegen eines postoperativen Chylothorax kann ein konservativer Therapieversuch bei Drainagenfördermenge bis zu 1000 ml täglich unternommen werden. Bei Anzeichen für eine persistierende Leckage scheint eine zügige chirurgische Re-Intervention angezeigt. Diese kann entweder transthorakal oder transhiatal als selektive Ligatur oder Massenligatur erfolgen und hat eine Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit von über 90%.Die prophylaktische primäre oder therapeutische sekundäre Ligatur des Ductus thoracicus ist ein effektives Mittel zur Prävention und Therapie einer postoperativen Chylusleckage.

Background The indication for hepatic resection (HR) in patients suffering from liver metastases (LM) other than colorectal and neuroendocrine tumors is one focus of current multidisciplinary, oncologic considerations. This study retrospectively analyzes outcome after HR for non-colorectal, non-neuroendocrine (NCNNE) LM in the absence of distant or extrahepatic metastases. Methods We included 100 consecutive patients undergoing HR for isolated NCNNE LM from a prospective database in our institution, including postoperative follow-up. Primary tumors were of mesodermal origin in 44%, of ectodermal origin in 29% and of entodermal origin in 27%. Survival analysis was performed by univariate and multivariable methods. Mean follow-up after hepatic surgery was 3.6 years (0.25–16). Results Median age at the time of HR was 59.5 years. Kaplan-Meier-estimated survival after liver resection was 56.8%, 34.3% and 24.5% after 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. Univariate analysis after HR revealed residual disease (hepatic or primary; p = 0.02), female gender (p = 0.013), entodermal origin (p = 0.009) and early onset of metastatic disease (≤24 months, p = 0.002), as negative prognostic factors. Multivariable survival analysis confirmed residual disease, female gender, entodermal embryologic origin and early onset of metastatic disease (≤24 months) as independent negative prognostic factors. Conclusion Overall outcome after HR of NCNNE LM results in acceptable long-term outcome. Although individual decision-making today mostly relies on clinical experience for this type of disease, risk factors derived from the embryologic origin of the tumor might help in patient selection.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the blood are hypothesized as the means of systemic tumor spread. Blood obtained from healthy donors and patients with PDAC was therefore subject to size-based CTC-isolation. We additionally compared Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations in pancreatic CTC and corresponding tumors, and evaluated their significance as prognostic markers. Samples from 68 individuals (58 PDAC patients, 10 healthy donors) were analyzed; CTCs were present in patients with UICC stage IA-IV tumors and none of the controls (p 0.001). Patients with3 CTC/ml had a trend for worse median overall survival (OS) than patients with 0.3–3 CTC/ml (P = 0.12). Surprisingly, CTCs harbored various KRAS mutations in codon 12 and 13. Patients with a KRAS G12V mutation in their CTC (n = 14) had a trend to better median OS (24.5 months) compared to patients with other (10 months), or no detectable KRAS mutations (8 months; P = 0.04). KRAS mutations in CTC and corresponding tumor were discordant in 11 of 26 “tumor-CTC-pairs” (42%), while 15 (58%) had a matching mutation; survival was similar in both groups (P = 0.36). Genetic characterization, including mutations such as KRAS, may prove useful for prognosis and understanding of tumor biology.

The value of extended resection (portal vein, multivisceral) in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is not well defined. We analyzed the outcome after standard resection (standard pancreaticoduodenectomy (SPR)), additional portal vein (PV) and multivisceral (MV) resection in PDAC patients.Clinicopathologic, perioperative, and survival data of patients undergoing pancreatic head resection (PHR) for PDAC 1994-2014 were reviewed from a prospective database.Three hundred fifty nine patients had PHR for PDAC: 208 (58 %) underwent SPR, 131 (36 %) additional PV, and 20 (6 %) MV. The postoperative complication rate in MV (65 %) was slightly higher than in PV (56 %) or SPR (50 %; p = 0.32). MV patients had higher in-hospital mortality (10 %) than SPR (3.8 %) and PV (1.5 %) patients (p = 0.12). Nodal status was comparable, whereas more patients in PV and MV had final R0 resection (p = 0.02). Five-year survival was 7 % after MV versus 17 % in patients without MV (p = 0.07). Multivariate survival analysis identified resection margin, nodal disease, blood transfusions, and MV are set as independent risk factors for overall survival.Multivisceral pancreatic head resections for PDAC are associated with increased perioperative morbidity and mortality, without improving oncologic outcome. Portal vein resection can be performed safely to reach R0 resection and its survival benefits.

