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ABSTRACT Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Statement of Significance To measure difference in tooth shade and color achieved via two different over‐the‐counter bleaching agents with and without their associated light‐emitting diodes (LEDs).A total of 84 extracted human anterior teeth were randomly divided into seven groups. Gypsum models were made with 6 extracted teeth in an arch form (n = 12; 2 arches/group). Samples were kept hydrated throughout treatment (25°C). Bleaching treatment followed manufacturers' instructions with at least 1‐h of rehydration between treatments. Control tooth arches were left untreated. L*a*b* values were measured with a Vita Easyshade (VITA North America, Yorba Linda, CA) three times per tooth using white and black backgrounds. ∆E (CIE 2000) was compared between and within treatment groups over time with ANOVA and post hoc Tukey (a = 0.05).Subgroup testing confirmed the data were normally distributed. Two‐way ANOVA showed significant interaction between product (Control, Crest, Snow) and treatment (light only, product only, light and product) on ∆E values for black (p‐value < 0.001, F = 15.28) and white (p‐value < 0.001, F = 13.62) backgrounds. Post hoc pairwise Tukey tests showed a significant effect of light‐and‐product treatments in contrast to light‐ or product‐only treatments. Repeated measures ANOVA of between‐treatment change (∆E) by product showed significant interaction between time and treatment for Snow products (p < 0.001, F = 10.9) and independent effects of time and treatment for Crest products (Time: p‐value < 0.001, Treatment: p‐value < 0.01, F = 7.21) on a black background. On white backgrounds, only a significant effect of treatment was reported for both Snow (p‐value < 0.01, F = 5.427) and Crest (p‐value < 0.001, F = 5.61).Overall, a combination of light and gel produces significantly higher tooth color and shade change over time, with the highest change seen for Snow products.Many patients use over‐the‐counter tooth bleaching products because they are more cost effective and easier to access than in‐office bleaching. However, these products may have adverse effects, such as increased sensitivity with repeated use, in addition to increased consumption of time and money. This project measured tooth shade between treatments which can help determine which product is most effective for at home use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Materials and Methods Results Conclusion Clinical Significance This systematic review and meta‐analysis compared the accuracy of intraoral scanners and spectrophotometers in determining tooth shade.An electronic search of five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL) was conducted on October 19, 2023. A total of 163 studies were identified from the databases, of which 23 articles were eligible for inclusion. In vivo and in vitro quasi‐experimental studies were included. After data extraction, a quantitative analysis was performed to determine the accuracy of the intraoral scanner in subgroups using four outcomes: trueness and precision with different measurement locations. A random‐effects model was used to pool effect sizes. The pooled proportion with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for the effect size measure.Eleven articles were included in the meta‐analysis. Trueness with the intraoral scanner was between 0.28 (CI: 0.09–0.60) and 0.38 (CI: 0.24–0.53). Repeatability was between 0.81 (CI: 0.64–0.91) and 0.85 (CI: 0.74–0.92). Trueness showed low, and precision had moderate certainty of evidence.The trueness of shade matching with intraoral scanners is low compared to spectrophotometers, although the precision is considered high and is similar to spectrophotometers.Shade determination with intraoral scanners is not recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The choice of the correct color is of paramount importance in esthetic dentistry; however, there is still no consensus on the best technique to determine it. The aim of the present study is to compare the accuracy of a recently introduced colorimeter in shade matching with human vision. In addition, possible variables affecting color-matching by human eye have been analysed. Methods: 18 disc-shaped composite samples with identical size and shape were produced from a composite flow system (Enamel plus HriHF, Micerium): Nine were considered control samples (UD 0-UD 6), and nine were test samples with identical flow composite shade to the control ones. Parallelly, 70 individuals (dental students and dental field professionals) were individually instructed to sit in a dark room illuminated with D55 light and to perform visual shade matching between control and test discs. An error matrix containing ΔE94 between control and test discs was generated, containing four match-clusters depending on perceptibility and acceptability thresholds. The frequency and severity of errors were examined. Results: The colorimeter achieved a 100% perfect matching, while individuals only achieved a 78%. A higher occurrence of mismatches was noted for intermediate composite shades without a statistically significant difference. No statistically significant differences were reported for age, sex, and experience. A statistically significant difference was present among the Optishade match and the visual determination. Conclusions: The instrumental shade-matching evaluation proved to be significantly more reliable than the human visual system. Further research is needed to determine whether the same outcomes are achieved in a clinical setting directly on patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of various beverages on the color stability of nanohybrid and bulk-fill resin composites.Methods: In this experimental study, 36 disk-shaped composite samples (6 mm diameter, 4 mm thickness) were prepared from three types of composite resins (n=12): a nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z550), a bulk-fill composite (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill) and a flowable bulk-fill composite (Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable). The samples from each composite were then divided into four subgroups based on the applied staining solution (n=3) and immersed for 120 hours in either distilled water, chocolate milk, cola, or orange juice. Color measurements were conducted at baseline and after immersion in staining solutions by a VITA Easyshade Compact according to the CIELAB color system. Color changes (∆E) were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA at the significance level of P3.3) after immersion in various beverages. The greatest color changes were usually found in Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable composite. Both bulk fill composites showed significantly greater color changes than the nanohybrid composite after immersion in distilled water and chocolate milk (P

