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Ectopic eruption of the second permanent molar is a tooth replacement disorder during adolescence. If not treated in time, it can cause hard tissue of the adjacent first molar resorption, early tooth loss, decreased chewing efficiency, and other serious malocclusions. Timely detection and treatment of ectopic eruption of the second permanent molar are of great significance in preventing malocclusions in adolescents and establishing normal occlusion relationships. However, current case reports on the ectopic eruption of the mandibular second molar are relatively rare and are mostly concentrated on surgical and orthodontic treatments, and long-term follow-up is lacking. This paper reports a case in which brass wire ligation was used to treat ectopic eruption of the mandibular second permanent molar, allowing the permanent teeth to erupt smoothly and establish a normal occlusion. The patient was observed for five years after the operation. The occlusion was stable, and the tooth root development, pulp vitality, and periodontal conditions were normal. This paper provides a clinical approach that is short in treatment duration, simple, and minimally invasive for young mandibular second permanent molars with moderate mesial inclination and partial eruption. This method is of importance in helping children establish physiological occlusion.

Background: Dentigerous cysts are slow-growing, asymptomatic lesions that typically form around the crowns of impacted teeth. They are not detected until they start to harm the tissues around the teeth., Aim: The present study aimed to describe surgical techniques for treating dentigerous cysts associated with ectopic teeth., Cases: Three patients with dentigerous cysts associated with ectopic teeth, their surgical approaches, and the supporting literature are presented herein. In two cases, the surgical technique used was intra-oral, and in one case was extra-oral. Under general anesthesia, dentigerous cyst enucleation and ectopic tooth removal were carried out., Discussion: In the present study, the ectopic tooth cases were all linked to dentigerous cysts. Enucleation or marsupialization treatments could be used to treat dentigerous cysts. Enucleation with the removal of the impacted tooth is the preferred treatment for dentigerous cysts., Conclusion: To perform minimally invasive surgery, the position of the ectopic teeth, the accessibility of the surgical site, the degree of bone reduction, and the simplicity of instrumentation should all be considered., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: The proper development of the dental arches, including the eruption and correct positioning of the canines in the arch, is essential for the oral health of growing patients. Impacted canines not only give rise to functional challenges but also pose esthetic issues for patients. The aim of this article is to show if it is possible to benefit from the exclusive use of transparent aligners to guide the eruption of ectopic upper canines into the arch in the correct position., Case Report: The subject of the study is the clinical case of a 13-year-old female growing patient who presented displaced upper permanent canines located in the palatal ectopic site. Following the surgical extraction of the retained deciduous elements, treatment with aligners for repositioning the ectopic canines in the arch was performed in two phases. At the end of the treatment, a Class I canine was achieved with satisfactory repositioning of the upper canines in the arch., Conclusion: The use of transparent aligners makes it possible, with some procedural precautions and in carefully selected cases, to reposition the ectopic palatal canines in the dental arch using a treatment that is both esthetic and effective.

Ectopic eruption results from a disturbance in tooth development and eruption, leading to an erupted or non-erupted tooth being in an unexpected anatomical location. This retrospective case series describes the location, position, form, and clinical signs associated with ectopic eruption in dogs. Thirty-five dogs (46 teeth) were diagnosed with ectopic eruption at three clinical practices during 2017-2020. The cases were described in terms of the location, the development and eruption status, the clinical signs, the consequences, and the treatment performed. The collected data were statistically analyzed to establish possible ramifications. The results showed that the ectopic eruption in the evaluated cases involved permanent teeth, mainly located in the maxilla, and mostly unerupted. Those located in the mandible were significantly more impacted than those located in the maxilla. This study concluded that tooth crowding and malocclusion (39.1%), facial swelling (8.6%), and periodontal disease (8.6%) were associated with the presence of ectopic eruption, and consequently, treatment was required in the majority (65.2%) of cases.

