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Objectives Racial and socioeconomic disparities in the incidence of Legionnaires’ disease have been documented for the past 2 decades; however, the social determinants of health (SDH) that contribute to these disparities are not well studied. The objective of this narrative review was to characterize SDH to inform efforts to reduce disparities in the incidence of Legionnaires’ disease. Methods We conducted a narrative review of articles published from January 1979 through October 2019 that focused on disparities in the incidence of Legionnaires’ disease and pneumonia (inclusive of bacterial pneumonia and/or community-acquired pneumonia) among adults and children (excluding articles that were limited to people aged Results Of the 19 articles reviewed, multiple articles examined disparities in incidence of Legionnaires’ disease and pneumonia related to economic stability/income (n = 13) and comorbidities (n = 10), and fewer articles incorporated SDH variables related to education (n = 3), social support (none), health care access (n = 1), and neighborhood and built environment (n = 6) in their analyses. Conclusions Neighborhood and built-environment factors such as housing, drinking water infrastructure, and pollutant exposures represent critical partnership and research opportunities. More research that incorporates SDH and multilevel, cross-sector interventions is needed to address disparities in Legionnaires’ disease incidence.

Introduction Many diseases can imitate inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] clinically and pathologically. This review outlines the differential diagnosis of IBD and discusses morphological pointers and ancillary techniques that assist with the distinction between IBD and its mimics. Methods European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] Topical Reviews are the result of an expert consensus. For this review, ECCO announced an open call to its members and formed three working groups [WGs] to study clinical aspects, pathological considerations, and the value of ancillary techniques. All WGs performed a systematic literature search. Results Each WG produced a draft text and drew up provisional Current Practice Position [CPP] statements that highlighted the most important conclusions. Discussions and a preliminary voting round took place, with subsequent revision of CPP statements and text and a further meeting to agree on final statements. Conclusions Clinicians and pathologists encounter a wide variety of mimics of IBD, including infection, drug-induced disease, vascular disorders, diverticular disease, diversion proctocolitis, radiation damage, and immune disorders. Reliable distinction requires a multidisciplinary approach.

Biochemical and genetic approaches have been extensively used to study transcription factor (TF) functions, but their dynamic behaviors and the complex ways in which they regulate transcription in plant cells remain unexplored, particularly behaviors such as translocation and binding to DNA. Recent developments in labeling and imaging techniques provide the necessary sensitivity and resolution to study these behaviors in living cells. In this review, we present an up-to-date portrait of the dynamics and regulation of TFs under physiologically relevant conditions and then summarize recent advances in fluorescent labeling strategies and imaging techniques. We then discuss future prospects and challenges associated with the application of these techniques to examine TFs’ intricate dance in living plants.

Nanomaterials (NMs) are gradually becoming pervasive in the modern world, entering every application for improving the quality of life. Multifaceted uses of NMs in curing diseases, biomedical instrumentation, bioimaging, drugs, and gene delivery, display devices, nanosensors, and biomarkers in several fields ranging from agriculture to industries, healthcare, and environment, have been well recognized. Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) constitute a major type of NMs with broad-spectrum applications including their uses in agriculture. These are synthesized in large quantities via synthetic and biological approaches. Biological approaches are gaining appreciation and momentum, owing to the advantages associated with them, major being their environment friendly or ‘Green’ nature. This topical review focuses on the preparation of CNMs using natural resources, i.e., using the Green Nanotechnology. The up-to-date compilation presented here includes most of the popular green technological methods of producing the CNMs and their immediate uses as anticancer agents, in bio-labelling, as biosensors, in bio-remediation, in cell imaging, in fluorescent inks, and fluorescent dyes, as plant growth inducing agents, in nano-probes, in light-emitting devices and other applications. It is intended to update the reader with the state-of-the-art knowledge about the green technological methods for synthesizing CNMs, their uses, current trends, challenges, and future outlook on the topic.

Background and Aims The diagnosis and follow up of patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] requires cross-sectional imaging modalities, such as intestinal ultrasound [IUS], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and computed tomography [CT]. The quality and homogeneity of medical reporting are crucial to ensure effective communication between specialists and to improve patient care. The current topical review addresses optimized reporting requirements for cross-sectional imaging in IBD. Methods An expert consensus panel consisting of gastroenterologists, radiologists and surgeons convened by the ECCO in collaboration with ESGAR performed a systematic literature review covering the reporting aspects of MRI, CT, IUS, endoanal ultrasonography and transperineal ultrasonography in IBD. Practice position statements were developed utilizing a Delphi methodology incorporating two consecutive rounds. Current practice positions were set when ≥80% of the participants agreed on a recommendation. Results Twenty-five practice positions were developed, establishing standard terminology for optimal reporting in cross-sectional imaging. Assessment of inflammation, complications and imaging of perianal CD are outlined. The minimum requirements of a standardized report, including a list of essential reporting items, have been defined. Conclusions This topical review offers practice recommendations to optimize and homogenize reporting in cross-sectional imaging in IBD.

This article reviews some results of the SAGEX programme that have developed in the understanding of the interplay of supersymmetry and modular covariance of scattering amplitudes in type IIB superstring theory and its holographic image in N=4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory (SYM). The first section includes the determination of exact expressions for BPS interactions in the low-energy expansion of type IIB superstring amplitudes. The second section concerns properties of a certain class of integrated correlators in N=4 SYM with arbitrary classical gauge group that are exactly determined by supersymmetric localisation. Not only do these reproduce known features of perturbative and non-perturbative N=4 SYM for any classical gauge group, but they have large-N expansions that are in accord with expectations based on the holographic correspondence with superstring theory. The final section focusses on modular graph functions. These are modular functions that are closely associated with coefficients in the low-energy expansion of superstring perturbation theory and have recently received quite a lot of interest in both the physics and mathematics literature.