Currently, ceramic dentures are mainly obtained by using computer-assisted cutting block of material to obtain the shape as the removing a model of patient's mouth. Followed by immersion coloring, porcelain stacking, and sintering to obtain dentures similar to a patients' tooth, this is a large-loss and complex process. In this study, 16 standard tooth samples were successfully reduced by adding Fe 2 O 3 , Pr 6 O 10 , Er 2 O 3 , and MnO 2. After the colorful ceramic powder and photosensitive resin were configured into a slurry, a close to the sample tooth dentures was successfully prepared using digital light processing (DLP). The flexural strength and compressive strength of the ceramic specimens prepared by this method reached 821.01 ± 51.72 MPa and 2.67 GPa ± 0.22 MPa. To verify the biosafety of the prepared ceramics, we performed an in vitro biological evaluation of rat fibroblasts (L929). The resulting showed that the extracts of the prepared ceramic teeth had good biosafety, and the cells could also attach to the surface of the prepared ceramics. Hemolysis experiments confirmed good blood compatibility. Thus, our results show that DLP-printed standard tooth-colored ceramic dentures have good mechanical properties and biocompatibility, and can provide a solution to patients seeking quick access to aesthetic dentures. We present a strategy for the development of standard tooth-colored, high-precision, high-mechanical-property and highly biocompatible ceramic dentures based on DLP light-curing printing technology. Through a large number of experiments to find the law of color adjustment, and achieved the reduction of 16 kinds of tooth color. Adjusting the printing parameters, high precision printing was realized. The samples are structurally stable after sintering and have excellent mechanical properties. Through CCK-8, hemolysis rate, live/dead cell staining, cell adhesion and cytoskeletal staining tests, the prepared denture showed excellent biocompatibility. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: To investigate if facial and dental satisfaction is related to body fat percentage and body weight satisfaction. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was applied to adolescents from a Private School in Southern Brazil containing sociodemographic (sex and age) and self-perception variables. Adolescents were asked about their perceptions concerning dental problems. Body fat percentage was collected using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: A total of 372 adolescents were examined. Most adolescents were satisfied with their dental (81.7%) and facial appearance (87.6%), while 39% of adolescents were satisfied with their body weight. Poisson regression model showed that adolescents who expressed satisfaction with their body weight (PR = 1.12, 95%CI 1.06–1.19) and were satisfied with their dental appearance (PR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.08–1.41) exhibited a positive association with facial satisfaction. Adolescents dissatisfied with dental color (PR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.80–0.97), those reporting dental pain (PR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.80–0.97), and individuals with obesity (PR = 0.91, 95%CI 0.83–0.99) demonstrated a decrease in facial satisfaction. Adolescents aged 16 to 19 years (PR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.15) and those satisfied with their facial appearance (PR = 1.20, 95%CI 1.01–1.43) exhibited a higher prevalence of dental satisfaction. Conversely, adolescents dissatisfied with dental color (PR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.66–0.82) and those with misaligned teeth (PR = 0.63, 95%CI 0.55–0.73) reported lower levels of dental satisfaction. Parametric g-formula analysis found that the association between body fat and facial satisfaction was mediated by body weight satisfaction (p = 0.001). Conclusions: While dental satisfaction was not influenced by corporeal characteristics, facial satisfaction was influenced by dental and body weight satisfaction. Obese adolescents had low facial satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of various beverages on the color stability of nanohybrid and bulk-fill resin composites. Methods: In this experimental study, 36 disk-shaped composite samples (6 mm diameter, 4 mm thickness) were prepared from three types of composite resins (n=12): a nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z550), a bulk-fill composite (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill) and a flowable bulk-fill composite (Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable). The samples from each composite were then divided into four subgroups based on the applied staining solution (n=3) and immersed for 120 hours in either distilled water, chocolate milk, cola, or orange juice. Color measurements were conducted at baseline and after immersion in staining solutions by a VITA Easyshade Compact according to the CIELAB color system. Color changes (ΔE) were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA at the significance level of P<0.05. Results: All composites exhibited clinically unacceptable color change values (ΔE>3.3) after immersion in various beverages. The greatest color changes were usually found in Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable composite. Both bulk fill composites showed significantly greater color changes than the nanohybrid composite after immersion in distilled water and chocolate milk (P<0.05). Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill showed significantly different color change values after exposure to various beverages (P=0.023). Conclusions: Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable exhibited greater discoloration than Filtek Z550 and Tetric EvoCeram bulk-fill composites. Both the composite structure and the type of beverage influence the color stability of composite resins, but the effect of the composite structure is more potent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment interferes with oral hygiene and can discoloration. Therefore, given the importance of tooth discoloration for patients, the present study determined the effect of orthodontic treatment on tooth color changes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six patients under orthodontic treatment were evaluated. Photographs were taken before and after orthodontic treatment to evaluate color changes of the teeth. The photos were evaluated by experts and laypeople. The researcher completed a questionnaire consisting of each patient's demographic data and treatment information (the composite resin type, the bonding agent type, and the bracket and wire types). Then, the relationships between these variables and tooth discoloration were analyzed. McNermar test was used to compare tooth color distribution status before and after orthodontic treatment. Chi-squared or Fisher's tests were used to compare the tooth discoloration distribution status in terms of each variable studied. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between demographic variables and tooth discoloration. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results: Tooth colors were different before and after treatment. There were no significant relationships between tooth discoloration and the variables of composite resin type, bonding agent, bracket type, and gender. However, the relationship between age and tooth discoloration was significant. Conclusion: Various factors affect tooth color changes after orthodontic treatment. Although the majority of the factors evaluated in the present study did not alone have a significant relationship with tooth discoloration, it can be claimed that tooth discoloration due to orthodontic treatment is a multifactorial finding with several confounding factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research conducted since 1968 have extensively examined the correlation between tooth color and skin color. The purpose of these studies was to determine whether skin color could effectively influence dentists in choosing tooth color. The objective of this systematic review is to examine the methodologies employed in assessing the relationship between tooth and skin color, and to identify the most precise and dependable approaches for modeling and evaluating this relationship. The systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO (CRD42022356022). This systematic review was done on four databases using PRISMA 2009 search strategy, and selected studies were chosen according to PICO model. JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist was used for quality assessment. Out of 1611 articles that were found in the databases, 10 articles matched the criteria and were selected for this systematic review study. Three main methods were found in the 10 studies: conventional methods, digital methods, conventional-digital (mixed) methods. Digital methods were found to be the more reliable methods for color evaluation. Specific settings should be applied during digital color measuring methods. Conventional and digital assessment methods showed either a negative or a positive significant association between the color of teeth and skin. However, the combined method (digital for tooth and visual for skin) did not show any such relation. It is imperative to conduct and apply research in Artificial Intelligence to forecast tooth color based on knowledge of skin color.

Background: The choice of the correct color is of paramount importance in esthetic dentistry; however, there is still no consensus on the best technique to determine it. The aim of the present study is to compare the accuracy of a recently introduced colorimeter in shade matching with human vision. In addition, possible variables affecting color-matching by human eye have been analysed. Methods: 18 disc-shaped composite samples with identical size and shape were produced from a composite flow system (Enamel plus HriHF, Micerium): Nine were considered control samples (UD 0-UD 6), and nine were test samples with identical flow composite shade to the control ones. Parallelly, 70 individuals (dental students and dental field professionals) were individually instructed to sit in a dark room illuminated with D55 light and to perform visual shade matching between control and test discs. An error matrix containing ΔE94 between control and test discs was generated, containing four match-clusters depending on perceptibility and acceptability thresholds. The frequency and severity of errors were examined. Results: The colorimeter achieved a 100% perfect matching, while individuals only achieved a 78%. A higher occurrence of mismatches was noted for intermediate composite shades without a statistically significant difference. No statistically significant differences were reported for age, sex, and experience. A statistically significant difference was present among the Optishade match and the visual determination. Conclusions: The instrumental shade-matching evaluation proved to be significantly more reliable than the human visual system. Further research is needed to determine whether the same outcomes are achieved in a clinical setting directly on patients.