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma is dramatically increasing in several Western countries. In Germany, the incidence increased by sevenfold since 1991. The most important risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma are gastroesophageal reflux and obesity. Early diagnosis is possible within surveillance programs for Barrett metaplasia. Endoscopic resection is effective for diagnosis and curative treatment of early carcinoma. Esophagectomy is the central curative treatment modality for non-metastasized tumors exceeding the mucosal layer. Both neoadjuvant chemoradiation and perioperative chemotherapy are increasingly applied. Long term prognosis for locally advanced tumors improved to nearly 50 % five year survival.Das Adenokarzinom des Ösophagus ist eine der am stärksten zunehmenden Tumorentitäten in der westlichen Welt. Seine Inzidenz hat sich seit 1991 in Deutschland mehr als versiebenfacht. Die bedeutendsten Risikofaktoren stellen die gastroösophageale Refluxerkrankung und die Adipositas dar. Die endoskopische Resektion ist ein effektives Verfahren für die Diagnostik und die kurative Therapie der Frühkarzinome. Die Ösophagusresektion ist die zentrale kurative Therapiemodalität für mucosa-überschreitende und nicht-metastasierte Tumorstadien. Neoadjuvante radiochemotherapeutische und perioperativ chemotherapeutische Behandlungsprotokolle kommen zunehmend zum Einsatz. Die onkologische Prognose für lokal fortgeschrittene Tumorstadien konnte auf 5- Jahresüberlebensraten von 50 % verbessert werden.

Background: Advances regarding perioperative mortality rates and oncological outcomes after esophagectomy have been reported extensively by specialized high-volume centers in Europe and the USA over the last decade. However, recent database analyses reveal that the perioperative mortality of esophagectomy remains high in these countries, indicating a discrepancy between surgical quality in baseline hospitals and specialized centers. Methods: This article provides an overview over the existing literature on the correlation between structural quality, procedural volume, and surgical outcome in e- sophageal surgery. Results: Structural, procedural and outcome measures can be used to assess the quality of surgical treatment and perioperative management. Surgical procedures on the esophagus for both benign and malignant diseases are rare and typically associated with high perioperative morbidity and mortality. Usually, direct outcome measures do not provide enough statistical power to actually identify differences in surgical quality between hospitals, making structural quality measures the only feasible parameter to compare the quality of e- sophageal surgery among different centers. Several analyses from different countries have shown a strong correlation between hospital volume and postoperative mortality. Data from countries in which esophageal surgery has been centralized indicate beneficial effects of a centralized health care system on postoperative mortality after esophagectomy. Additionally, only high-volume centers generally provide optimal preoperative and postoperative management and comprehensive access to modern multimodal treatment. In Germany, esophageal surgery is still decentralized, but hospitals performing complex esophageal procedures have to fulfill minimum caseload requirements of 10 cases per year. In practice, these requirements are not met by the majority of hospitals and a detrimental effect on the achieved surgical outcomes can be noted. Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that structural quality assurance is crucial to further reduce postoperative morbidity after esophageal surgery and to improve long-term results.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) can achieve excellent weight loss, yet sleeve dilatation with concomitant weight regain proves to be a relevant issue. Hence, additional restriction might improve results after LSG. In a retrospective matched-pair analysis, 42 patients who underwent banded LSG (BLSG) using a MiniMizer® ring between January 2012 and October 2014 were analysed regarding weight loss, complications and comorbidity. Median follow-up was 3 years. Forty-two patients who had undergone conventional LSG were selected as matched pairs. Mean preoperative BMI was 54.93 ± 7.42 kg/m2 for BLSG and 53.46 ± 6.69 kg/m2 for LSG (Mann-Whitney P = 0.540). Total weight loss (%TWL) was significantly greater in the BLSG group 3 years after surgery (BLSG 38.22% ± 7.26; n = 26 vs. LSG 32.69 ± 9.47; n = 26; P = 0.0154). Ring placement had no relevant impact on new-onset reflux (Fisher’s exact test P = 1.0) but a tendency towards reflux improvement when reflux pre-existed (odds ratio 1.96). The major side effect of ring implantation was regurgitation with over 44% of patients presenting with regurgitation >1 per week (Fisher’s exact test P = 0.0019, odds ratio 18.07). BLSG is a safe procedure showing similar comorbidity to conventional LSG. However, BLSG leads to a higher rate of postoperative regurgitation. Weight loss is significantly improved 3 years after surgery. Hence, additional ring implantation might be an option for increased restriction in LSG surgery.