Objectives: To compare treatment time, patients' perceptions during orthodontic treatment, dental fear and side effects, between open and closed surgical exposures in patients with palatally displaced canines (PDCs)., Trial Design: Multicentre, randomized controlled trial, with random 1:1 allocation of two parallel groups., Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty patients from three different orthodontic centres were randomized into one of the two intervention arms, open or closed surgical exposure. Both techniques had mucoperiosteal flaps raised and bone removed above the PDCs. In open exposure, tissue was removed above the canine, and glass ionomer - reaching above soft tissue - was built on the crown. The canine was then left to erupt spontaneously, prior to orthodontic alignment. At closed exposure, a chain was bonded to the canine and orthodontic traction was applied under the mucosa until eruption. Orthodontic alignment of the canines was undertaken after eruption into the oral cavity, with fixed appliances in both groups. All participants were treated according to intention to treat (ITT)., Blinding: Due to the nature of this trial, only outcome assessors could be blinded to the intervention group., Results: One hundred and seventeen patients completed the trial. All PDCs were successfully aligned. Total treatment time was equal in the two techniques, mean difference -0.1 months (95% CI -3.2 to 2.9, P = 0.93). The closed group experienced more pain and discomfort during the active orthodontic traction. Dental fear, root resorption and periodontal status did not show any clinically significant differences between the groups., Generalizability: Results of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) can be generalized only to a similar population aged 9-16 years, if exclusion criteria are met., Conclusion: The closed exposure group experienced more pain and discomfort mostly during active orthodontic traction. All other studied outcomes were similar between the two exposure groups., Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02186548 and Researchweb.org, ID: 127201., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background/aim: Numerical aberrations of permanent dentition and dystopic tooth eruption are part of the phenotype of the tumor predisposition syndrome neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). In these cases, surplus tooth germs usually develop in the alveolar processes of the jaw. This report attests to the dystopic development of a dysplastic supernumerary tooth in NF1 arising outside the jaw., Case Report: The 8-year-old male patient developed a microdont outside the bone and above the occlusal plane of the retained maxillary right second molar. The supernumerary tooth was completely embedded in oral soft tissue. Hyperplastic oral soft tissue in the molar region and microdont were excised. Specimen of the mucosa surrounding the teeth was interspersed with diffuse and plexiform neurofibroma. The retained upper right first molar emerged spontaneously within a few months after surgery. The upper right second molar did not change position., Conclusion: Odontogenesis can take place within tumorous oral mucosa in NF1. Surgical removal of the tumorous mucous membrane facilitates tooth eruption in some cases., (Copyright © 2021 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Ectopic maxillary third molars (EMTM) are extracted mainly by the Caldwell-Luc technique but also by nasal endoscopy. There is currently no consensus on the treatment of this eruption and its management is heterogeneous and multidisciplinary. Two literature searches were performed with no time restrictions via Pubmed. In the first, we used the keywords "ectopic AND third molar" and in the second the keywords "dentigerous cyst AND ectopic third molar". For both articles, epidemiological, symptomatic, radiological and surgical data were recorded. Overall, 33 eligible articles were identified involving 39 cases of EMTM. 79% of patients were symptomatic. 87% of the teeth were associated with a dental cyst. In only 13% of cases was the location of the tooth in the sinus specified in the three planes of the space. Surgery was performed in 77% of patients by the Caldwell-Luc technique, by nasal endoscopy in 10% and by the Le Fort I approach in 3%. The indications for avulsion of EMTM are symptomatic patients or asymptomatic patients with an associated cyst. The intra-sinusal location of the tooth is not a factor in the choice of technique used, which depends rather on the individual skills of the surgeon. Although for a trained operator the Le Fort I osteotomy is an easy procedure, its interest in the treatment of EMTM is limited owing to the rare but potentially severe complications involved., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Introduction: Ectopic sinonasal teeth are uncommon. The classic approach to removal of such foreign bodies was the Caldwell-Luc. In recent years however, endoscopic approaches have become increasingly utilized. Despite this, there is a dearth of literature and consensus regarding the endoscopic removal of ectopic sinonasal teeth. As such, we conducted a systematic review on all cases of endoscopic removal of ectopic sinonasal teeth in the literature. With an understanding of the literature, clinical and technical decision making for patients with this pathology may be elucidated., Methods: Systematic review of the Ovid Medline, EMBASE Classic and Pubmed databases were conducted using PRISMA guidelines., Results: Our search identified 100 articles. Final inclusion consisted of 23 studies with a total of 27 patient cases. The majority of the patients included were male (70.4%) with a mean age of 27.06 years. Patients presented with a multitude of symptoms, with nasal obstruction (48.14%), rhinorrhea (22.2%), facial pain (22.2%) and epistaxis (22.2%) being most common. Surgeons mostly reported using a 0° endoscope (22.2%) and performing a maxillary antrostomy/uncinectomy (37%) and simple extraction under general anesthetic (41%)., Conclusions: This systematic review analyzed important epidemiological, clinical and technical information regarding patients with endoscopic removal of sinonasal ectopic teeth. Further research is needed to promote implementation of such data into clinical practice.

Objective: To evaluate which palatally displaced canines (PDCs) benefit from interceptive extraction of the deciduous canine, to assess possible side effects from the extraction, and to analyse other dental deviations in patients with PDCs., Design, Settings, Participants, and Intervention: A sample of 67 patients (40 girls, mean age: 11.3 ± 1.1; 27 boys, mean age ± SD: 11.4 ± 0.9) with unilateral (45) or bilateral (22) PDCs were consecutively recruited and randomly allocated to extraction or non-extraction using block randomization. No patients dropped out after randomization or during the study. The patients were given a clinical examination and panoramic radiographs were taken at baseline and after 6 (T1) and 12 months (T2). An individual therapy plan was made for the PDCs that had not erupted at T2. Measurements were performed blindly and the outcome measures were: canine position and angulation, root development, midline shift, rotation, or movement of adjacent teeth into the extraction site, and frequency of other dental deviations., Results: Interceptive deciduous canine extraction is beneficial if the alpha angle is between 20 and 30 degrees. A PDC located in sector 4 with an alpha angle >30 degrees should have immediate surgical exposure, while canines angulated less than 20 degrees and located in sector 2 can be observed without prior interceptive extraction. Deciduous canine extraction was more beneficial in younger patients with less advanced root development. Minor side effects, such as rotation or migration of teeth into the extraction space, were observed in 15 out of 35 patients. A majority of the patients had other dental deviations than PDC in the dentition., Limitations: The results are only valid for patients with no space deficiency in the maxilla and with PDCs located in sector 2-4., Harms: No harms were detected., Conclusions: The alpha angle and sector position are good diagnostic predictors of when interceptive extraction is beneficial. Minor side effects are seen after the extraction and the majority of the patients had other dental deviations too., Registration: This trial was registered at http://www.fou.nu/is/sverige, registration number: 211141.