Laser-activated tooth bleaching is discussed as a means to optimize results, while minimizing adverse side effects, but it lacks consensus in the scientific literature. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate the protocols and outcomes of laser-activated vs. non-activated bleaching methods for safe and effective approaches. The PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar search engines, with the following MeSH terms and keywords: (bleaching OR whitening) AND laser AND (tooth OR dental OR enamel OR dentine), were used to identify human clinical trials and in vitro studies regarding laser-activated dental bleaching. After applying the keywords and additional filters, and inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final number of included articles was 19 clinical and 20 in vitro studies. Laser activation yielded no significant color improvement, but reduced gel contact time (10 min). Laser-activated bleaching required 24% less hydrogen peroxide (HP) concentration to achieve similar results. Additionally, there were no significant differences in terms of sensitivity and hard tissue alterations between the laser-activated and conventional groups. The benefits associated with laser-activated bleaching render it a compelling option. Nevertheless, a comprehensive evaluation of bleaching gels and activation protocols is imperative. Ultimately, this analysis provides clinical guidance pertaining to the facilitatory employment of laser irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective In dental restorations, color determination is very important for achieving esthetic results. The aim of this study was to compare visual shade selection using digital methods and to assess the repeatability of the utilized intraoral scanners. Materials and methods In 31 probands, tooth color was determined on teeth 11, 13, and 16. Shade selection was performed visually by a dentist and digitally using Trios 3 and Cerec Omnicam. Three measurements were performed to determine the repeatability of intraoral scanners. Fleiss' κ was used for statistical evaluation of the repeatability and Cohen's κ was used for comparison of methods. Results The visual method showed only slight agreement with Trios 3 (Cohen's κ: 0.198) and Cerec Omnicam (Cohen's κ: 0.115). Moderate agreement was found between Trios 3 and Cerec Omnicam (Cohen's κ: 0.452). In terms of repeatability, Trios 3 scored higher overall than Cerec Omnicam (Fleiss' κ: 0.612 vs. 0.474). Conclusion Intraoral scanners can facilitate the workflow in clinical practice. They are a good supplement for color determination, but should additionally be confirmed by the visual method. Clinical significance: The use of digital instruments is increasingly being preferred over conventional treatments. Therefore, it is essential to continuously improve the accuracy of intraoral scanners for color selection in order to offer an alternative to visual methods.

Background and aim. A beautiful smile with white and shiny teeth is nowadays a must, according to aesthetics norms. The color of the lips, with or without lipstick, may influence the appearance of the teeth color. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of the lipstick on the tooth color appearance. Methods. Four female patient smiles were photographed from the frontal view with five different colored lipsticks. Each photo was evaluated by 100 observers and noted from 1-dark to 6-white. Data were statistically analyzed with dedicated software. Results. The majority of the observers noted with lower grades the nude lipstick color photos and with higher grades the red and purple ones. Conclusion. Within the limitation of the study, the surrounding (the lipstick) has an important influence on the appearance of the tooth color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to synthesize a novel choline hydroxide ionic liquid-based tooth bleaching gel. Ionic liquid-based gels were synthesized and characterized using FTIR along with pH testing. Tooth sample preparation was carried out in line with ISO 28399:2020. The effects of synthesized gels on tooth samples were tested. Tooth samples were stained and grouped into three experimental groups: EAI (22% choline hydroxide gel), EAII (44% choline hydroxide gel), and EB (choline citrate gel) and two control groups: CA (commercial at-home 16% carbamide peroxide gel) and CB (deionized water). The tooth color analysis, which included shade matching with the Vitapan shade guide (n = 2), and digital colorimetric analysis (n = 2) were evaluated. The surface characteristics and hardness were analyzed with 3D optical profilometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Microhardness testing (n = 3), respectively. The tooth color analysis (Vitapan shade guide) revealed that all the tooth samples treated with synthesized choline citrate gel (EB) showed an A1 shade as compared to the other four groups, giving a range of shades. An analysis of the ΔE values from digital colorimetry; EAI, EAII, CA, and CB showed ΔE values in a range that was clinically perceptible at a glance. However, EB showed the highest value of ΔE. The mean microhardness values for the five groups showed that the effects of three experimental gels i.e., 44% choline hydroxide, 22% choline hydroxide, and choline citrate, on the microhardness of the tooth samples were similar to that of the positive control, which comprised commercial at-home 16% carbamide peroxide gel. SEM with EDX of three tested subgroups was closely related in surface profile, elemental composition, and Ca/P ratio. The roughness average values from optical profilometry of four tested subgroups lie within approximately a similar range, showing a statistically insignificant difference (p > 0.05) between the tested subgroups. The synthesized novel experimental tooth bleaching gels displayed similar tooth bleaching actions without any deleterious effects on the surface characteristics and microhardness of the treated tooth samples when compared with the commercial at-home tooth bleaching gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In dental restorations, color determination is very important for achieving esthetic results. The aim of this study was to compare visual shade selection using digital methods and to assess the repeatability of the utilized intraoral scanners. Materials and methods: In 31 probands, tooth color was determined on teeth 11, 13, and 16. Shade selection was performed visually by a dentist and digitally using Trios 3 and Cerec Omnicam. Three measurements were performed to determine the repeatability of intraoral scanners. Fleiss' κ was used for statistical evaluation of the repeatability and Cohen's κ was used for comparison of methods. Results: The visual method showed only slight agreement with Trios 3 (Cohen's κ: 0.198) and Cerec Omnicam (Cohen's κ: 0.115). Moderate agreement was found between Trios 3 and Cerec Omnicam (Cohen's κ: 0.452). In terms of repeatability, Trios 3 scored higher overall than Cerec Omnicam (Fleiss' κ: 0.612 vs. 0.474). Conclusion: Intraoral scanners can facilitate the workflow in clinical practice. They are a good supplement for color determination, but should additionally be confirmed by the visual method. Clinical significance: The use of digital instruments is increasingly being preferred over conventional treatments. Therefore, it is essential to continuously improve the accuracy of intraoral scanners for color selection in order to offer an alternative to visual methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical illusion refers to the phenomenon in which the scene observed by the human eye is not completely consistent with the objectively presented scene. Optical illusions in stomatology, as well as their clinical application, are demonstrated in this paper in terms of shade, shape and aesthetic design. Shade is not only affected by the optical illusions with which it is associated, such as color metamerism, color constancy and the Chevreul illusion, but also influenced by the surroundings. It is suggested that the surrounding lighting during veneering should be the same as that during color matching in the clinic. As indicated by the Poggendorf illusion and the Leaning Tower illusion, the practice should be conducted and checked from multiple perspectives to compensate for the limitation of human eyes, such as intraoral scanning. Other digital technologies, including digital facial scanning and cephalometric measurement, could be used to reduce the subjective influence of observation. In terms of esthetic design, the interaction of the part and the whole, suggested by Ebbinghaus illusion, should be considered: an individual harmony smile should be designed considering the characteristics of the personality and the features of the face, lips, teeth and gingiva of the patient. Furthermore, personal information, such as gender and age, should be taken into consideration in beautification presentation. Further research should be focused on the influence of optical illusions in stomatology in more details. More communication among doctors, technicians and patients is needed. Clinicians should be aware of the impact of optical illusions to reduce subjective bias in clinical standardized operations and further take advantage of optical illusions to create beautification presentations of dental restorations and smiles.