ZusammenfassungDas Adenokarzinom des Ösophagus ist eine der am stärksten zunehmenden Tumorentitäten in der westlichen Welt. Seine Inzidenz hat sich seit 1991 in Deutschland mehr als versiebenfacht. Die bedeutendsten Risikofaktoren stellen die gastroösophageale Refluxerkrankung und die Adipositas dar. Die endoskopische Resektion ist ein effektives Verfahren für die Diagnostik und die kurative Therapie der Frühkarzinome. Die Ösophagusresektion ist die zentrale kurative Therapiemodalität für mucosa-überschreitende und nicht-metastasierte Tumorstadien. Neoadjuvante radiochemotherapeutische und perioperativ chemotherapeutische Behandlungsprotokolle kommen zunehmend zum Einsatz. Die onkologische Prognose für lokal fortgeschrittene Tumorstadien konnte auf 5- Jahresüberlebensraten von 50 % verbessert werden.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurden verschiedene Varianten der Ösophagusresektion und Rekonstruktion für die kurative Therapie des Ösophaguskarzinoms beschrieben und technisch weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere die minimal-invasiven Verfahren kommen in den letzten Jahren zunehmend zum Einsatz. Die Arbeit stellt die Technik der laparoskopisch-thorakotomischen En-bloc-Ösophagusresektion mit intrathorakaler Ösophagogastrostomie als Hybridverfahren vor (HMIÖ). Patienten und Methoden Am Universitätsklinikum Freiburg wurde von Mai 2013 bis April 2014 bei 23 Patienten mit Ösophaguskarzinom eine Ösophagusresektion durchgeführt. Hiervon erfolgte der Eingriff bei 13 Patienten als offene Ösophagusresektion (OÖ) und bei 10 Patienten in HMIÖ-Technik. Ergebnisse Die Operationstechnik der HMIÖ wird detailliert in den einzelnen Operationsschritten beschrieben. Es konnte bei der HMIÖ eine R0-Resektionsrate von 100 % erreicht werden sowie eine mit der OÖ vergleichbare Lymphknotenzahl bei der Lymphadenektomie (Median 29 vs. 27). Operationsdauer (Median 347 vs. 412 min), Intensivaufenthalt (Median 6 vs. 9 Tage) und Krankenhausaufenthaltsdauer (Median 13 vs. 17 Tage) stellten sich bei der HMIÖ kürzer dar als bei der OÖ. Die postoperative Gesamtmorbidität (40 % vs. 69 %) und insbesondere die postoperative pulmonale Morbidität (10 % vs. 46 %) waren bei der HMIÖ verringert. Anastomoseninsuffizienzen und postoperative Mortalität traten bei der HMIÖ im eigenen Kollektiv nicht auf. Schlussfolgerung Die Technik der HMIÖ vereint Vorteile minimal-invasiver Zugänge auf die postoperative pulmonale Morbidität mit der Sicherheit einer konventionellen Rekonstruktion und Anastomose. Weitere Vorteile ergeben sich durch eine verringerte Operationsdauer und Krankenhausverweildauer.

Clinical data indicate that laparoscopic surgery has a beneficial effect on intestinal wound healing and is associated with a lower incidence of anastomotic leakage. This observation is based on weak evidence, and little is known about the impact of intraoperative parameters during laparoscopic surgery, e.g., temperature and humidity.A small-bowel anastomosis was formed in rats inside an incubator, in an environment of stable humidity and temperature. Three groups of ten Wistar rats were operated: a control group (G1) in an open surgical environment and two groups (G2 and G3) in the incubator at a humidity of 60 % and a temperature of 30 and 37 °C (G2 and G3, respectively). After 4 days, bursting pressure and hydroxyproline concentration of the anastomosis were analyzed. The tissue was histologically examined. Serum levels of C-reactive-protein (CRP) were measured.No significant changes were seen in the evaluation of anastomotic stability. Bursting pressure was very similar among the groups. Hydroxyproline concentration in G3 (36.3 μg/g) was lower by trend (p = 0.072) than in G1 (51.7 μg/g) and G2 (46.4 μg/g). The histological evaluation showed similar results regarding necrosis, inflammatory cells, edema, and epithelization for all groups. G3 (2.56) showed a distinctly worse score for submucosal bridging (p = 0.061) than G1 (1.68). A highly significant increase (p = 0.008) in CRP was detected in G3 (598.96 ng/ml) compared to G1 (439.49 ng/ml) and G2 (460 ng/ml).A combination of high temperature and humidity during surgery induces an increased systemic inflammatory response and seems to be attenuating the early regeneration process in the anastomotic tissue.