Background: Closed and open surgical techniques are two different main approaches to surgical exposure of palatally displaced canines (PDCs). Because there is insufficient evidence to support one technique over the other, there is a need for randomized controlled trials., Objectives: To compare surgery time, complications and patients' perceptions between closed and open surgical techniques in PDCs., Trial Design: The trial was a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial with two parallel groups randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio., Material and Methods: Study participants were 119 consecutive patients from 3 orthodontic centres, with PDCs planned for surgical exposure, randomly allocated according to a computer-generated randomization list, using concealed allocation. Full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap was raised, and bone covering the canine was removed in both interventions. In closed exposure, an attachment with a chain was bonded to the canine and the flap was sutured back with the chain penetrating the mucosa. In open exposure, a window of tissue around the tooth was removed and glass ionomer cement placed on the canine crown, to prevent gingival overgrowth during spontaneous eruption. Patient perceptions were assessed with two questionnaires, for the evening on the day of operation and 7 days post-surgery., Blinding: It was not possible to blind either patients or care providers to the interventions. The outcome assessors were blinded and were unaware of patients' intervention group., Results: Seventy-five girls and 44 boys, mean age 13.4 years (SD 1.46) participated in the study and got either of the interventions (closed exposure, n = 60; open exposure, n = 59). Surgery time did not differ significantly between the interventions. Complications though were more severe in bilateral cases and the patients experienced more pain and impairment in the open group., Conclusion: There were no statistically significant differences regarding surgery time between the groups. Postoperative complications were similar between the groups in unilateral PDCs, but more common in the open group in bilateral cases. More patients in the open group experienced pain and impairment compared to the closed group., Trial Registration: Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02186548 and Researchweb.org, ID: 127201.

Objectives: To investigate which surgical technique orthodontists prefer for exposing palatally impacted canines (PICs), and to compare closed exposure and glass-ionomer open exposure (GOPEX) with regard to pre- and post-surgical orthodontic variables., Materials and Methods: A questionnaire with 19 questions and three cases visualising superficial, deep, or medial PICs was sent to 48 orthodontists working in a Swedish county. Sixty case records for patients with unilateral PICs from two centres were analysed; 30 patients having GOPEX (Centre A), and 30 undergoing closed exposure (Centre B). Pre- and post-surgical orthodontic variables were collected from the dental records., Results: The response rate was 81 per cent. There was an equal distribution of preference between open and closed exposure. Glass-ionomer cement (GIC) was predominately used as surgical packing in open exposure. No active traction was initiated until the canine erupted spontaneously. In the closed exposure cases, traction started shortly after exposure. The clinicians mentioned similar advantages of choosing one technique over the other and the main basis for the decision was the clinician's preference and not the location of the canine. There were no differences regarding post-exposure complications between the techniques. The overall treatment time was the same but there were fewer appointments and significantly shorter active treatment time with traction of the PIC in the GOPEX group., Limitations: Despite the homogeneity of the baseline patient characteristics, pre- and post-surgical orthodontic variables were analysed retrospectively, therefore, it is difficult to assess what impact these confounding factors may have had on the treatment time., Conclusions: The choice of exposure technique depends on the clinician's preferences. The active treatment time is shorter and the number of appointments fewer with open exposure when GIC is used as surgical packing.

Background: Although extraction of primary canines in the mixed dentition has been suggested as a measure to prevent impaction of palatally displaced permanent canines (PDCs), the relevant evidence has been inconclusive., Objective: To assess the effectiveness of this practice and investigate the quality of the evidence., Search Methods: Search without restrictions in 15 databases and hand searching until April 2017., Selection Criteria: Randomized clinical trials comparing extraction of primary canines in the mixed dentition to no treatment., Data Collection and Analysis: Following study retrieval and selection, data extraction, and individual study risk of bias assessment using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, the random effects method of combining treatment effects was used. The overall quality of the available evidence was assessed with the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach., Results: Finally 5 studies were identified involving 214 individuals, followed for up to 48 months post-intervention. Two studies were at low and the rest at high risk of bias. Although at the 12-month evaluation, extraction of the primary canine did not result in a statistically significant difference [risk ratio (RR): 1.537; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.656-3.601, P = 0.323; 1 study, n = 67 individuals], beyond 12 months a benefit was noted (RR: 1.784; 95% CI: 1.376-2.314, P = 0.000; 5 studies, n = 214 individuals; I2 = 0%). Analysis of the studies at low risk of bias confirmed the above-mentioned result (RR: 1.713; 95% CI: 1.226-2.394, P = 0.002; 2 studies, n = 91 individuals; I2 = 0%; moderate quality evidence). No difference was observed regarding root resorption of adjacent permanent teeth (RR: 0.602; 95% CI: 0.277-1.308, P = 0.200; 1 study; n = 67 individuals; moderate quality evidence)., Conclusions: Extraction of primary canines in the mixed dentition may increase the chance of subsequent successful eruption of PDC in the long term. However, better study standardization is necessary.

Tooth transposition is a rare anomaly resulting in the interchanged position of 2 permanent teeth. Etiology of tooth transposition is unclear. In human dentistry, multiple influences are described, and there is strong evidence of a genetic basis. This is the first reported case of tooth transposition in a dog.