Introduction: To evaluate the shade matching of teeth restored with OMNICHROMA using four different teeth shade-selection techniques. Methods: Thirty sound upper first premolar teeth were used. Shade was taken by the VITA Linearguide 3D-MASTER, the VITA Easyshade V, digital photography, and the TRIOS 3 intraoral scanner for the cervical area. Subsequently, a Class V cavity was prepared and filled with an OMNICHROMA filling, and another reading for the shade was taken. Results: Value of ΔE in all groups were significantly higher than the clinically acceptable value (ΔE: 3.7) (P < 0.001). One-way ANOVA measurements showed statistically significant differences among the groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: OMNICHROMA composite showed some degree of mismatch with the surrounding tooth structure. This in vitro model could not simulate complex oral situation and more clinical studies are necessary.

Introduction: This study evaluated the color changes induced by the treatment of intact and demineralized enamel surfaces with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP), casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and sodium fluoride. Material and Methods: Ninety-six sound teeth were collected. The samples were divided into “intact” and “demineralized” groups and then subjected to different treatments (CPP-ACFP, sodium fluoride, and CPP-ACP). After the treatment phase, the colors of samples were evaluated and compared with the pretreatment values. Results: Both demineralized and intact enamel samples underwent increased whiteness (LFNx01) and reduced yellowness (bFNx01) upon treatment with any of the agents (P < 0.001). More pronounced results were achieved with CPP-ACP. Conclusion: These treatments generally make the teeth look whiter, brighter, and clearer with a more natural appearance.

Objective: To analyze the change in tooth color produced by two hydraulic and one resin-based sealers by means of spectrophotometry for 3 years. Methods: Forty maxillary anterior teeth were selected (n = 10 per group). Root canals were prepared by rotary instrumentation and irrigation was performed with NaOCl, which was also used in the final irrigation, followed by saline and activated with Endoactivator. Root canals were then filled using single cone technique. Negative control (NC): gutta-percha filling; Positive control: gutta-percha and AH Plus; experimental groups: gutta-percha and Bioroot RCS/TotalFill BC Sealer. Gutta-percha was cut 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction, the pulp chamber was sealed with flowable composite. The teeth were kept in PBS. Color was measured in the cervical and incisal halves before root canal treatment (RCT), one and six months after RCT, and after one, two and three years, with the Vita EasyShade spectrophotometer; positioned using an individualized splint. ΔEab and ΔE00 were calculated. Two-way ANOVA repeated measures test followed by Bonferroni post-test were performed to analyze the ΔL, Δa*, Δb*, ΔEab, and ΔE00, considering treatment groups and evaluation periods. Statistical significance was set at p NC > TotalFill > Bioroot. ΔE00 values were: 1.38 ± 0.61 NC, 2.37 ± 0.70 AH Plus, 1.86 ± 0.60 BioRoot and 1.53 ± 0.85 TotalFill. In the cervical half, the ΔEab values, showed the same descending order, except for Bioroot and TotalFill which alternated the order. The ΔE00 values were 1.86 ± 0.61 NC, 3.01 ± 0.70 AH Plus,1.89 ± 0.58 Bioroot and 1.65 ± 0.41 TotalFill, with no significant differences between groups and times in both locations. Conclusions: All groups presented some degree of discoloration. Lightness and b* component were the most influential. Calcium silicate-based cements (Bioroot RCS and TotalFill BC Sealer) produced acceptable levels of discoloration at the end of follow-up.