Die Arbeit vergleicht die technischen Aspekte und Ergebnisse des sog. „intraglissonian approach“ (IGA) mit denen des „extraglissonian approach“ (EGA) bei der laparoskopischen Hemihepatektomie rechts. Am Universitatsklinikum Freiburg wurde von 09/2010 bis 02/2013 bei insgesamt 16 Patienten eine total-laparoskopische anatomische Hemihepatektomie rechts durchgefuhrt. Bei 8 Patienten erfolgte ein IGA, in den anderen Fallen ein EGA. Im Gegensatz zum IGA, bei dem die rechte Pfortader, die rechte Leberarterie und der rechte Gallengang einzeln prapariert und abgesetzt werden, wird beim EGA der gesamte rechte Pedikel umfahren und en bloc mit einem Linearstapler durchtrennt. Operationsindikation waren benigne Tumoren in 2 und maligne in 14 Fallen. Der mittlere maximale Tumordurchmesser lag bei 5,5 cm (1,5–10 cm). Eine R0-Resektion wurde bei allen Patienten mit malignen Tumoren erreicht. Die perioperative Mortalitat lag bei 0 %, die Zahl der chirurgischen Komplikationen (nach Clavien) bei 1 (Grad I, Wundinfektion Trokar), 2 (Grad II, Cholangitis) und 1 (Grad IIIb, Revision bei Platzbauch nach Konversion). Die Operationsdauer betrug im Median 366 min (265–422 min) in der Gruppe IGA und 313 min (247–417 min) in der Gruppe EGA. Eine Konversion zu einem limitierten offenen Verfahren erfolgte bei 3 Patienten in Gruppe IGA und 2 Patienten in Gruppe EGA. Der mittlere intraoperative Blutverlust lag bei 644 ml (200–1000 ml) in Gruppe IGA und 518 ml (200–1500 ml) in Gruppe EGA. Bluttransfusionen waren bei einem Patienten (nach Konversion) notwendig. Ein Pringle-Manover erfolgte in keinem der 16 Falle. Der stationare Aufenthalt lag im Median bei 11 Tagen (7–23 Tage, IGA) und 13,5 Tagen (7–31 Tage, EGA). Die total-laparoskopische Hemihepatektomie rechts ist eine technisch machbare und sichere Operation. Der IGA scheint durch die direkte Versorgung des gesamten rechten Pedikels moglicherweise die zeitsparendere Technik zu sein.

Treatment of spontaneous esophageal perforation (SEP) consists of different conservative, surgical and endoscopic treatment modalities. In this study, we evaluated the clinical efficacy and the outcome of covered self-expanding stent (CSES) treatment of SEP. All patients with SEP treated by CSES at our institution between 2005 and 2014 were included in this prospective single-center study. The data were collected from a prospective database based on clinical, endoscopic and operative reports. Follow-up data were procured by contacting the patients or their family doctors. The patient data were analyzed concerning course of treatment, leakage sealing rate, complications, and mortality. Patients with iatrogenic or malignant perforations were excluded. In total, 16 patients underwent endoscopic CSES placement for SEP between 2005 and 2014. Sealing of the leakage was immediately successful in 50% (8 patients). A second stent was placed in 5 patients, but did not achieve sealing of the perforation in any case, requiring a switch in treatment to a surgical procedure (n=4) or drainage of the persisting leakage (n=4). In-hospital mortality was 13%. Only delayed treatment was identified as a risk factor for inferior outcome. Patients with successful CSES treatment had a shorter ICU- and hospital stay and had a reduced risk of developing esophageal stenosis (RR: 0.4) or persisting dysphagia despite treatment (RR: 0.33). Endoscopic treatment of SEP is beneficial to the patient if immediately successful, but in our experience, failure rates are higher than described in the literature. Secondary placement of CSES was not successful when initial stent treatment failed, while both surgical intervention and drainage of the perforation showed good results in sealing the leakage.