This article reviews some results of the SAGEX programme that have developed in the understanding of the interplay of supersymmetry and modular covariance of scattering amplitudes in type IIB superstring theory and its holographic image in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory (SYM). The first section includes the determination of exact expressions for BPS interactions in the low-energy expansion of type IIB superstring amplitudes. The second section concerns properties of a certain class of integrated correlators in N = 4 SYM with arbitrary classical gauge group that are exactly determined by supersymmetric localisation. Not only do these reproduce known features of perturbative and non-perturbative N = 4 SYM for any classical gauge group, but they have large-N expansions that are in accord with expectations based on the holographic correspondence with superstring theory. The final section focusses on modular graph functions. These are modular functions that are closely associated with coefficients in the low-energy expansion of superstring perturbation theory and have recently received quite a lot of interest in both the physics and mathematics literature.

Funder: 2021 IEEE CSC Graduate Study Fellowship in Applied Superconductivity, Dynamic resistance is a time-averaged direct current (DC) resistance in superconducting materials, which typically occurs when a superconductor is carrying a transport DC while simultaneously subject to a time-varying magnetic field. Dynamic resistance has recently attracted increasing attention as it not only causes detrimental dynamic loss in superconducting devices such as the nuclear magnetic resonance magnets and superconducting machines, but on the other hand, the generated dynamic voltage can be exploited in many applications, e.g. high temperature superconducting (HTS) flux pumps. This article reviews the physical mechanism as well as analytical, numerical modelling, and experimental approaches for quantifying dynamic resistance during the last few decades. Analytical formulae can be conveniently used to estimate the dynamic resistance/loss of a simple superconducting topology, e.g. a single rare-earth-barium-copper-oxide tape. However, in a complex superconducting device, such as a superconducting machine, the prediction of dynamic resistance/loss has to rely on versatile numerical modelling methods before carrying out experiments, especially at high frequencies up to the kHz level. The advantages, accuracies, drawbacks, and challenges of different quantification approaches for dynamic resistance/loss in various scenarios are all inclusively discussed. The application of dynamic resistance in HTS flux pumps is also presented. It is believed that this review can help enhance the understanding of dynamic resistance/loss in superconducting applications and provide a useful reference for future superconducting energy conversion systems.

Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint associated with a significant impact on health and socioeconomic outcomes. Current evidence indicates a poor understanding of the mechanisms driv...

In view of the pressing need for alternative clean energy source to displace the current dependence on fossil fuel, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology have received renewed research and development interest in the past decade. The electrolyte, which is the proton exchange membrane, is a critical component of the PEMFC and is specifically targeted for research efforts because of its high commercial cost that effectively hindered the widespread usage and competitiveness of the PEMFC technology. Much effort has been focused over the last five years towards the development of novel, durable, highly effective, commercially viable, and low-cost co-polymers as alternative for the expensive Nafion® proton exchange membrane, which is the current industry standard. Our primary review efforts will be directed upon the reported researches of alternative proton exchange membrane co-polymers which involved Triptycene derivatives. Triptycene derivatives, which contain three benzene rings in a three-dimensional non-compliant paddlewheel configuration, are attractive building blocks for the synthesis of proton exchange membranes because it increases the free volume in the polymer. The co-polymers considered in this review are based on hydrocarbon molecular structure, with Triptycene involved as a performance enhancer. Detailed herein are the development and current state of these co-polymers and their performance as alternative fuel cell electrolyte.

Objective To present a developmental framework of family conflict in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) that aims to guide future research. Methods Developmental and pediatric literature are reviewed to highlight family factors that may modify the degree to which diabetes-related family conflict is related to adolescent health outcomes. Results Developmental literature suggests that family conflict is not inherently bad; rather, conflict that arises under optimal conditions (moderate frequency, warm and accepting relationships) can be adaptive for adolescents. However, family conflict is consistently associated with poor disease outcomes in youth with T1D, with few researchers examining specific moderators of these associations. In this topical review, we highlight moderators of family conflict and developmental outcomes identified in adolescents without chronic illness (e.g., cultural factors, parent–child relationship quality, conflict characteristics) and how these moderators may operate for a pediatric chronic illness such as T1D. Conclusions Incorporating conceptualizations of family conflict from mainstream developmental research has important implications for future research and intervention adaptations on family conflict in pediatric populations.

Currently, therapeutics for COVID‐19 are limited. To overcome this, it is important that we use physiologically relevant models to reproduce the pathology of infection and evaluate the efficacy of antiviral drugs. Models of airway infection, including the use of a human infection challenge model or well‐defined, disease relevant in vitro systems can help determine the key components that perpetuate the severity of the disease. Here, we briefly review the human models that are currently being used in COVID‐19 research and drug development., figure legend Current physiologically relevant models for studying COVID19. Image made using BioRender.com.

Objective To provide a topical review of the literature on the use of medical-legal partnerships (MLPs) to address social determinants of health (SDH) needs as a means to reduce health disparities, and to make recommendations for the implementation of MLPs within pediatric psychologists’ clinical work, research, and training. Methods We conducted a topical review of the research on the intersection of MLPs, SDH needs, and health disparities among pediatric populations. Given the scarcity of literature available, both empirical and theoretical articles were included in the review. Results Though limited, the extant literature suggests that use of MLPs may help address the SDH needs that perpetuate disparities among pediatric populations. To date, MLPs are not as frequently incorporated in the training and work of pediatric psychologists as they may be in other related fields (e.g., medicine). Conclusions MLPs provide an opportunity for psychologists to broaden their interdisciplinary collaborations, to more aptly meet the social and legal needs of their patients to assist in reducing inequities among underserved pediatric populations. The systematic incorporation of MLPs into pediatric psychology training may help to increase the utilization of these services moving forward.

Bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) is now commonly used in orthopedic surgery. Animal studies showed promising results for cartilage, bone, and soft tissue healing; however, many of these outcomes have yet to be translated to human models. While there has been an increase in the use of BMAC in foot and ankle procedures, the associated clinical evidence is limited. The purpose of this review is to analyze the existing literature in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of BMAC in foot and ankle surgery.

CME/CNE Information Activity Available Online: To access the article, post-test, and evaluation online, go to https://www.highmarksce.com/mscare. Target Audience: The target audience for this activity is physicians, physician assistants, nursing professionals, rehabilitation professionals, mental health care clinicians, and other health care providers involved in the management of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Learning Objectives: 1) Describe the potential benefits of outdoor adventure programs as well as the similarities and differences between outdoor adventure programs and established nonpharmacologic treatments for mood, function, and quality of life in MS. 2) Describe future directions for research on outdoor adventure programs tailored to individuals with MS. Accreditation Statement: In support of improving patient care, this activity has been planned and implemented by the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC) and Delaware Media Group. The CMSC is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team. Physician Credit: The CMSC designates this journal-based activity for a maximum of 0.75 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Nurse Credit: The CMSC designates this enduring material for 0.75 contact hour (none in the area of pharmacology). Disclosures: Francois Bethoux, MD, Editor in Chief of the International Journal of MS Care (IJMSC), has served as Physician Planner for this activity. He has disclosed relationships with Springer Publishing (royalty), Qr8 (receipt of intellectual property rights/patent holder), Biogen (receipt of intellectual property rights/patent holder, speakers’ bureau), GW Pharmaceuticals (consulting fee), MedRhythms (consulting fee, contracted research), Genentech (consulting fee), Helius Medical Technologies (consulting fee), Osmotica (consulting fee), Ipsen (consulting fee), and Adamas Pharmaceuticals (contracted research). Laurie Scudder, DNP, NP, has served as Reviewer for this activity. She has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Tracy E. Herring, PhD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Lindsey M. Knowles, PhD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Kevin N. Alschuler, PhD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. The peer reviewers for IJMSC have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. The staff at IJMSC, CMSC, and Delaware Media Group who are in a position to influence content have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Note: Financial relationships may have changed in the interval between listing these disclosures and publication of the article. Method of Participation: Release Date: August 1, 2021 Valid for Credit Through: August 1, 2022 In order to receive CME/CNE credit, participants must: 1) Review the continuing education information, including learning objectives and author disclosures.2) Study the educational content.3) Complete the post-test and evaluation, which are available at https://www.highmarksce.com/mscare. Statements of Credit are awarded upon successful completion of the evaluation and the post-test with a passing score of >70%. The post-test may be retaken if necessary. There is no fee to participate in this activity. Disclosure of Unlabeled Use: This educational activity may contain discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not approved by the FDA. The CMSC and Delaware Media Group do not recommend the use of any agent outside of the labeled indications. The opinions expressed in the educational activity are those of the faculty and do not necessarily represent the views of the CMSC or Delaware Media Group. Disclaimer: Participants have an implied responsibility to use the newly acquired information to enhance patient outcomes and their own professional development. The information presented in this activity is not meant to serve as a guideline for patient management. Any medications, diagnostic procedures, or treatments discussed in this publication should not be used by clinicians or other health care professionals without first evaluating their patients’ conditions, considering possible contraindications or risks, reviewing any applicable manufacturer’s product information, and comparing any therapeutic approach with the recommendations of other authorities.

SIGNIFICANCE We give a comprehensive picture of perceptual-cognitive (PC) skills that could contribute to performance in interceptive sports. Both visual skills that are low level and unlikely influenced by experience and higher-level cognitive-attentional skills are considered, informing practitioners for identification and training and alerting researchers to gaps in the literature.Perceptual-cognitive skills and abilities are keys to success in interceptive sports. The interest in identifying which skills and abilities underpin success and hence should be selected and developed is likely going to grow as technologies for skill testing and training continue to advance. Many different methods and measures have been applied to the study of PC skills in the research laboratory and in the field, and research findings across studies have often been inconsistent. In this article, we provide definitional clarity regarding whether a skill is primarily visual attentional (ranging from fundamental/low-level skills to high-level skills) or cognitive. We review those skills that have been studied using sport-specific stimuli or tests, such as postural cue anticipation in baseball, as well as those that are mostly devoid of sport context, considered general skills, such as dynamic visual acuity. In addition to detailing the PC skills and associated methods, we provide an accompanying table of published research since 1995, highlighting studies (for various skills and sports) that have and have not differentiated across skill groups.

SIGNIFICANCE Eye care professionals seek to provide effective vision care for a variety of patient needs, including performance in sports and recreational pursuits. This review provides an analysis of common visual performance assessments, including summaries of recent clinical research from a diverse array of professional literature.Vision is recognized as an important element of sports performance. Elite athletes frequently demonstrate exceptional abilities to see and respond effectively in sports competition. Which visual factors are important and how to most effectively assess visual performance are the sources of much debate. This topical review presents an evidence-based review of the common visual performance factors assessed in athletes, beginning with guidance for conducting a visual task analysis for the variety of sports that athlete patients may compete in. An information processing model is used to provide a framework for understanding the contributions of the many visual performance factors used during sports.