Introduction: To evaluate the shade matching of teeth restored with OMNICHROMA using four different teeth shade-selection techniques. Methods: Thirty sound upper first premolar teeth were used. Shade was taken by the VITA Linearguide 3D-MASTER, the VITA Easyshade V, digital photography, and the TRIOS 3 intraoral scanner for the cervical area. Subsequently, a Class V cavity was prepared and filled with an OMNICHROMA filling, and another reading for the shade was taken. Results: Value of ΔE in all groups were significantly higher than the clinically acceptable value (ΔE: 3.7) (P < 0.001). One-way ANOVA measurements showed statistically significant differences among the groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: OMNICHROMA composite showed some degree of mismatch with the surrounding tooth structure. This in vitro model could not simulate complex oral situation and more clinical studies are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the number of distinct tooth colors using a large dataset of in-vivo CIELAB measurements. It further assessed the coverage error (CE) and coverage error percentage (CEP) of commonly used shade guides and determined the number of shades needed for an ideal guide, using the Euclidean distance (ΔEab) and thresholds for clinical perceptibility (PT) and acceptability (AT) as evaluation criteria., Methods: A total of 8153 untreated maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were measured in vivo using calibrated dental photography. Cardinality was applied to determine the number of unique natural tooth colors. The CE and CEP were calculated for the Vita Classical and Vita 3D-Master shade guides, while the cardinality method was also used to estimate the number of shades required to adequately cover the estimated gamut of natural tooth colors., Results: The cardinality analysis revealed 1173 unique natural tooth colors. The CE for the Vita Classical shade guide was 4.1 ΔEab, with a CEP of 75 % beyond AT, while the 3D-Master shade guide had a CE of 3.3 ΔEab and a CEP of 70 % beyond AT. Based on cardinality computation, 92 discrete shades are required to adequately cover the estimated gamut of natural tooth colors with a CE of 1.2 ΔEab and CEP of 0.3 % beyond AT., Conclusions: Cardinality computations estimated 1173 unique tooth colors while 92 discrete shades are estimated for full coverage. Such a number is impractical for physical shade guides, but new digital tools and 3D printing may offer future solutions. Both, the Vita Classical and 3D-Master shade guides do not fully represent the range of natural tooth colors., Clinical Significance: This study highlights the limitations of existing shade guides and underscores the potential for new developments., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: This study evaluated the color changes induced by the treatment of intact and demineralized enamel surfaces with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP), casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and sodium fluoride. Material and Methods: Ninety-six sound teeth were collected. The samples were divided into "intact" and "demineralized" groups and then subjected to different treatments (CPP-ACFP, sodium fluoride, and CPP-ACP). After the treatment phase, the colors of samples were evaluated and compared with the pretreatment values. Results: Both demineralized and intact enamel samples underwent increased whiteness (L*) and reduced yellowness (b*) upon treatment with any of the agents (P < 0.001). More pronounced results were achieved with CPP-ACP. Conclusion: These treatments generally make the teeth look whiter, brighter, and clearer with a more natural appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the color matching, light transmittance, and reflectance characteristics of the novel flowable resin composite OCF-001 (OCF). Methods: Fifty-four resin composite molds were made with simulated class I cavities of A2, A3, and A4 shades by filling the rubber mold interspace with Estelite Sigma Quick (ESQ), Gracefil Putty (GP) and Filtek Supremme Ultra (FSU). After applying the adhesive, three different flowable resin composites (n = 6), OCF, Gracefil LoFlo (GLF), and Supreme Ultra Flowable (SUF), were used to fill the cavities. A colorimeter was used to measure the color parameters (CIEDE2000). The color measurements were taken immediately and after 28 days. Data were analyzed using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis (α = 0.05) and Wilcoxon tests. The light transmittance and reflection characteristics were measured with a black background using a spectrophotometer under D65 illumination. Results: The ΔE00, and ΔC of OCF was lower than other tested materials in A2 and A3 shades both immediately and after 28 days. OCF showed the highest transmittance characteristic, and a relatively stable reflectance curve in all the wavelengths. Conclusions: OCF showed better shade matching with the surrounding shades of A2 and A3, a relative uniform reflectance and higher light transmission properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newer trends in shade matching have been driven by the market need for superior grade esthetic restorations. Modernized shade guides, obtainability of shade-taking devices, and research in the field of human color vision have ameliorated the capability of dentists to attain outstanding color-matched restorations. A detailed knowledge of natural teeth' appearance features is needed along with these new devices to increase shade-matching results.

Introduction The aim of this study is to make it easier for dentists to choose artificial tooth color in fully and partially edentulous patients by evaluating the relationship between the color of the soft tissues of the face and the color of the teeth. Methodology The CIEL*a*b* color values of the maxillary central teeth of the volunteers participating in the study were measured by spectrophotometer, and skin, lip and eye color were measured from facial images containing ceramic blocks to standardize the light and color values using Adobe Photoshop software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnow test and Spearman Rank Correlation test were used to evaluate the data. Results It was observed that there was a higher correlation between the L* values of the teeth and the L* and b* values of the skin. When the analysis between the color measurements taken from the lip photographs and the teeth was examined, it was seen that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the L* values of the upper central teeth and the a* values of the lip. Conclusion The results showed that the CIEL*a*b* parameters of skin color and lip color can be used in the selection of tooth color in case of loss of natural teeth or discoloration of existing teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the whitening efficiency and patient satisfaction after usage of commercially available toothpastes with the different whitening ingredients. Materials and methods: This randomized controlled trial study comprised 161 participants who were randomly divided into eight groups based on used whitening or control/conventional toothpaste (Colgate Max Expert White [CMEW], n = 20; Signal Daily White [SDW], n = 20; Himalaya Sparkly White Herbalis [HSWH], n = 20; Signal White System [SWS], n = 20; Rembrandt Deeply White + Peroxide [RDWP], n = 20; Splat Extreme White [SEW], n = 20; Splat White Plus [SWP], n = 21; and Kalodont Multi Repair [control], n = 20). Tooth color and color change were evaluated using a spectrophotometer (CIELAB coordinates, ΔEab*, ΔE00, whiteness index change [ΔWID]). Measurements were performed at baseline, 30 days and 60 days after the beginning of treatment, and 30 days after completing treatment – follow-up. Side effects and satisfaction with the whitening outcome were reported throughout the questionnaire. Results: The results for ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb* showed an increase in lightness and decrease in yellowness for all tested whitening toothpastes compared to the control group after 30 days of use (p ≤ 0.05). Also, significant tooth color difference (ΔEab*, ΔE00) and whiteness index change (ΔWID) were recorded for all tested whitening toothpastes 30 days and 60 days from the beginning of use (p ≤ 0.05). Toothpaste containing a combination of urea peroxide and enzyme ingredients (SEW) demonstrated the highest and the longest whitening effect. Conclusions: Whitening toothpastes can show perceptibly whitening effect after a short time of usage, but without a long-lasting impact. Clinical relevance: Toothpaste containing a combination of enzymes and peroxides showed the best whitening performance compared to those containing only enzymes, peroxides, or abrasives. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04460755 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of home bleaching on the color enhancement of white spot lesions (WSLs) after orthodontic treatment. Materials & Methods: This interventional semi-experimental study was conducted on 10 patients with inactive WSLs after orthodontic treatment who referred to Mashhad Dental School between May 2016 and May 2017. The tooth color was measured by a spectrophotometer at baseline and the color determination was performed in the area of ​​healthy enamel (F1) and the adjacent demineralized enamel (F2). Afterward, the teeth underwent home bleaching for 2 weeks. The color measurements were performed one day and one week after the treatment under the same condition. The color change of the healthy and demineralized groups at each time point was compared to each other; moreover, the color differences between healthy and demineralized areas were compared at the three different time points. The collected data were analyzed using an independent samples t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Furthermore, a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The degree of color change before the treatment and one day after the treatment was greater in healthy enamel (9.28±3.29), compared to demineralized enamel (6.98±2.92). However, the results of the independent samples t-test revealed no significant difference between healthy and demineralized enamel regarding the color change at various time points (p < /em>>0.05). There was no significant difference between the color change of healthy (F1) and demineralized (F2) enamels at the three evaluated time points (p < /em>>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, under the conditions of this study, home bleaching was not an effective method for the color improvement of enamel WSLs after orthodontic treatment.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare three color parameters assessed on the maxillary right central incisors using a spectrophotometer as the gold standard, along with RAW mobile calibrated and non-calibrated photos in different light conditions. Materials and methods: A total of 30 dental students participated in the study. CIE L*a*b* values were measured in the middle third of each maxillary right central incisor spectrophotometrically and digitally on RAW mobile dental photos using different light conditions (F-frontal light; L-lateral light; D-lateral light with diffusers; P- polarizing filter on frontal light; H-hybrid filter as combination of frontal light with polarizing filter and lateral lights with diffusers) with LEDs (light emitting diode) in full power, and with gray card calibration. The obtained results were compared. Results: Mean a* and b* values on calibrated, as well as mean L* values on non-calibrated RAW mobile photos did not significantly differ in different light conditions (P>0.05). CIE L*a*b* values on non-calibrated polarizing RAW mobile photos completely matched the same values obtained using a spectrophotometer on the subject’s maxillary right central incisor (P>0.05). Conclusions: Different light conditions and measuring procedures affected CIE L*a*b* values on RAW mobile photos in this study. Within the limitations, non-calibrated RAW mobile photos using a lightening device with polarizing filters on frontal LED light in standardized conditions can be a useful tool for digital dental shade determination.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate shade matching ability of dental professionals and students using the VITA 3D-Master shade guide. Materials and methods: A hundred and twenty participants have been assigned to one of four groups as follows: specialists in prosthodontics (SPs), residents in prosthodontics (RPs), dental technicians (DTs) and dental students (DSs). The Tooth-guide Training Box (TTB) was used to test the participants’ shade-matching ability based on using 3 exercises and a final test. The mistakes were recorded during the exercises and mistake ratios (MR) were calculated. Time, scores, and color difference values (ΔE) were recorded and calculated. The one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the differences, and multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship in mean MRs, time, score and ΔE values between the groups. Results: Male participants needed significantly greater amount of time than females to complete the final test (P