Background: Palatally displaced canines or PDCs are upper permanent canines, commonly known as 'eye' teeth, that are displaced in the roof of the mouth. This can leave unsightly gaps, cause damage to the surrounding roots (which can be so severe that neighbouring teeth are lost or have to be removed) and, occasionally, result in the development of cysts. PDCs are a frequent dental anomaly, present in 2% to 3% of young people.Management of this problem is both time consuming and expensive. It involves surgical exposure (uncovering) followed by fixed braces for two to three years to bring the canine into alignment within the dental arch. Two techniques for exposing palatal canines are routinely used in the UK: the closed technique and the open technique. The closed technique involves uncovering the canine, attaching an eyelet and gold chain and then suturing the palatal mucosa back over the tooth. The tooth is then moved into position covered by the palatal mucosa. The open technique involves uncovering the canine tooth and removing the overlying palatal tissue to leave it uncovered. The orthodontist can then see the crown of the canine to align it., Objectives: To assess the effects of using either an open or closed surgical method to expose canines that have become displaced in the roof of the mouth, in terms of success and other clinical and patient-reported outcomes., Search Methods: Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 24 February 2017), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (in the Cochrane Library, 2017, Issue 1), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 24 February 2017), and Embase Ovid (1980 to 24 February 2017). The US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register (ClinicalTrials.gov) and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases., Selection Criteria: We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials assessing young people receiving surgical treatment to correct upper PDCs. There was no restriction on age, presenting malocclusion or type of active orthodontic treatment undertaken. We included unilaterally and bilaterally displaced canines., Data Collection and Analysis: Two review authors independently screened the results of the electronic searches, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in the included studies. We attempted to contact study authors for missing data or clarification where feasible. We followed statistical guidelines from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions for data synthesis., Main Results: We included three studies, involving 146 participants. Two studies were assessed as being at high risk of bias.The main finding of the review was that the two techniques may be equally successful at exposing PDCs (risk ratio (RR) 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 1.06; three studies, 141 participants analysed, low-quality evidence).One surgical failure was due to detachment of the gold chain (closed group). One study reported on complications following surgery and found two in the closed group: a post-operative infection requiring antibiotics and pain during alignment of the canine as the gold chain penetrated through the gum tissue of the palate.We were unable to pool data for dental aesthetics, patient-reported pain and discomfort, periodontal health and treatment time; however, individual studies did not find any differences between the surgical techniques (low- to very low-quality evidence)., Authors' Conclusions: Currently, the evidence suggests that neither the open or closed surgical technique for exposing palatally displaced maxillary canine teeth is superior for any of the outcomes included in this review; however, we considered the evidence to be low quality, with two of the three included studies being at high risk of bias. This suggests the need for more high-quality studies. Three ongoing clinical trials have been identified and it is hoped that these will produce data that can be pooled to increase the degree of certainty in these findings.

The ectopic placement of mandibular third molars in the subcondylar region is an uncommon phenomenon. Most patients are asymptomatic but can present with acute infection or associated pathology necessitating surgical intervention. Surgical approaches have been described utilizing both extraoral and intraoral approaches to the region.This paper presents a clinical report of a patient presenting with acute fascial space infection arising from an ectopic third molar in the mandibular subcondylar region, managed with surgical removal via an endoscopically assisted intraoral approach.

Purpose: Impacted, in particular transmigrated, lower canines are rare. If they transmigrate, then the most common treatment is extraction. Alternatively, the native tooth can be preserved; however, management is complex. This report describes a decision-making flowchart (DMFC) with surgical strategies for the management of impacted lower canines., Materials and Methods: Fifty-six patients had impacted lower canines, of which 16 were transmigrated. A preliminary version of the DMFC was used for the development of treatment plans to decide which strategy to apply to these complex cases. After removal of associated pathologies (for experimental tooth-preserving therapies), miniscrews were used as transient skeletal anchorage devices (TADs). The TADs allowed a closed surgical approach for impacted and transmigrated lower canine eruption. For autotransplantation, a dummy tooth was used for socket preparation to minimize the period of no blood supply to the graft., Results: After surgical exposure and TAD insertion, orthodontic treatment was performed in 4 patients. One patient was selected for successful autotransplantation. Nine patients had the transmigrated canines surgically removed. The remaining patients opted for "leave and observe." Based on the satisfactory long-term results with orthodontic treatment and autotransplantation and on published reports, the resulting DMFC presents key aspects of the treatment plan, namely 1) associated pathology, 2) patient age, 3) compliance, and 4) root tip position., Conclusions: TAD-assisted orthodontic treatment and autotransplantation of impacted lower canines are tooth-preserving alternatives to extraction. The developed DMFC assists the complex treatment planning of impacted and transmigrated lower canines., (Copyright © 2016 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Tooth autotransplantation is a viable treatment option for tooth replacement when a suitable donor tooth is available. These case reports described significant vertical bone growth after autotransplantation of a mature third molar. The left mandible third molars (n = 2) were transplanted to the missing tooth in the left mandible. The patient follow-up period was 10 years after transplantation. Clinical examination revealed no mobility of the transplanted tooth. Radiographic examination indicated that bone regeneration occurred around the transplanted tooth. Vertical bone growth was observed in the cervical area of the root surface and the recipient bone. In autotransplantation of mature teeth, long-term follow-up results indicate that vertical bone growth can be expected if viability of the periodontal ligament cells is maintained., (Copyright © 2015 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The extraction of an upper lateral incisor for orthodontic purposes is rare and must be adequately justified., Aim: The present case report describes the management of a skeletal Class II crowded malocclusion that was facilitated by the extraction of upper lateral incisors and lower first premolars., Methods: A 14-year-old male patient presented with a skeletal Class II crowded malocclusion with associated speech and chewing difficulties. Phase I of treatment involved the extraction of the upper lateral incisors and functional appliance therapy. Phase II included the extraction of lower first premolars and mechanotherapy using full fixed appliances., Results: An improvement in aesthetics and sagittal relations was achieved during phase I therapy as the mandible was advanced over a period of eight months. Mandibular skeletal change was 6.5 mm observed at pogonion. During phase II therapy, the maxillary canines were substituted for lateral incisors and a functional occlusion was achieved. The skeletal correction and occlusion were stable one year after debonding., Conclusion: The present case indicated that the timely extraction of palatally-placed maxillary lateral incisors facilitated functional appliance therapy in the management of a skeletal Class II problem. The crowding of the lower anterior teeth was relieved and alignment of the upper arch was achieved with full fixed appliance therapy, resulting in improved aesthetics and a stable occlusion at one year review.