SIGNIFICANCE To provide meaningful competition that is equitable for Paralympic athletes, classification systems are vital to determine which athletes are eligible to compete in adapted forms of sports and to group athletes for competition. Our discussion has important implications to inform how we should approach visual function assessment in sports performance. Sport participation positively benefits individuals with low vision. In particular, adapted sports exist to provide people with visual disabilities an avenue for participating in recreational activity. High-performance low-vision athletes can participate in Paralympic sports but need to be properly classified based on the severity of their vision impairment. The model for Paralympic classification was initiated by Sir Ludwig Guttmann in 1952 in a rehabilitation clinic for soldiers with spinal cord injuries. Today, the International Paralympic Committee mandates that international sports federations develop evidence-based sport-specific classification systems to ensure that eligible disabled athletes have an opportunity for meaningful competition. With the current classification system, only visual acuity and visual field measures are considered to determine an athlete's eligibility to compete, leaving room to expand our understanding of visual function requirements for individual sports. In this topical review, we discuss the origins of Paralympic sports, limitations of current classification methods, and requirements toward achieving evidence-based sport-specific evaluation systems.

Soft robotics aims at creating systems with improved performance of movement and adaptability in unknown, challenging, environments and with higher level of safety during interactions with humans. This Roadmap on Soft Robotics covers selected aspects for the design of soft robots significantly linked to the area of multifunctional materials, as these are considered a fundamental component in the design of soft robots for an improvement of their peculiar abilities, such as morphing, adaptivity and growth. The roadmap includes different approaches for components and systems design, bioinspired materials, methodologies for building soft robots, strategies for the implementation and control of their functionalities and behavior, and examples of soft-bodied systems showing abilities across different environments. For each covered topic, the author(s) describe the current status and research directions, current and future challenges, and perspective advances in science and technology to meet the challenges., Multifunctional Materials, 5 (3), ISSN:2399-7532

Recent decades have seen the rapid expansion of scholarship that identifies societal responses to past climatic fluctuations. This fast-changing scholarship, which was recently synthesized as the History of Climate and Society (HCS), is today undertaken primary by archaeologists, economists, geneticists, geographers, and paleoclimatologists. This review is the first to consider how all scholars in all of these disciplines approach HCS studies. It begins by explaining how climatic changes and anomalies are reconstructed by paleoclimatologists and historical climatologists. It then provides a broad overview of major changes and anomalies over the 300,000-year history of Homo sapiens, explaining both the causes and environmental consequences of these fluctuations. Next, it introduces the sources, methods, and models employed by scholars in major HCS disciplines. It continues by describing the debates, themes, and findings of HCS scholarship in its major disciplines, and then outlines the potential of transdisciplinary, “consilient” approaches to the field. It concludes by explaining how HCS scholars increasingly attempt to identify relationships between past climatic and human histories that can inform policy development and activism around anthropogenic global warming.

Funder: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Funder: Innovating City Planning through Information and Communication Technologies (INCIPICT), Funder: Fiber Infrastructure for Research on Space-Division Multiplexed Transmission (FIRST), Funder: Royal Academy of Engineering; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000287, Multimode devices and components have attracted considerable attention in the last years, and different research topics and themes have emerged very recently. The multimodality can be seen as an additional degree of freedom in designing devices, thus allowing for the development of more complex and sophisticated components. The propagation of different modes can be used to increase the fiber optic capacity, but also to introduce novel intermodal interactions, as well as allowing for complex manipulation of optical modes for a variety of applications. In this roadmap we would like to give to the readers a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in the field, presenting contributions coming from different research topics, including optical fiber technologies, integrated optics, basic physics and telecommunications.

Human trafficking has long-lasting implications for the well-being of trafficked people, families, and affected communities. Prevention and intervention efforts, however, have been stymied by a lack of information on the scale and scope of the problem. Because trafficked people are mostly hidden from view, traditional methods of establishing prevalence can be prohibitively expensive in the recruitment, participation, and retention of survey participants. Also, trafficked people are not randomly distributed in the general population. Researchers have therefore begun to apply methods previously used in public health research and other fields on hard-to-reach populations to measure the prevalence of human trafficking. In this topical review, we examine how these prevalence methods used for hard-to-reach populations can be used to measure the prevalence of human trafficking. These methods include network-based approaches, such as respondent-driven sampling and the network scale-up method, and venue-based methods. Respondent-driven sampling is useful, for example, when little information about the trafficked population has been produced and when an adequate sampling frame does not exist. The network scale-up method is unique in that it does not target the hidden population directly. The implications of our work internationally include the need for documenting and validating the various prevalence estimation methods in the United States in a more robust way than was done in existing efforts. In providing this roadmap for estimating the prevalence of human trafficking, our overarching goal is to promote the equitable treatment and overall well-being of the socially disadvantaged populations who disproportionately experience human trafficking.