The objective of this study was to synthesize a novel choline hydroxide ionic liquid-based tooth bleaching gel. Ionic liquid-based gels were synthesized and characterized using FTIR along with pH testing. Tooth sample preparation was carried out in line with ISO 28399:2020. The effects of synthesized gels on tooth samples were tested. Tooth samples were stained and grouped into three experimental groups: EAI (22% choline hydroxide gel), EAII (44% choline hydroxide gel), and EB (choline citrate gel) and two control groups: CA (commercial at-home 16% carbamide peroxide gel) and CB (deionized water). The tooth color analysis, which included shade matching with the Vitapan shade guide (n = 2), and digital colorimetric analysis (n = 2) were evaluated. The surface characteristics and hardness were analyzed with 3D optical profilometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Microhardness testing (n = 3), respectively. The tooth color analysis (Vitapan shade guide) revealed that all the tooth samples treated with synthesized choline citrate gel (EB) showed an A1 shade as compared to the other four groups, giving a range of shades. An analysis of the ΔE values from digital colorimetry; EAI, EAII, CA, and CB showed ΔE values in a range that was clinically perceptible at a glance. However, EB showed the highest value of ΔE. The mean microhardness values for the five groups showed that the effects of three experimental gels i.e., 44% choline hydroxide, 22% choline hydroxide, and choline citrate, on the microhardness of the tooth samples were similar to that of the positive control, which comprised commercial at-home 16% carbamide peroxide gel. SEM with EDX of three tested subgroups was closely related in surface profile, elemental composition, and Ca/P ratio. The roughness average values from optical profilometry of four tested subgroups lie within approximately a similar range, showing a statistically insignificant difference (p > 0.05) between the tested subgroups. The synthesized novel experimental tooth bleaching gels displayed similar tooth bleaching actions without any deleterious effects on the surface characteristics and microhardness of the treated tooth samples when compared with the commercial at-home tooth bleaching gel.

Purpose: To evaluate the color masking effect of infiltration treatment of artificial white spot lesions (AWSL) using a dedicated resin in comparison to different adhesive systems. Materials and Methods: Enamel/dentin specimens were obtained from bovine incisors and baseline color was assessed using a reflectance spectrophotometer, according to the CIE L*a*b* system. AWSL were produced using a buffered acid solution and a new color evaluation was performed. The specimens were divided into 8 groups: control: artificial saliva changed daily for 7 days; 1C: infiltrating resin Icon; EC: EquiaCoat; FU: Futurabond U; SBU: Single Bond U; SBMP: Scotchbond MP; OB: OptibondFL; BF: Bioforty. After the treatments, the color was evaluated again and the values for the parameters ΔL (change in lightness), Δa (change in chroma), Δb (change in hue), and ΔE (general color difference) were calculated in relation to baseline. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. Results: After treatment, ANOVA showed significant differences for all parameters (p = 0.001). Tukey's test showed the greatest lightness reduction (ΔL) for the 1C group, followed by EC, FU, and SBU. The SBMP, OB, and BF groups were similar to the control. For Δb values, all groups showed differences in relation to the control, with no differences between them. In relation to ΔE, all groups showed differences in relation to the control (ΔE = 5.24), with no significant differences between them. ΔE values after application of all resinous materials were lower than the threshold of 3.7, indicating effective color masking. Conclusions: The Icon infiltrant produced a greater lightness reduction of white lesions (ΔL). For general color difference (ΔE), all the resinous materials tested were able to color mask artificial AWSL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newer trends in shade matching have been driven by the market need for superior grade esthetic restorations. Modernized shade guides, obtainability of shade-taking devices, and research in the field of human color vision have ameliorated the capability of dentists to attain outstanding color-matched restorations. A detailed knowledge of natural teeth' appearance features is needed along with these new devices to increase shade-matching results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is to evaluate the effect of photo-thermal acceleration on in-office bleaching efficiency using a bleaching agent without photocatalysts in vitro. Artificially discolored bovine lower incisors were prepared, and the mixed in-office bleaching material contained hydrogen peroxide 23% was applied by following treatment for 10 min: high-(HI group) and low-intensity LED lights (LI group), oven at 38 °C (OV group), and room temperature at 23 °C (RT group). Color was measured before and after bleaching and color difference (∆E*) was calculated. The data were statistically analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. The temperature change (∆T) of applied bleaching agent in HI and LI groups was measured using a thermography and was analyzed using a T test. The bleaching procedures were repeated 6 times. Irradiation in the HI group resulted in the highest ΔE, followed by the LI group whose ΔE was significantly lower. Both irradiated modes exhibited higher ΔE compared to non-irradiated OV and RT groups which were not significantly different from each other. The average temperature rise of bleaching agents in HI and LI groups after 10 min irradiation was 15.00 °C and 11.80 °C, respectively. The effect of photo-thermal acceleration was proved for an in-office bleaching agent without photocatalysts in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here's a variant of implementation of the algorithm for definition of the tooth crown's color shade with adaptation’s function to external conditions based on stm32f4xx series microcontrollers and color sensor module TCS3200.