Objectives: To analyse whether extraction of the deciduous canines facilitates eruption of the palatal displaced canines (PDCs), and to analyse root resorption in adjacent teeth caused by the PDCs., Materials and Methods: Eligibility criteria for participants were as follows: children at age 10-13 years with either maxillary unilateral or bilateral PDC, persisting deciduous canine and no previous experience of orthodontic treatment. Sixty-seven patients (40 girls and 27 boys; age: mean ± standard deviation: 11.4±1.0) with unilateral (45) or bilateral (22) PDCs were consecutively recruited and randomly allocated using permuted block randomization method to extraction or non-extraction. No patients dropped out after the randomization or during the study. Patients underwent a clinical examination and cone beam computed tomography at baseline (T0), after 6 (T1) and 12 months (T2). The total observation time was 24 months. Outcome measures were eruption, positional changes, length of time until eruption, and root resorption of adjacent teeth. The baseline images were measured blinded while the 6- and 12-month control images were not, since it was not possible to blind the extracted canine., Results: Significantly more spontaneous eruptions of the PDCs were seen in the extraction group (EG) than in the control group (CG), with rates of 69 and 39 per cent, respectively, with a mean eruption time of 15.6±5.6 months in the EG and 18.8±5.8 months in the CG. Significant differences in changes between the groups, in favour of the EG, were found for all variables except for the sagittal angle. In the EG, the changes in the distances of the canine cusp-tip were larger during the first 6 months, while the change of apex was larger between 6 and 12 months. There were no significant differences in resorption of adjacent teeth between the groups., Limitations: Imputation values were used for the PDCs who had erupted at T2, since no x-rays were taken for ethical reasons, which might have given uncertainty in the positional changes between T1 and T2., Conclusions: Extraction of the deciduous canine is an effective treatment in patients with PDCs. Significantly more positional changes and shorter mean eruption time were seen in the EG. Resorptions of lateral incisors were seen in both groups, but none exceeded grade 2 (resorption up to half of the dentine thickness to the pulp)., Registration: This trial was registered in "FoU i Sverige" (http://www.fou.nu/is/sverige), registration number: 40921., Protocol: The protocol was not published before trial commencement., (© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Aim: To analyse factors affecting the success rate of palatally displaced canines (PDCs) and eruption time and to find cut-off points to predict when interceptive extraction is beneficial versus unnecessary., Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven patients, 40 girls, 27 boys (10-13 years) with uni- (45) or bilateral (22) PDCs, persisting deciduous canine and no previous orthodontic treatment were randomly allocated for extraction or non-extraction using the block randomization method. There were no dropped out after the randomization or during the trial. Clinical examination and cone beam computed tomography was performed at 0, 6, and 12 months. Blinded measurements were done on baseline images., Results: Erupted PDCs had a significantly smaller mesioangular angle, shorter distance of canine cusp tip-dental arch plane, and larger distance of canine cusp tip-midline, and the patients were younger compared to the non-erupted group. Faster eruption was noted of PDCs in the extraction group. Spontaneous eruption was achieved without prior deciduous canine extraction with cut-off points: initial canine cusp tip-midline of 11mm, canine cusp tip-dental arch plane of 2.5mm, or a mesioangular angle of 103 degrees. PDCs with a less favourable position, i.e. an initial cusp tip-midline of 6mm, a canine cusp tip-dental arch plane of 5mm, or a mesioangular angle of 116 degrees, will need surgical exposure despite interceptive extraction of the deciduous canine. The canine cusp tip-midline had the best predictive measure for assessing the outcome., Limitations: Decision on where to place the cut-off points may differ from one operator to another, therefore results from several studies are needed to get average cut-off points., Conclusions: Deciduous canine extraction is the variable that affects the spontaneous eruption of the canine most. Canine cusp tip-midline, canine cusp tip-dental arch plane, and mesioangular angle might be useful for distinguishing when an interceptive extraction of the deciduous canine is beneficial or when exposure of the PDC should be implemented without previous interceptive treatment., Registration: This trial was registered in 'FoU i Sverige' (http://www.fou.nu/is/sverige), registration number: 40921., Protocol: The protocol was not published before trial commencement., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the esthetic judgments of orthodontists and laypeople regarding the appearance of palatally displaced canines 3 months after treatment with either a closed or an open surgical exposure and orthodontic alignment., Methods: A multicenter randomized controlled trial was undertaken in 3 hospitals in the United Kingdom. Patients with unilateral palatally displaced canines were randomly allocated to receive either a closed or an open surgical exposure. The teeth were aligned with fixed appliances, and 3 months after debond, intraoral photographs were taken. The photographs were projected in random order to 2 panels of judges (orthodontists and laypeople), who completed a questionnaire., Results: The images of 67 participants (closed, 33; open, 34) were included. The laypeople were able to identify the operated tooth only 49.7% of the time (95% CI, 45.3%-54.0%); this was no better than chance (P = 0.880). The orthodontists were more successful but still identified the treated canine with certainty only 60.7% of the time (95% CI, 53.7%-67.8%; P = 0.003). Both panels more frequently assessed the unoperated canine to have a better appearance than the contralateral operated canine; however, there were no differences between the closed and open groups (proportion preferring unoperated canine-laypeople: closed, 58.7%; open, 57.0%; P = 0.43; and orthodontists: closed, 60.9%; open, 60.6%; P = 0.27)., Conclusions: There is an esthetic impact to aligning a palatally displaced canine, but it is mostly minor and unlikely to be detectable by laypeople. The esthetic impact was the same, whether the canine was exposed with a closed or an open surgical technique., (Copyright © 2015 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

