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Background and purpose The cerebral cortex has been the focus of investigations of the pathogenesis of migraine for a long time. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe and effective technique for evaluating cortex excitability. Previous studies of the duration of the cortical silent period (CSP)-a measure of intracortical inhibition-in migraine patients have yielded conflicting results. We aimed to characterize cortical excitability by applying TMS to female migraineurs during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, in order to eliminate the effects of variations in sex hormones. Methods We enrolled 70 female subjects: 20 migraine with aura (MA) patients, 20 migraine without aura (MO) patients, and 30 healthy controls. We measured the CSP, resting motor threshold (rMT), and motor evoked potential (MEP) induced by TMS to evaluate cortical excitability during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle. Results The CSP was shorter in MA patients (88.93±3.82 ms, mean±SEM) and MO patients (86.98±2.72 ms) than in the control group (109.06±2.85 ms) (both p=0.001), and did not differ significantly between the MA and MO groups (p=0.925). The rMT did not differ significantly among the groups (p=0.088). MEPmax was higher in MA patients than in healthy controls (p=0.014), while that in MO patients did not differ from those in MA patients and healthy controls (p=0.079 and p=0.068). Conclusions We detected a shorter CSP in both MA and MO patients. This finding may indicate the presence of motor cortex hyperexcitability, which is probably due to reduced GABAergic neuronal inhibition in migraine.

WOS: 000378756700001, PubMed ID: 27403338, Purpose. To compare the macular and peripapillary choroidal thickness in eyes with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome and PEX glaucoma with the normal eyes of healthy controls. Materials and Methods. In this prospective study, 30 eyes of 30 patients with PEX syndrome, 28 eyes of 28 patients with PEX glaucoma, and 30 eyes of 30 age-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. Choroidal thicknesses in the macular and peripapillary areas were measured by using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Results. Gender, age, and axial length did not significantly differ between the groups (all, p > 0.05). The mean values of choroidal thickness in the macular and peripapillary areas (except the superior quadrant) in the patients with PEX syndrome and PEX glaucoma were lower compared with controls (all p < 0.05). The mean values of the macular and peripapillary choroidal thickness in the PEX glaucoma group were lower compared with PEX syndrome group; however this difference was not significant. Conclusions. The findings of this study revealed that macular and peripapillary choroidal thicknesses were decreased in PEX syndrome and PEX glaucoma cases. The role of choroid in the development of glaucomatous damage in patients with PEX syndrome remains unclear.

WOS: 000363047300083, PubMed ID: 25633622, Purpose: To evaluate the association between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the development of retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods: Forty patients were included in the study. Forty age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group. The RVO diagnosis was made clinically, based on the findings of fundus examination. The NLR and file records of the patients and the control group were compared. Results: The mean age of patients was 64 +/- 12 years. Neutrophil levels were higher in RVO patients compared to the control subjects (5.1 +/- 1.9 vs 3.6 +/- 1.0, p 1.89, with 72.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Conclusions: The current study demonstrated that higher NLR was associated with the development of RVO. The NLR may be used as a predictive tool for identifying risk for RVO.

WOS: 000394159800017, PubMed ID: 27113057, The aim of this study was to investigate the mean platelet volume (MPV) of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Thirty patients were included in the study. Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group. All patients and control subjects underwent complete ocular examination. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet count, and MPV of the participants were recorded. Data of patients with CSCR were compared with the control subjects. Patients with CSCR had significantly higher MPV values (9.76 +/- 1.36 fL) compared with the control subjects (8.37 +/- 0.72 fL) (p = 0.004). No significant difference was found in platelet counts between the CSCR group and the control group (259 +/- 53.75 and 243 +/- 52.11 K/Ul, p = 0.253). According to the receiver operator characteristics curve analysis, the optimal cut-off value of MPV to predict the CSCR was > 9.4, with 60.0 % sensitivity and 93.3 % specificity. Our results demonstrated that the MPV values were significantly higher in patients with CSCR. MPV may be used as a predictive tool for identifying risk for CSCR.