High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) platforms are capable of monitoring the phenotypic variation of plants through multiple types of sensors, such as red green and blue (RGB) cameras, hyperspectral sensors, and computed tomography, which can be associated with environmental and genotypic data. Because of the wide range of information provided, HTP datasets represent a valuable asset to characterize crop phenotypes. As HTP becomes widely employed with more tools and data being released, it is important that researchers are aware of these resources and how they can be applied to accelerate crop improvement. Researchers may exploit these datasets either for phenotype comparison or employ them as a benchmark to assess tool performance and to support the development of tools that are better at generalizing between different crops and environments. In this review, we describe the use of image-based HTP for yield prediction, root phenotyping, development of climate-resilient crops, detecting pathogen and pest infestation, and quantitative trait measurement. We emphasize the need for researchers to share phenotypic data, and offer a comprehensive list of available datasets to assist crop breeders and tool developers to leverage these resources in order to accelerate crop breeding., Various approaches are used to analyze high-throughput phenotyping data and tools can be developed and assessed using available image-based datasets.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic disease with variable degrees of extent, severity, and activity. A proportion of patients will have disease that is refractory to licensed therapies, resulting in significant impairment in quality of life. The treatment of these patients involves a systematic approach by the entire multidisciplinary team, with particular consideration given to medical options including unlicensed therapies, surgical interventions, and dietetic and psychological support. The purpose of this review is to guide clinicians through this process and provide an accurate summary of the available evidence for different strategies.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have attracted great attention in recent years in the wake of an accelerated FDA approval rate and several large-scale acquisitions. To date, there are ten ADC drugs on the market and more than 70 in various stages of clinical trials. Yet, due to the complicated nature of ADC molecules, considerations need to cover many aspects for the success of ADCs, including target specificity, linker-payload stability, tumor permeability, and clearance rate. This topical review summarizes and discusses current methods used to increase stability and homogeneity of ADCs of cysteine conjugation. We believe that they will lead to improvement of efficacy and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ADC drugs.

Background The objective of this study was to describe the case literature of human coronavirus infections in the nervous system of children, including from SARS-CoV-2, and to provide guidance to pediatric providers for managing the potential long-term effects on neurodevelopment of human coronavirus infections in the nervous system. Methods Using a structured strategy, the PubMed and Ovid:Embase databases were queried for articles about the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of coronavirus infections in the nervous system of children and young adults, aged 0 to 24 years. Results Of 2302 articles reviewed, 31 described SARS-CoV-2 infections in the nervous system of children and 21 described other human coronaviruses: HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1. Excepting MERS-CoV, we found cases of neurological disease in children from each human coronavirus. Children with non-SARS-CoV-2 infections have suffered acute flaccid paralysis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, encephalitis, and seizures. In addition, cases of ischemic, hemorrhagic, and microvascular strokes have occurred in children with SARS-CoV-2. Patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children have suffered encephalitis, stroke, pseudotumor cerebri syndrome, and cytotoxic lesions of deep brain structures. Despite these reports, few articles evaluated the impact of human coronavirus infections on long-term neurodevelopmental domains including cognitive, language, academic, motor, and psychosocial outcomes. Conclusions Neurological manifestations of human coronavirus infections can cause severe disease in children. The case literature suggests a critical gap in knowledge of the long-term effects on child neurodevelopment of these infections. As the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues, this gap must be filled to facilitate optimal outcomes in recovering children.

Run by the International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) and published by Springer Nature, Biophysical Reviews is an international journal dedicated to publishing topical review articles in the areas of (i) biology-related physics, (ii) structural biology, and (iii) molecular biology. This Editorial for Volume 13, Issue 2 of Biophysical Reviews provides a brief summary of the contents of the current Issue and then describes some matters important to the journal for 2021.

Physical activity during adolescence is associated with positive health outcomes, yet only 26% of US middle and high school students report daily physical activity. Moreover, the number of high school students playing a sport is declining, with the largest decline in football. One reason for this decline in playing football may be increased attention to the risk of head injury. For public health, the decline is alarming because football offers a physical activity opportunity for millions of young people every year. In response, efforts have been made to institute measures to enhance the safety of football. The objective of this topical review was to review these measures and the data supporting their effectiveness. We conducted a search of scientific literature supplemented by a web search to identify safety measures. We used the Indiana University library electronic database, PubMed, and web browser searches with specific search terms. In addition to peer-reviewed studies, we searched news stories and reports from sport-related organizations. We summarized the measures and evaluations of effectiveness and categorized the measures by type (game rules, practice guidelines, equipment innovations, strategic initiatives) and target age group (elementary/middle school, high school, college, professional). We found that attempts are being made to improve the safety of football at all levels. However, many measures lack scientific evidence to support their effectiveness. Therefore, researchers need to systematically evaluate safety measures. By implementing evidence-based interventions, we can balance the public health risk of playing football versus the public health risk of continued declines in participation.

Machine learning (ML) is a study of computer algorithms for automation through experience. ML is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that develops computer systems, which are able to perform tasks generally having need of human intelligence. While healthcare communication is important in order to tactfully translate and disseminate information to support and educate patients and public, ML is proven applicable in healthcare with the ability for complex dialogue management and conversational flexibility. In this topical review, we will highlight how the application of ML/AI in healthcare communication is able to benefit humans. This includes chatbots for the COVID-19 health education, cancer therapy, and medical imaging.

Childhood and adolescence are crucial periods for mental and social development. Currently, mental illness among young people is a global epidemic, and rates of disorders such as depression and anxiety are rising. Urban living, compared with rural living, is linked with a higher risk of serious mental illness, which is important because the world is urbanizing faster than ever before. Urban environments and their landscapes, designs, and features influence mental health and well-being. However, no conceptual frameworks to date have detailed the effect of urban environments on young people’s mental health, and few studies have considered the growing role of digital and social media in this relationship, leading to calls for the development of holistic approaches to describe this relationship. This article synthesizes existing knowledge on urban places (both built and natural environments) and mental health in the public health and urban planning literature and examines the emerging field of neurourbanism (a multidisciplinary study of the effect of urban environments on mental health and brain activity) to enhance current practice and research. We developed 2 novel conceptual frameworks (1 research-oriented, 1 practice-oriented), adapted from Bronfenbrenner’s socioecological model, that focus on the relationship between urban environments and young people’s mental health. We added a digital and social media contextual level to the socioecological model, and we applied a multilayer concept to highlight potential cross-field interactions and collaborations. The proposed frameworks can help to guide future practice and research in this area.