When a dental implant migrates to the maxillary sinus it should be extracted immediately as it may cause sinusitis or further migrate to one of the other paranasal sinuses. Although usually detected due to symptoms such as nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, and nasal bleeding, an ectopic tooth in the maxillary sinus can sometimes be revealed incidentally on radiographic examination. Here, we report a case of simultaneous extraction of a dental implant that had migrated to the maxillary sinus and removal of an ectopic tooth that had arisen in the same location. The patient was a 73-year-old man who had received the implant to replace the first left maxillary molar at a local dental office. The implant had subsequently migrated to the left maxillary sinus and the patient was referred to us for its removal. On locating the implant on a CT scan at our hospital, an ectopic tooth was also observed at the base of the maxillary sinus. With patient consent, the decision was made to remove the ectopic tooth and extract the implant simultaneously. Excision of the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus allowed easy extraction of the implant. The ectopic tooth was removed by slightly expanding a fenestration in the sinus wall. Ectopic teeth in the maxillary sinus are sometimes put on follow-up if asymptomatic. Removal should be considered, however, if there is a risk of it becoming infected due to implantation-induced inflammation.

We report a case of unicystic ameloblastoma associated with an ectopic third molar in the right maxillary sinus, which was misdiagnosed as a dentigerous cyst on preoperative small incisional biopsy. Surgical enucleation of the cystic lesion was performed under general anesthesia with immediate reconstruction of the maxillary sinus using titanium mesh plate. The patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful, and there was no evidence of tumor recurrence during the 7-month follow-up period.

Vazirani-Akinozi technique was used in 82 patient undergoing oral surgery procedures. According to study results Vazirani-Akinozi technique was feasible in 89% of cases and particularly effective in surgical treatment of third lower molars eruption diseases complicated by inflammatory contracture. The method increases mouth opening 1.6-2.3 cm due to the soft-tissue anesthesia and partial anesthesia of masseter nerve. In case of inflammatory contracture of the jaws when inflammatory infiltration is spreading on the masseter muscle the authors recommend to use a combination of Vazirani-Akinozi and Berchet-Dubov techniques.

Branchial cleft cysts, sinuses, and fistulas are the most common congenital lateral neck lesions in children. They arise as a result of an abnormal development of the branchial arches and their corresponding ectoderm-lined branchial clefts. Of these diverse anomalies, second branchial cleft lesions are the most common, accounting for approximately 95% of all branchial arch pathologies. We describe what is to the best of our knowledge the first reported case of an ectopic tooth in a branchial cleft anomaly. The patient was a young girl who had other congenital abnormalities and syndromic features and who was eventually diagnosed with Townes-Brocks syndrome. We describe the clinical presentation, management, pathologic analysis, and postoperative outcomes of this case, and we present a brief review of Townes-Brocks syndrome.

Ectopic teeth erupt into regions other than the natural position or should be impacted in unusual location. Etiology of these teeth includes trauma, infection, and developmental diseases; however, in many cases, it is idiopathic. In addition, dentigerous cysts that are related with ectopic teeth may also affect adjacent anatomic regions. The occurrence of ophthalmic complications related with ectopic teeth is a rare situation. In this article, we aimed to present a patient who had a blurred vision thought that resulted from the dentigerous cyst associated with the ectopic third molar in the maxillary sinus roof.

Dentigerous cysts form from accumulation of fluid between reduced enamel epithelium and the crown of an unerupted tooth. They cause several difficulties such as swelling, non-eruption of the involved teeth, and displacement of adjacent teeth, and thus require early detection and prompt treatment. Treatment ranges from marsupialisation to enucleation. Enucleation is rarely used in children compared with marsupialisation. This paper discusses successful use of enucleation for treating a dentigerous cyst and explains the need for such a radical procedure., (2014 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