WOS: 000255628200013, PubMed ID: 18286299, Background To examine the effects of central corneal thickness on the measures obtained from transpalpebral tonometry (Diaton), and to identify correlations between intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements with Diaton and the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT). Methods In this cross-sectional study, 162 eyes of 81 participants were included. Intraocular pressure measurements were obtained in all patients using Diaton and GAT. Central corneal thickness was determined by ultrasound pachymetry. The participants were stratified by corneal thickness: group I < 530 mu m (n=56), group II 530-560 mu m (n=65), and group III > 560 mu m (n=41). Results There were moderate correlations between IOP readings obtained using the Diaton and corrected GAT (C-GAT) (r=0.303; P < 0.0001), and between corrected Diaton (C-Diaton), and C-GAT (r=0.399; P0.0001). The mean Diaton tonometer readings were lower than C-GAT measurements (Diaton-corrected GAT mean difference, 0.9 +/- 3.8 mmHg; c-Diaton-corrected GAT mean difference, 0.7 +/- 3.5 mmHg). Differences were detected between the groups of patients for the GAT values [2.4 +/- 3.6 mmHg for those with the thinnest corneas (< 530 mu m), 0.7 +/- 3.6 mmHg for those with moderate corneas (between 531 mu m and 560 mu m), and -0.6 +/- 3.6 mmHg for those with the thickest (> 560 mu m) corneas], whereas a significantly lower difference (0.9 +/- 3.8 mmHg) was noted for the Diaton values of all individuals. Conclusions The Diaton measurements show moderate correlation with those provided by applanation tonometry. The Diaton tonometer seems to be more affected by the corneal thickness, especially in the thinnest corneas.

WOS: 000219244200005, PubMed ID: 27800222, Objectives: To evaluate the serum homocysteine (Hcy) and leptin levels in patients with uveitis. Materials and Methods: The 70 cases included in the study comprised 3 groups: patients with Behcet's uveitis (BU), patients with non-Behcet's uveitis (NBU) and healthy controls. Body mass index was calculated for each subject. Serum Hcy and leptin levels were measured. Furthermore, acute-phase reactants including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein and neutrophil count were measured. Results: Serum Hcy levels were 15.04 +/- 4.59 mu mol/L in the BU group, 15.4 +/- 6.87 mu mol/L in the NBU group and 13.64 +/- 4.72 mu mol/L in the control group (p>0.05). The serum leptin levels of male patients in the BU group, NBU group and control group were 4.76 +/- 3.54 ng/ml, 6.33 +/- 3.74 ng/ml and 5.47 +/- 6.33 ng/ml, respectively (p>0.05). When we compared serum leptin levels in female patients and controls, the mean serum leptin concentrations were significantly higher in female BU and NBU patients (24.83 +/- 17.62 ng/ml and 28.46 +/- 13.90 ng/ml, respectively) than in healthy control volunteers (9.62 +/- 6.36 ng/ml, p, Cumhuriyet University, Cumhuriyet University scientific research and project support office

WOS: 000361858600024, PubMed ID: 26558214, AIM: To investigate the oxidative stress status of the aqueous humor and serum of patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEG) and to measure paraoxonase (PON) and arylesterase (ARE) levels. METHODS: A total of 78 patients were enrolled in the study, with 26 patients in each separate group. The patients were divided into three groups: the first group entailed PEX syndrome patients, while the second group consisted of patients with PEG and the third group involved patients with no additional systemic diseases, other than the diagnosis of cataract as control. Total oxidative stress (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), PON, and ARE levels in aqueous humor and serum were measured. RESULTS: TAC, PON and arylesterase levels in aqueous humor and serum of the PEX syndrome and PEG patients were significantly decreased compared with control group (P, Turkish Ophthalmology Society, This study was supported by the Turkish Ophthalmology Society and our study was presented as a poster in the 16th Afro-Asian Congress of Ophthalmology and the 5th Mediterranean Retina Meeting.