Tranexamic acid (TXA) has become a commonly used perioperative intervention in total joint arthroplasty, shoulder and knee arthroscopy, and spinal procedures in order to minimize blood loss, hematoma formation, hemarthrosis, and wound healing complications. There is a potential role for TXA use in foot and ankle procedures, with limited studies suggesting a potential benefit in minimizing postoperative wound complications and blood loss without an increased risk of thromboembolic events. In light of the profound clinical and financial impact of TXA use in other orthopaedic subspecialties and the early successes in foot and ankle surgery, we aim to provide more information about TXA and its use in foot and ankle surgery. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to perform a comprehensive literature review on the topic of TXA use in foot and ankle procedures in order to describe the pertinent available literature on the use of TXA in orthopaedic surgery and its implications specifically in foot and ankle surgery. It is our aim to identify potential benefits and shortcomings in the available evidence on TXA use for foot and ankle surgery in hopes to (1) best inform foot and ankle surgeons where beneficial and safe and (2) inspire further research on this topic as it relates to clinical management for foot and ankle patients. Levels of Evidence: Level IV

Recent advances in fabrication techniques have enabled the development of materials sculpted at the nanoscale (~10 nm). These “nano-materials” could revolutionize thermal management technologies by...

Two-dimensional materials (2D materials) have been the focal point of recent advanced research owing to their new properties and probability for enlightening fascinating novel phenomena. One sub-group of the atomically thin 2D material family with great potential is the mono-elemental 2D-crystals called “Xenes” (“ene” Latin word meaning sheets and X = group III–VI elements). 2D-Xenes are the newest and most active area of research in the nanomaterial (NM) family. Modern synthesis and highly sensitive characterization techniques offer the opportunity to investigate theoretically envisaged 2D-Xenes with atomic accuracy under ideal conditions and allow experimental investigations to support theory. The experimentally supported theoretically proposed synthetic 2D-Xenes of the group V elements (phosphorene (PP), arsenene (AN), antimonene (AM), and bismuthene (BM)), also known as pnictogen elements, are similar to semiconductor (SC) materials. Thus, the group V 2D-Xene analogs of graphene offer exciting potential for future novel nano-devices, e.g., optoelectronic, biomedical, and sensing devices. In this topical review, we briefly provide various aspects of the group V 2D-Xenes, ranging from their synthetic methodologies to their applications in different devices. Briefly, we will first explain the different potential methods to synthesize the group V 2D-Xenes and present a brief synopsis of the key information about their properties obtained by theoretical calculations and experimental investigations. Finally, we discuss in detail the possible applications of group V 2D-Xenes for fundamental oriented studies and their limitations and future prospective.

Seaweeds (macroalgae) are, together with microalgae, main contributors to the Earth’s production of organic matter and atmospheric oxygen as well as fixation of carbon dioxide. In addition, they contain a bounty of fibres and minerals, as well as macro- and micronutrients that can serve both technical and medicinal purposes, as well as be a healthy and nutritious food for humans and animals. It is therefore natural that seaweeds and humans have had a myriad of interwoven relationships both on evolutionary timescales as well as in recent millennia and centuries all the way into the Anthropocene. It is no wonder that seaweeds have also entered and served as a saviour for humankind around the globe in many periods of severe needs and crises. Indeed, they have sometimes been the last resort, be it during times of famine, warfare, outbreak of diseases, nuclear accidents, or as components of securing the fabric of social stability. The present topical review presents testimony from the history of human interaction with seaweeds to the way humankind has, over and over again, been ‘saved by seaweeds’. It remains a historical fact that in extreme conditions, such as shortage and wars, humans have turned to seaweeds in times of ‘needs must’ and created new opportunities for their uses in order to mitigate disasters. Lessons to be learned from this history can be used as reminders and inspiration, and as a guide as how to turn to seaweeds in current and inevitable, future times of crises, not least for the present needs of how to deal with changing climates and the pressing challenges of sustainable and healthy eating.

Chronic ankle instability can result from untreated or badly managed acute lateral ankle ligament injuries. Conservative management is the modality of choice for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries, and operative treatment is reserved for special cases. Failure after strict rehabilitation may be an indication for surgery. Several operative options are available, including anatomic repair, anatomic reconstruction, and tenodesis procedures. Anatomic repair can be performed when the quality of the damaged ligaments permits. Anatomic reconstruction with an autograft or allograft should be considered when the torn ligaments are not adequate. Ankle arthroscopy is a useful adjunct to ligamentous procedures, performed at the time of repair to identify and treat intra-articular conditions that may be associated with chronic ankle instability. Tenodesis techniques are not recommended because of their suboptimal long-term results related to the modification of ankle and hindfoot biomechanics.Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.