This article presents a case of and reviews the literature involving the extraoral approach for surgical removal of an ectopic mandibular third molar tooth. Case reports describing extraction of the mandibular third molar using the extraoral approach are very limited. This article describes an unusual case of an impacted, infected, ectopic right mandibular third molar that was positioned at the inferior border and had caused an extraoral draining sinus. Furthermore, the roots were intimately involved with the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and had perforated the buccal cortex of the mandible. Surgical removal using a transcervical submandibular approach was deemed necessary to try to preserve the IAN and avoid fracture of the mandible in this 74-year-old patient., (Copyright © 2014 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Dental transposition and impaction are disorders related to ectopic eruption or failure in tooth eruption, which can affect child physical, mental and social development and may be difficult to be clinically solved., Methods: We describe a case of transposition between the upper left canine and lateral incisor associated with impaction of the central incisor on the same side, in a 12-year-old patient. Conservative treatment involving surgical-orthodontic correction of transposed teeth and traction of the central incisor was conducted., Conclusions: The option of correcting transposition and orthodontic traction by means of the segmented arch technique with devices such as cantilever and TMA rectangular wire loops, although a complex alternative, was proved to be esthetically and functionally effective.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the periodontal outcomes of palatally displaced canines (PDC) exposed with either an open or a closed surgical technique., Methods: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial was undertaken in 3 hospitals in the United Kingdom, involving 2 parallel groups. Patients with unilateral PDC were randomly allocated to receive either an open or a closed surgical exposure. Periodontal health was assessed 3 months after removal of fixed appliances. Parameters measured included clinical attachment levels, recession, alveolar bone levels, and clinical crown height., Results: Data from 62 participants (closed, 29; open, 33) were analyzed. There was no difference between PDC exposed with an open vs a closed surgical technique (mean difference, 0.1 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.2-0.5). There was, however, a statistical difference in mean attachment loss between the operated and unoperated (contralateral) canines (mean difference, 0.5 mm; 96% CI, 0.4-0.7; P <0.001). Twenty of the 62 subjects had some recession on the palatal aspect of the operated canine, whereas only 4 subjects had some visible root surface on the palatal aspect on the unoperated side (P = 0.001)., Conclusions: There is a periodontal impact when a unilateral PDC is exposed and aligned. This impact is small and unlikely to have clinical relevance in the short term; however, the long-term significance is unknown. When the open and closed techniques were compared, no difference in periodontal health was found., (Copyright © 2013 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: A tooth is said to be ectopic if it is malpositioned either due to congenital factors or displaced due to pathological lesions. The incidence of osteomyelitis of condyle has a rare occurrence, very few cases have been reported, either their etiology is unknown or is due to hematogenous spread or a tuberculous focus. This particular case may be a rare of its kind, as recent literature did not reveal any case where an ectopic mandibular third molar led to osteomyelitis of the condyle., Case Report: This report presents a unique case where an ectopically placed mandibular third molar led to extraoral sinus and scar formation below the ear lobule with osteomyelitis of the mandibular condyle and proposes various indications for its removal along with literature review., Discussion: Ectopic eruption of a tooth into the dental environment is common, whereas ectopic eruption of tooth in other sites is rare. The exact etiology of ectopic eruption of mandibular third molar in condyle is a rare occurrence and to the best of our knowledge, only 14 cases have been reported in the literature. Management of such cases should be meticulously planned after ruling out various local as well as systemic factors as an underlying cause for osteomyelitis and on the basis of the position and type of ectopic tooth and related potential trauma which could be caused by surgical intervention with less morbidity., Conclusion: This particular case may be the unique of its kind, as recent literature did not reveal any case where an ectopic mandibular third molar led to osteomyelitis of the condyle. Diagnosis and management in such cases deserve very special attention to rule out various local and systemic causes which can cause osteomyelitis to affect very unusual site like mandibular condyle. The aim of surgical intervention should be to cause minimum morbidity without affecting the functional efficiency of the mandibular condyle. In this report, we also have proposed the indications for surgical intervention to remove ectopically erupted teeth.

Conventional orthodontic traction may not be the treatment of choice in cases of inverted impaction of a maxillary incisor, especially when located near the alveolar crest. Poor prognosis is associated with the limited space for proper root development, resulting in a root too short for normal function and/or a severely dilacerated root interrupting the force-induced positioning. The surgical repositioning of ectopic impacted toothgerm before the development of root could be a valuable alternative choice of treatment before the decision of extraction. In this case report, an impacted immature incisor toothgerm in complete inversion was surgically repositioned using a closed-flap technique in a boy who was 6 years 8 months old. Continued root formation and spontaneous eruption were observed after surgery over the 51-month follow-up period, without pulpal or periodontal complications., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The permanent canine is the most frequently displaced or impacted tooth. The standard treatment for an impacted canine includes surgical exposure and orthodontic alignment. Autotransplantation is a treatment alternative for canines with complete root formation. The purpose of this article is to report a canine autotransplantation where the extraction site was preserved with a titanium prosthesis and a bioresorbable membrane. The autotransplanted canine had minimal root resorption and no ankylosis., (Copyright © 2013 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This paper describes a patient with recurrent unilateral nasal discomfort and pain due to an intranasal tooth. A short overview of the literature is provided in relation to the aetiology, symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment of intranasal teeth., Case Report: A 26-year-old man was referred with a history of recurrent left-sided nasal obstruction, facial pain and discomfort, and chronic purulent rhinorrhoea. Computed tomography revealed a nasal tooth, which was likely to have been the cause of these symptoms. After transnasal surgical extraction under endoscopic guidance, the patient was relieved of his complaints (at the one-year follow up)., Conclusion: An ectopic tooth in the nasal cavity is a rare phenomenon, and in most cases the cause of an intranasal tooth remains unclear. The treatment of an intranasal tooth entails surgical extraction even though such teeth may remain asymptomatic; several cases have illustrated the potential significant morbidity associated with their occurrence.