WOS: 000352801100001, PubMed ID: 25534524, Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) both harbor multiple, T2-hyperintense white matter lesions on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).We aimed to determine the microstructural changes via diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in normal appearing thalami. We hypothesized that the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values would be different in CSVD and MS, since the extent of arterial involvement is different in these two diseases. DWI was performed for 50 patients with CSVD and 35 patients with MS along with gender- and age-matched controls whose conventional MRI revealed normal findings. DWI was done with 1.5 Tesla MR devices using echo planar imaging (EPI) for b = 0, 1000 s/mm(2). ADC values were obtained from the thalami which appeared normal on T2-weighted and FLAIR images. Standard oval regions of interest (ROIs) of 0.5 cm(2) which were oriented parallel to the long axis of the thalamus were used for this purpose. The mean ADC value of the thalamus was (0.99 +/- 0.16) x 10(-3) mm(2)/s in patients with CSVD, whereas the mean ADC value was (0.78 +/- 0.06) x 10(-3) mm(2)/s in the control group. The mean ADC value was significantly higher in patients with CSVD compared to the controls (p < 0.001). The mean ADC values of the thalamus were (0.78 +/- 0.08) x 10(-3) mm(2)/s in MS patients, and (0.75 +/- 0.08) x 10(-3) mm(2)/s in the control group, which are not significantly different (p > 0.05). Our study revealed a difference in the diffusion of the thalami between CSVD and MS. DWI may aid in the radiological disease differentiation.

WOS: 000342155600006, PubMed ID: 24802745, Purpose To investigate levels of ghrelin in the aqueous humour (AqH) of patients with exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma and compare them to levels of ghrelin in control subjects. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 15 patients with exfoliation syndrome, 8 with exfoliation glaucoma and 12 control subjects for whom cataract surgery was indicated. The AqH was aspirated from the anterior chamber with a 27-G needle under sterile conditions prior to tissue manipulation. Ghrelin levels were quantified using radioimmunassay kits. Results Levels of ghrelin in the AqH were 187.87 +/- 80.1 pg/mL in the eyes exhibiting exfoliation syndrome, 98.53 +/- 50.9 pg/mL in the eyes exhibiting exfoliation glaucoma and 111.40 +/- 77.5 pg/mL in the controls. Ghrelin level of patients with exfoliation syndrome were significantly higher than those of patients with exfoliation glaucoma and the controls (P0.05). Age, gender and IOP did not have a significant effect on ghrelin levels in patients with exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma. Conclusion This study is the first to report elevated levels of ghrelin in the AqH in eyes exhibiting exfoliation syndrome. Findings suggest ghrelin might play role in the etiopathogenesis of exfoliation syndrome to exfoliation glaucoma., Turkish Ophthalmology Society, This study was supported by Turkish Ophthalmology Society.

Amaç: İntravitreal enjeksiyon yapılan hastalarda enjeksiyon öncesi ve sonrası anksiyete düzeyini değerlendirmek ve intravitreal enjeksiyon sayısı ile anksiyete düzeyi arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmak.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya diyabetik maküla ödemi, eksüdatif yaşa bağlı maküla dejenerasyonu ve retina ven tıkanıklığı nedeniyle intravitreal ranibizumab enjeksiyonu uygulanan 96 hasta dahil edildi. Enjeksiyon öncesi ve sonrasında tüm hastalara Spielberger durumluk vesürekli kaygı ölçeği anket formu dolduruldu ve kaygı düzeyleri hesaplandı.Bulgular: Hastaların ortalama yaşı 65,7±9,1 idi ve 59'u erkek (%61,5), 37'si kadın (%38,5) idi. İntravitreal enjeksiyon öncesi ortalamaanksiyete skoru Spielberger durumluk ve sürekli kaygı ölçeği, enjeksiyon sonrası anksiyete skoruna göre anlamlı olarak yüksekti (45,2±4,9 ve42,5±4,1, sırasıyla) (p, Objective: To evaluate the anxiety scores of patients before and after intravitreal injections and to investigate the relation between the number of intravitreal injection and anxiety levels. Material and Method: Ninty six patients were included in this study who have undergone intravitreal ranibizumab injections for diabetic macular edema, exudative age related macular degeneration and retinal vein occlusion. Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory were applied to all patients before and after injections and anxiety scores were calculated. Results: Mean age of patients were 65.7±9.1 and 59 patients were male (61.5%), 37 patients were female (38.5%). Mean anxiety score before injection were significantly higher compared to mean anxiety score after injection (45.2±4.9 and 42.5±4.1, respectively) (p