Background and Objectives: Perfect tooth shade selection is indispensable for successful esthetic dental restorations. Shade matching is a complex and multidimensional process that involves the cognitive ability of students. Hence, the aim of the present study was to assess and compare the shade matching ability of undergraduate dental students in various years of dental education. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 students enrolled in all five class years of the Bachelor of Dental Surgery course in a dental college in India. Each enrolled participant was presented with two exercises to assess shade matching ability. In the first exercise, basic shade matching ability of the students was assessed by a shade tab matching in a bench setting using Vitapan Classical shade guide. In the second exercise, the participants were asked to perform intraoral tooth color matching to evaluate their ability of shade matching in a clinical setup. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 and descriptive statistics were applied. Chi-square test was applied to find out significant differences among years of education. Results: For Exercise 1, 53 participants (35.30%) showed fair color matching ability in bench setting, 26.70% (n = 40) showed good ability, 22.70% (n = 34) demonstrated an excellent ability, whereas 15.30% (n = 23) had a poor ability of color matching. For Exercise 2, where clinical color matching ability of the students was analyzed, 34% (n = 51) obtained fair scores, 33.30% (n = 50) obtained good scores, 26% (n = 39) obtained excellent scores, whereas 6.70% (n = 10) of the participants had poor scores. Conclusion: This study showed that the clinical performance of dental students for shade matching improved as the years of dental education increased. Also, better outcomes were seen in clinical setting as compared to in vitro conditions.

Physiological aging process leads to changes in all tissues and organs of the human organism. Changes of the tooth color with age occur as a result of the pulp chamber reduction and deposition of secondary dentine, when dentine become thicker and less transparent. The aim of this study was to determine degree of the tooth color change in relation to the age of patients and the gender. The study included 166 patients, aged from 18 to 77 years. All patients were divided into four age groups. Determination of the tooth color was performed by visual method using the Philips zoom shade guide chart in the middle third of the healthy upper central incisors. The results showed that 21,7% of the patients between 18-30 years had dominant light tooth color, 12.9% of the patients from 31-45 years had the medium color, and patients from 46-60 and older than 61 years in most cases had dark color of the teeth (9.1% and 21% respectively). The dominant light tooth color was A2, medium color A3, while the most common dark color was A3.5. Women had significantly lighter teeth compared to men. The study showed that younger patients had lighter teeth and that the color of teeth become darker with age.

Objective: To evaluate effects of dehydration on tooth color determine whether color returns to baseline after 30 min or 24 h. Materials and methods: Thirty participants with intact maxillary central and lateral incisors were recruited for the study. Color measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer (SpectroShade Micro) at baseline and at 10, 20, and 30 min of dehydration, as well as 30 min and 24 h of rehydration. CIEDE2000 color parameters were used to calculate color difference. The data were analyzed for color changes over time by repeated‐measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Bonferroni‐Tukey test was used for post‐ANOVA comparisons (P <.05). Results: After 30 min of dehydration, all the tested teeth were above the perceptibility threshold (ΔE00 = 0.8), and 85% of the teeth were above the acceptability threshold (ΔE00 = 1.8). After 30 min of rehydration, 78.3% of the tested teeth were above the perceptibility threshold, and 31.6% of the teeth were above the acceptability threshold. After 24 h of rehydration, 99.2% of the teeth were below the acceptability threshold, and 90% of the values were below the perceptibility threshold. Conclusions: Thirty‐minute tooth dehydration can result in a clinically significant color change. After a 24‐h rehydration period, reliable color assessment can be performed. Clinical significance: Tooth dehydration causes significant color change, thus assessment of final color or clinical success should be considered after tooth rehydration for esthetic restorations and tooth bleaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To ascertain the degree of precision and repeatability inherent in the "capture to edit" digital imaging system, namely the ColorChecker Passport Photo (X-Rite, MI, USA), and to juxtapose its performance against spectrophotometric assessments utilizing the Vita Easyshade® (Vita Zahnfabrik, H Rauter GmbH & Co. KG., Bad Sackingen, Germany) for the same set of teeth., Materials and Methods: Eighty participants aged 19-25 were included in the study; all of them were Croatian students at the School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb. Color measurements of the maxillary right central incisors were performed in controlled, standardized laboratory conditions. The measurements were performed on calibrated digital photographs by an experienced clinician three times in a row, and L, a, and b of CIELAB color space values were recorded. The same procedure was performed using the Vita Easyshade 5.0 spectrophotometer (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) in "Tooth single" mode., Results: The Cronbach's alpha was used as a repeatability measurement, thus revealing high consistency for both methods (α=0.94-1). Correlations were moderate (Pearson r=0.44-0.66 p<0.05). Testing confirmed that digital photography is inaccurate as spectrophotometry (p<0.05). An analysis of errors of means and their standard deviations revealed consistent discrepancies with minor deviations., Conclusion: The "capture to edit" method showed high consistency (Cronbach's α=0.94-0.96), and it exhibits comparability in terms of variability, reliability, and repeatability when compared to spectrophotometric measurement (VitaShade 5, VitaZahnfabrik). Disparities between the methods are evident and anticipated, yet they do not follow a consistently linear pattern. The combination of repeatability and consistency renders the "capture to edit" method a valuable tool for enhanced color mapping, thus facilitating comparisons between digital images., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None declared., (University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the value of tooth color and skin color in Torajans. Methods: This study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. This study was conducted in Balusu subdistrict and Saddan subdistrict, Toraja Regency in 2008, using purposive sampling technique based on sex, age, and education characteristics. The sample consisted of 73 torajans, age 15–60 years old, had intact maxillary central incisors, no stains, no calculus, and dental plaque. Data were analyzed with computerized statistical test. Results: This study found that there was a correlation between the value of tooth color and gender in Torajans (p 0.05), and there was no correlation between the value of tooth color and skin color (p > 0.05). Conclusion: There was no correlation between the value of teeth color and skin color in Torajans.