The patient was a 13-year-old Korean girl who had a displaced mandibular second premolar. She was reluctant to undergo a lengthy orthodontic treatment and opted instead for transplantation of the premolar to its usual site. On the basis of computed tomography, a replica tooth model was manufactured to shorten the extraoral time, and a root canal treatment was performed because root formation was complete. No negative signs or symptoms were found during a 3-year follow up. Autotransplantation for this patient obviated the need for orthodontic traction and prosthetic therapy., (Copyright © 2013 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

We describe a case of an incidentally-diagnosed ectopic tooth showing anomalous morphology in the maxillary antrum, using three-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomography images of the tooth obtained by multi-detector computed tomography.

Mucolipidosis Type III, or pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy, is a rare genetic abnormality, the result of a mutation to one of two genes that encode the hexameric protein N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase (Glc-NAc-PT). The abnormality results in the accumulation of unprocessed macromolecules in cell and tissue compartments throughout the body. In this case report, we describe the clinical and radiographic findings of a 15-year-old male with this disorder. He presented with bilateral ectopically developing mandibular molar teeth with enlarged follicles and multiple joint involvement, including the temporomandibular joints. The patient underwent surgical removal of the molar teeth and curettage of the associated follicles. The subsequent histopathological examination of the tissues revealed hyperplastic follicles suggestive of dentigerous cysts. This report presents the plain film and cone beam CT examinations of the patient.

Unlabelled: This case report presents a 13-year-old girl who attended an orthodontic clinic for an ectopic UR5. After investigation, a diagnosis of an odontogenic myxoma was made and the tumour was excised. A panoramic radiograph taken almost two years earlier for another dental problem was found to show an ectopic UR5 associated with a subtle radiolucency. Odontogenic myxomas may be of higher frequency than once thought in the paediatric population and therefore should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of any intraosseous radiolucency. Any radiolucent area associated with an unerupted tooth should be investigated further or closely followed up., Clinical Relevance: The odontogenic myxoma is a rare but potentially serious benign tumour of the jaws.

Until recently, adequate bone at the recipient site has been a determinant for tooth autotransplantation. This article presents the transplantation of developing mandibular canines to a suboptimal position because of inadequate bone at the recipient sites. Five years later, after eruption and orthodontic alignment, all criteria for successful healing were fulfilled. In addition, new bone that was not present at the time of surgery was identified at the roots of the transplanted teeth, implying that transplanted developing teeth can stimulate bone to grow along their roots.

Ectopic teeth erupted in the maxillary sinus are rarely reported. Although the causes of eruption of a tooth into the maxillary sinus are unclear, some clinical conditions are suspected to be responsible, such as developmental disturbances (cleft palate), displacement of teeth by trauma, interventions or cyst, infection, genetic factors, crowding, and dense bone. Most cases of ectopic teeth in the maxillary sinus are asymptomatic and are occasionally diagnosed thanks to routine radiographic investigations.The aim of this article is to present and discuss the surgical management of an ectopic third molar in the roof of the maxillary sinus.

Aim: Tooth eruption is defined as the movement of a tooth from its site of development within the alveolar process to its functional position in the oral cavity [Massler et al., 1941]. The process of tooth eruption can be divided into different phases: pre-eruptive bone stage, alveolar bone stage, mucosal stage, preocclusal stage, occlusal stage and maturation stage [Andreasen et al., 1997]. Any disturbance in these phases can lead to eruptive anomalies. The incidence of unerupted teeth is usually higher among permanent teeth than among deciduous ones [Walker et al., 2004; Otsuka et al., 2001; Amir et al., 1982; Broadway, 1976; Pinborg et al., 1970]. Of the primary teeth reported as unerupted, second primary molars are the teeth most frequently involved [Walker et al., 2004; Otsuka et al., 2001; Bianchi et al., 1991; Ranta et al., 1988; Tsukamoto et al., 1986; Amir et al., 1982], followed by primary central incisors [Otsuka et al., 2001]., Case Report: This paper presents a case of inversion of the intraosseous position of a second unerupted deciduous molar and the succedaneous second premolar.

Purpose: To investigate differences in surgical outcomes between open and closed exposure for palatally displaced maxillary canines., Materials and Methods: This multicenter randomized controlled trial involved 2 parallel groups. The settings were 1 dental teaching hospital in and 2 hospital units near Sheffield, UK. Participants were younger than 20 years, had a unilateral palatally displaced maxillary canine, and provided informed consent. They were randomly allocated to receive the open or the closed surgical procedure. The outcomes were time spent in the operating room and 10-day postoperative patient questionnaire findings. Statistical differences between the 2 techniques were tested using independent t tests for continuous variables and χ(2) tests for frequencies., Results: The final study sample was composed of 71 participants (64% female). There were no differences in the gender ratios (open: 27 female, 13 male; closed; 25 female, 16 male) or mean ages (open: 14.3 yrs; standard deviation [SD], 1.3 yrs; closed: 14.1 yrs; SD, 1.6 yrs) of the 2 groups at the start. The mean operating times for the open and closed techniques were 34.3 minutes (SD, 11.2 min) and 34.3 minutes (SD, 11.9 min), respectively (P = .986). There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 treatment groups for any patient-assessed outcome (P > .05)., Conclusions: There were no differences in the surgical outcomes investigated in this study between open and closed exposure for palatally displaced maxillary canines., (Copyright © 2012 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)