Repetitively pulsed gas volume and dielectric surface discharges have gained growing attention because of peculiar and exciting physics phenomena, high efficiency, high reactivity, and potential to obtain conventionally unachievable plasma properties. Nevertheless, incomplete understanding of fundamental mechanisms renders the repetitively pulsed discharge far less predictable and controllable, where the inherent memory effect and the discharge mode transition are universal challenges. In this topical review, the authors will explore the macroscopic characteristics of the gas gap breakdown and the surface flashover, state-of-the-art mechanisms and dominant agents of discharge memory effects, operation regimes and transitions of the discharge mode, and how waveform parameters affect the pulsed discharge properties. Challenges and potential approaches for further understanding the memory effect and the discharge mode transition in the repetitively pulsed discharge are discussed.

The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has changed the social environment in which people live and work, as well as the social systems they rely on.39,88 To contain the spread of coronavirus and to prepare for a dramatic increase in demand for limited hospital/medical facilities and resources, societies have enforced physical distancing measures. Consequently, there have been limitations on the use of public transportation, public spaces, and work, education, and recreational facilities. Furthermore, access to vital, but nonurgent, healthcare services (including pain management services) has been restricted. These changes have affected the way people connect with each other, manage their health and wellbeing, and fulfil their social roles. For some, these changes may present opportunities (eg, increased time with family, normalisation of flexible working, and reduced demand for travel). For others, however, these social changes can also represent significant threats to health and wellbeing. The negative impact of social changes prompted by the COVID-19 crisis may disproportionately affect individuals living with long-term painful conditions. Living with chronic pain can threaten an individuals' fundamental social needs for autonomy (agency or independence), belonging (social connection), and justice (fairness). In turn, for some, experiencing heightened social threat can maintain and exacerbate chronic pain.48 In this review, we draw attention to the potential for social and systemic changes associated with attempts to contain the spread of COVID-19 to precipitate, maintain, and exacerbate pain by increasing the social threats faced by individuals with chronic pain (Fig. ​(Fig.1).1). We also suggest strategies for mitigating the social impact of COVID-19 on those living with chronic pain, for instance by learning from the resilience demonstrated by people in pain who have found ways to deal with social threat. Finally, we suggest several time-critical, high-impact research questions for further investigation (Fig. 1). Open in a separate window Figure 1. Schematic representation of how the COVID 19 pandemic (A) exacerbates existing levels of social threat (B), thereby inducing several social challenges (C) for people with chronic pain, and ultimately increasing the risk for the development, maintenance, and exacerbation of chronic pain complaints (D). Possible protecting processes and interventions countering the effects of the pandemic are portrayed as well (E).

Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) comprises a wide spectrum of ligament and tendon failure that may result in significant deformity and disability. It is often associated with posterior tibial tendon deficiency (PTTD), which has been linked to multiple demographic factors, medical comorbidities, and genetic processes. AAFD is classified using stages I through IV. Nonoperative treatment modalities should always be attempted first and often provide resolution in stages I and II. Stage II, consisting of a wide range of flexible deformities, is typically treated operatively with a combination of soft tissue procedures and osteotomies. Stage III, which is characterized by a rigid flatfoot, typically warrants triple arthrodesis. Stage IV, where the flatfoot deformity involves the ankle joint, is treated with ankle arthrodesis or ankle arthroplasty with or without deltoid ligament reconstruction along with procedures to restore alignment of the foot. There is limited evidence as to the optimal procedure; thus, the surgical indications and techniques continue to be researched.

Achieving fusion in osseous procedures about the foot and ankle presents unique challenges to the surgeon. Many patients have comorbidities that reduce osseous healing rates, and the limited space and high weightbearing demand placed on fusion sites makes the choice of bone graft, bone graft substitute, or orthobiologic agent of utmost importance. In this review, we discuss the essential characteristics of grafts, including their osteoconductive, osteoinductive, osteogenic, and angiogenic properties. Autologous bone graft remains the gold standard and contains all these properties. However, the convenience and lack of donor site morbidity of synthetic bone grafts, allografts, and orthobiologics, including growth factors and allogenic stem cells, has led to these being used commonly as augments.Level of Evidence:Level V, expert opinion.

Hallux valgus is a common condition that results from a complex positional deformity of the first ray. The bunion or medial prominence that results from the lateral deviation and pronation of the hallux is only one component of the 3-dimensional deformity. Hallux valgus can lead to considerable pain and altered joint mechanics. The precise biomechanical etiology remains under debate. Predisposing factors include female sex, age, constricting footwear, and family history. Metatarsus adductus, equinus contracture, hammertoe deformity, and pes planus often coexist with hallux valgus. Nonoperative treatment involves patient education, shoe modifications, toe pads and positioning devices, and activity modifications. Surgery is considered in patients who fail nonoperative treatment with the goal of pain relief, correction of the deformity, improved first ray stability, and improved quality of life. More than 100 different procedures have been described to treat hallux valgus; they include combinations of soft tissue balancing, metatarsal osteotomies, and fusion of either the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) or tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint. The choice of procedures depends on the severity and location of the deformity as well as surgeon preference. Recent advances in operative techniques include minimally invasive surgery and correction of rotational deformity.