Amaç: Yaşlılığa bağlı katarakt nedeniyle tek parçalı hidrofobik akrilik göz içi lens implante edilen hastalarda 5 yıllık Neodmiyum yag lazer posterior kapsülotomi oranlarının gösterilmesi.Gereç ve Yöntem: Katarakt nedeniyle Ocak 2006-Mart 2007 tarihleri arasında fakoemülsifikasyon cerrahisi geçiren ve tek parça hidrofobik akrilik göz içi lensi (Zaracom F260, Zaracom Lensleri, Sivas, Türkiye) implante edilen 419 hastanın (50 yaş üzeri) 449 gözü retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Görme keskinliği, Nd-Yag lazer oranı ve bu hastalarda lensin santralizasyonu ve pozisyonu değerlendirildi.Bulgular: Preoperatif ortalama en iyi düzeltilmiş görme keskinliği (EDGK) 0.29±0.22 idi. Snellen eşeline göre son vizitte ortalama EDGK 0.89±0.08 idi. Tüm lensler santralizeydi. Cerrahi sonrası 5 yıllık süreçte Zaracom F260 lensi olan hastaların %93.4'ünde Nd-Yag lazer gereksinimi olmadı.Sonuç: Yaşlılığa bağlı kataraktı olan ve Zaracom F260 katlanabilir hidrofobik akrilik göz içi lensi implante edilen hastalarda uzun dönemde oldukça düşük Nd-Yag lazer posterior kapsülotomi oranı görülmüştür., Purpose: To present 5 years Nd-Yag laser posterior capsulotomy rates in patients with senile cataracts who undergone implantation of monoblock hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOL). Material and Methods: Four hundred and forty-nine eyes of 419 cataract patients (over 50 years old) who had phacoemulsification and monoblock hydrophobic acrylic IOL (Zaraccom F260, Zaraccom Lenses, Sivas, Turkey) implantation between January 2006 and March 2007 were evaluated retrospectively. Visual acuity, position and centralization of the lens and the frequency of Nd-Yag laser were examined in those undergoing Nd-Yag capsulotomy.Results: The mean preoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.29±0.22. Upon testing of the vision with the Snellen chart, the final mean BCVA was 0.89±0.08. All the lenses were centralized. 93.4% of the patients having Zaraccom F260 did not undergo laser Nd-Yag capsulotomy during the 5 years term following the surgery. Conclusion: Patients with senile cataracts who undergone implantation of Zaraccom F260 foldable hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses have a very low Nd-Yag laser posterior capsulotomy rate in long term.

WOS: 000260909700008, PubMed ID: 19013917, We evaluated the efficacy of Zaraccom F260 intraocular lenses (IOL) on cataract treatment in 97 adult cataract patients (114 eyes) who underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. The mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.26 +/- 0.26 at one week 0.49 +/- 0.25 and 0.9 +/- 0.28 at follow-ups. The Zaraccom F260 is an alternative for the patients requiring lens replacement.

Purpose: In this study, we evaluated the optic performance of Zaraccom UF intraocular lens (IOL) by comparing the contrast sensitivity of IOLs in photopic and mesopic lighting conditions in patients who were operated for cataract and inserted Zaraccom Ultraflex (UF) or Zaraccom F260 (F260) IOL. Methods: In this prospective study, we included 60 eyes of 60 patients (Group 1: 30 patients UF, Group 2: 30 patients F260) who had undergone phacoemulsification with implantation of IOL in the posterior chamber between 2009 and 2010 in Ophthalmology Department at Cumhuriyet University. The patients were examined routinely at the 1. day, 1. week and 1. month postoperatively. At the third month, the best-corrected visual acuity values were recorded; then,, the contrast sensitivity tests at 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd were examined in all patients in all frequencies in photopic (with and without glare) and mesopic (with and without glare) lighting conditions. Results: When comparing the contrast sensitivity results in the two groups, we found that UF group’s values were higher in all spatial frequencies (1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd). The results were statistically significantly greater for the test frequencies of mesopic without glare 1.5 (p=0.016) and 18 (p=0.005) cpd, mesopic with glare 6 (p=0.002) cpd, photopic without glare 1.5 (p=0.01), 3 (p=0.04), 6 (p=0.001) and 12 (p=0.001) cpd, photopic with glare 6 (p=0.01) and 12 (p=0.02) cpd (p