ABSTRACT Objective In this study, the aim is to evaluate the shade of colors of the permanent maxillary central incisor, deciduous canine, deciduous first molar, deciduous second molar and permanent first molar teeth in individuals in mixed dentition stage using Vita Classic and Vitapan 3D Master scale, according to the L*, a*, b* color system. Materials and Methods Our study was performed on a total of 57 child patients between 7-12 years old. Color shade measurements were performed using VITA Easyshade Compact (Vita Zahnfabrik, Germany) spectrophotometry device; and CIE L*, a*, b* values according the Vita Classic and Vitapan 3D Master scale were recorded. Results In light of the obtained data, it was found that the L* value of the permanent first molar was the lowest, the L* value of the deciduous canine was the highest (p

DOI: 10.26650/eor.2018.05145Purpose Tooth color is one of the most important factors in dental and facial esthetics. The aim of this study was to determine the tooth color of the upper frontal teeth in subjects and to provide comparisons with different skin and eye colors. Material and methods Tooth color was determined in 255 patients in the intercanine sector of the maxilla using an intraoral spectrophotometer Vita Easyshade® (Vita Zahnfabrik. H Rauter GmbH & Co. KG. Bad Sackingen. Germany). Skin and eye color was determined by visual perception. The shades of the Vita Tooth Guide 3D Master (Vita Zahnfabrik, H Rauter GmbH & Co, KG, Bad Sackingen, Germany) were registered by the spectrophotometer. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to examine the differences between tooth color and skin and eye color. Results The most frequent shade registered in the central incisors was 2M1 (62 subjects, 8.10%); in the lateral incisors, 1.5M1.5 (65 subjects, 8.50%); and in the canines, 2M3 (142 subjects, 18.56%). Pearson’s chi-squared test results showed a statistically significant difference in the relations between skin and eye color and central incisor color (p

Tooth color is one of the most important factors in dental and facial esthetics. The aim of this study was to determine the tooth color of the upper frontal teeth in subjects and to provide comparisons with different skin and eye colors. Material and methods Tooth color was determined in 255 patients in the intercanine sector of the maxilla using an intraoral spectrophotometer Vita Easyshade® (Vita Zahnfabrik. H Rauter GmbH & Co. KG. Bad Sackingen. Germany). Skin and eye color was determined by visual perception. The shades of the Vita Tooth Guide 3D Master (Vita Zahnfabrik, H Rauter GmbH & Co, KG, Bad Sackingen, Germany) were registered by the spectrophotometer. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to examine the differences between tooth color and skin and eye color. Results The most frequent shade registered in the central incisors was 2M1 (62 subjects, 8.10%); in the lateral incisors, 1.5M1.5 (65 subjects, 8.50%); and in the canines, 2M3 (142 subjects, 18.56%). Pearson’s chi-squared test results showed a statistically significant difference in the relations between skin and eye color and central incisor color (p

Copyright of Acta Stomatologica Croatica is the property of Acta Stomatologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Stomatologica Croatica is the property of Acta Stomatologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Computerized Dentistry is the property of Quintessence Publishing Company Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Visual shade selection is the most commonly used method in dentistry and a challenge for every dentist. However, differences to natural tooth color and the differences of each shade guide are well known. The aim of this paper is to investigate the suitability of two different color scales for determining the color of no‐match templates. Materials and methods: Volunteers (N = 76) selected a shade color of a no‐match template with two shade guides (VITA Classical shade guide (VC) and VITA Linearguide 3D‐Master (V3D LG), both Vita Zahnfabrik). The neutral grey background was laterally illuminated with a color differentiation lamp (Dialite, Eickhorst GmbH). For the volunteers' accuracy, the triangle's area was used which are emerge by the color coordinates of a template (LTaTbT) and the color coordinates of the two decisions (L1a1b1 and L2a2b2). Statistical software was used to evaluate the differences in ΔE00 with α =.01. Results: A deviation in the median of ΔE00 of 7.6 (V3D LG, first choice) to 6.6 (VC, second choice) was detected, while U test showed no significant differences in the median for both color scales. But the triangle's area generated by both shade decisions and tooth color with V3D LG was significant smaller (14.2) then VC (19.2) (P ≤.001). Conclusions: When comparing both results no significant difference in the subject's shade selection and the shade guides was detected. The new evaluation strategy using the size of the triangle's areas proves the superiority of the V3D LG due to a better distribution of the tooth color shades within the color space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To understand (a) the effects of labial enamel on tooth color (b) relationship of color data taken by nonpolarized (NP), cross‐polarization photography (CP), and spectrophotometry (SP). Materials and methods: Fifty extracted human maxillary incisors were coated with resin on their palatal surfaces. Their color was measured with NP, CP, and SP and their dimensions were scanned by an intraoral scanner. The labial enamel was removed using a modified selective enamel demineralization technique. Tooth dimensions and color were recorded again. The differences in the labial enamel thickness (ΔT) and color (∆E*00 and ∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*) were statistically analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression. Results: In CP and SP methods, ΔT and ∆E*00 were weakly to moderately positively correlated (r =.38 and.27). In NP, CP, and SP methods, ∆T and ∆b* are weakly positively correlated (r =.27,.27 and.29). The color data of three measuring methods were highly positively correlated (r >.8). A linear relationship between ∆E*00 and ∆T were found (CP and SP groups). Conclusions: (a) Thicker labial enamel has a greater impact on tooth color. (b) Reducing labial enamel thickness shifts the tooth color toward yellow. (c) Tooth color measured from the three methods were highly correlated. Clinical Significance: Knowing the relationship between enamel thickness and tooth color, a clinician can better predict the stump shade before tooth preparation. Due to the highly correlated measuring outcomes, it is reasonable to combine these three methods during shade matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]