Over the past 150 years, our ability to produce and transform engineered materials has been responsible for our current high standards of living, especially in developed economies. However, we must carefully think of the effects our addiction to creating and using materials at this fast rate will have on the future generations. The way we currently make and use materials detrimentally affects the planet Earth, creating many severe environmental problems. It affects the next generations by putting in danger the future of the economy, energy, and climate. We are at the point where something must drastically change, and it must change now. We must create more sustainable materials alternatives using natural raw materials and inspiration from nature while making sure not to deplete important resources, i.e. in competition with the food chain supply. We must use less materials, eliminate the use of toxic materials and create a circular materials economy where reuse and recycle are priorities. We must develop sustainable methods for materials recycling and encourage design for disassembly. We must look across the whole materials life cycle from raw resources till end of life and apply thorough life cycle assessments (LCAs) based on reliable and relevant data to quantify sustainability. We need to seriously start thinking of where our future materials will come from and how could we track them, given that we are confronted with resource scarcity and geographical constrains. This is particularly important for the development of new and sustainable energy technologies, key to our transition to net zero. Currently ‘critical materials’ are central components of sustainable energy systems because they are the best performing. A few examples include the permanent magnets based on rare earth metals (Dy, Nd, Pr) used in wind turbines, Li and Co in Li-ion batteries, Pt and Ir in fuel cells and electrolysers, Si in solar cells just to mention a few. These materials are classified as ‘critical’ by the European Union and Department of Energy. Except in sustainable energy, materials are also key components in packaging, construction, and textile industry along with many other industrial sectors. This roadmap authored by prominent researchers working across disciplines in the very important field of sustainable materials is intended to highlight the outstanding issues that must be addressed and provide an insight into the pathways towards solving them adopted by the sustainable materials community. In compiling this roadmap, we hope to aid the development of the wider sustainable materials research community, providing a guide for academia, industry, government, and funding agencies in this critically important and rapidly developing research space which is key to future sustainability., The authors would like to thank The Faraday Institution ReLiB Project Grant Numbers FIRG005 and FIRG006, the UKRI Interdisciplinary Circular Economy Centre for Technology Metals (Met4Tech) Grant No. EP/V011855/1 and the EPSRC Critical Elements and Materials Network (CREAM) EP/R020140/1 for providing financial assistance for this research.

In the past century, oil palm has developed from a sustenance crop in West Africa to a major global agricultural commodity, with substantial impacts on biodiversity, the environment, society, and livelihoods. Although the oil palm industry contributes to local and national economies across the tropics, there are significant concerns about the negative effects of oil palm cultivation on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, as well on local communities and farmers. There is a growing awareness of the need for managing agricultural landscapes more sustainably, and the importance of ecological, social, and also interdisciplinary research to inform this. To understand the current status of research across these areas for oil palm, we carried out a systematic mapping exercise to quantify social, ecological, and interdisciplinary socio-ecological research on oil palm cultivation, assess trends in the research, and to identify priority knowledge gaps in the literature. Literature was searched using adapted preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses and Collaboration for Environmental Evidence protocols. We reviewed 4959 publications on the ecological, social, and socioecological effects of oil palm cultivation. Each publication was classified according to study context (the study site location and type), comparators (the type of comparison the study makes), intervention (the potential action or decision being studied), and outcome (the effects of the intervention on the population). This resulted in 443 classified papers, which we then analyzed in more detail, to identify co-occurrence of different research foci between the disciplines and in socio-ecological research. We found a global increase in oil palm research over the past three decades, with a clear bias to Malaysia and Indonesia, mirroring global production trends. Over 70% of the research was focused on ecological outcomes, 19% on social, and less than 10% interdisciplinary. The majority of studies were conducted within industrial plantations, with comparisons to non-modified habitats, such as forests. Research has focused most on the effects of cultivation on yield, invertebrate biodiversity, and livelihood. To place our findings in context of production of palm oil and sustainability priorities, we used information on regional oil palm production in Tonnes, priorities of sustainable certification bodies, and recognized causes of yield gaps. The most pressing knowledge gaps included a lack of studies on the effects of plantation inputs on pollination and herbivory, the relationship between ecological factors and human health and wellbeing, and comparisons of different management practices within oil palm plantations. We advocate that these gaps become the focus of future research attention, as they lie in identified priority research areas and outcomes are likely to be critical to informing the development of more sustainable palm oil production., Gates Cambridge Trust

The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector., 77 pages, 40 figures, 1262 references

The topical review discusses various points of view related to terminology, diagnostic criteria, difficulties in assessing the prevalence and stages of diabetic cardiomyopathy, presents used in clinical practice and potential instrumental and laboratory diagnostic methods, provides therapeutic methods and strategic directions for the treatment of this condition and the prevention of chronic heart failure.

Background: Off- and on-the job injuries are characterized by a wide range of sites, formation mechanisms, outcomes, and complications and pose a serious socio-economic problem. Early and timely rehabilitation improves occupational prognosis and is necessary at all disease phases. The objectives of this review include the analysis of gender and age-specific on- and off-the job injuries and identification of possible directions of improving the efficiency of restoring health after injuries using international standards. Methods: We searched Web of Science, PubMed, eLIBRARY and ResearchGate citation databases with the following keywords both in Russian and English: on-the-job injuries, off-the-job injuries, rehabilitation technologies, International Classification of Functioning, and rehabilitation potential, and selected 52 articles out of 70 search results. Having analyzed the selected papers, we included 35 of them in this topical review. Results: The main types of injuries in terms of localization and mechanism of traumatic injury have been established and possible post-traumatic complications leading to temporary, stable, and permanent disability are described. The importance of timely, comprehensive and step-by-step rehabilitation treatment of the consequences of injuries are highlighted in view of allocating basic and additional tasks of this process. Foreign experience of using treatment methodology from the standpoint of rehabilitation potential and rehabilitation diagnosis is demonstrated. Possible directions of increasing the efficiency of the population's health recovery have been analyzed using international standards. The main stages, tasks, and possibilities of medical and social rehabilitation using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) are considered. Conclusions: Our findings show the necessity of introducing this international classification into domestic medical practice in order to highlight individual needs in the rehabilitation process, assess the results of rehabilitation, professional suitability, quality of life and other health indicators.