Search

Introduction: The human teeth are attached to the alveolar bone, as a support for the teeth. Alveolar bone requires a stable condition so efforts are needed to maintain mineral levels, increase the number of osteoblasts, and inhibit bone resorption. One of the substances that are important in the bone calcification process is calcium and isoflavone which can be obtained from anchovies and soy milk. Moreover, anchovies is one of local food resources that easily obtained in North Sumatera, Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the effect of consuming anchovies along with soy milk on mandibular bone density. Materials and methods: This research is a laboratory experiment with a posttest-only group design. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups; control group (given standard feed), group 1 (given anchovy), and group 2 (given anchovy and soy milk) 2 times a day for 40 days. The rats were dissected to get the mandibular bone. Then, X-rays were taken and the density was measured with a densitometer. The measurement results were analyzed statistically with One Way ANOVA. Results: The control group showed an optical density of 1.69 ± 0.02, group 1 was 1.56 ± 0.12 and group 2 was 1.59 ± 0.03. The group given anchovy were significantly different from the control group (p=0.019). Meanwhile, the results in the group given anchovies and soy milk were not significantly different from the control group (p=0.062). Conclusion: Consumption of anchovy with or without soy milk have an effect on increasing mandibular density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista ADM is the property of Asociacion Dental Mexicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Necmettin Erbakan University Dental Journal (NEU Dent J) is the property of Necmettin Erbakan University Dental Journal (NEU Dent J) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: To compare the dental mineralization stages using Orthopantamogram (OPG) and skeletal maturation stages using Hand wrist radiographs during the pubertal growth period. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 60 males and 60 females in Department of Orthodontics, Jaipur Dental College, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India. A total of 120 dental panoramic radiographs and hand-wrist radiographs were obtained and analyzed. The skeletal maturation was assessed using Hand wrist radiograph using the method proposed by Grave and Brown method. Dental maturation stages were analysed from Orthopantamogram (OPG) using the method proposed by Demirjian et al. Results: The results showed differences between the sexes of the sample (P <0.05) and between the skeletal maturation periods. In males, mandibular canine and mandibular second molar were statistically significant (P<0.05) with higher correlation observed in relation to Stage F for onset of pubertal growth, Stage G coincided for peak of the pubertal growth period, Stage H coincided for end of the pubertal growth period In females, mandibular canine and mandibular first premolar were statistically significant (p<0.05)and higher correlation was observed in relation to stage F for the onset of pubertal growth period, Stage G coincided with the peak of the pubertal growth period, Stage H coincided with the end of the pubertal growth period. Conclusion: There is a correlation between dental maturation and Skeletal maturation stages in determining the pubertal growth period. Dental mineralization stages studied from Orthopantamogram(OPG) can be used as a routine diagnostic tool to determine the skeletal maturation of the individual. On comparison of chronological age the females preceded males in all three stages of skeletal maturation by approximately 1.6 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This systematic review aimed at evaluating the reliability of dental maturation (DM) according to Demirjian method compared to hand and wrist maturation (HWM) to assess skeletal maturity (SM) in growing subjects, to identify the teeth and the corresponding mineralisation stages related to the pubertal growth spurt (PGS). Materials and Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were systematically searched until January 5th, 2024, to identify observational cross-sectional studies that assessed the reliability of Demirjian method compared to the HWM methods (i.e., Grave and Brown and Fishman) in growing subjects. The quality assessment was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist. Results: Out of 136 papers suitable for title/abstract screening, 19 included studies. Of them, 17 papers showed the reliability of Demirjian DM method compared to HWM Fishman and Grave and Brown methods to assess SM in growing subjects. According to JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist, 12 papers were high-quality studies and 7 papers were medium-quality studies. Conclusions: The mandibular second molar might be considered as the best indicator compared to other teeth and that the peak of growth occurs no earlier than stage F in females and stage G in males according to Demirjian method. Also, the mandibular canine might be analysed as indicator of SM in males, and results suggest that the peak of growth occurs no earlier than maturation stage F according to Demirjian method, only in male subjects. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Context: Human growth shows considerable variation. In addition to constitutional differences in the timing of maturation, there are diseases, systemic disorders and environmental factors that may affect a child's physiologic maturity. Interrelationships among skeletal, somatic and sexual maturity have been shown to be consistently strong. The study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between dental calcification stages and skeletal maturity indicators. Materials and Methods: The hand wrist radiographs, the lateral cephalogram and the orthopantomogram (OPG) of 120 patients (60 males and 60 females, age group 8–14 years) were taken. The hand wrist radiographs were analyzed using Fishman's skeletal maturity index (SMI), and the cephalograms analyzed by cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) by Baccetti. OPG was analyzed according to the Demirjian's system. Result: On assessment, cervical vertebrae maturation indicator (CVMI) staging showed significant results with a correlation coefficient of 0.716 being the highest in canines in males while assessment of dental calcification stages and its comparison with skeletal maturity indicator showed insignificant results. The correlation coefficient values were 0.11, 0.09, 0.09 and 0.13 for canine, first premolar, second premolar and second molar respectively. Conclusion: There is a strong correlation between the maturation stage of cervical vertebrae and calcification stages of canine, first premolar, second premolar and second molar as determined by Demirjian's method.

Context: Human growth shows considerable variation. In addition to constitutional differences in the timing of maturation, there are diseases, systemic disorders and environmental factors that may affect a child’s physiologic maturity. Interrelationships among skeletal, somatic and sexual maturity have been shown to be consistently strong. The study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between dental calcification stages and skeletal maturity indicators. Materials and Methods: The hand wrist radiographs, the lateral cephalogram and the orthopantomogram (OPG) of 120 patients (60 males and 60 females, age group 8–14 years) were taken. The hand wrist radiographs were analyzed using Fishman’s skeletal maturity index (SMI), and the cephalograms analyzed by cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) by Baccetti. OPG was analyzed according to the Demirjian’s system. Result: On assessment, cervical vertebrae maturation indicator (CVMI) staging showed significant results with a correlation coefficient of 0.716 being the highest in canines in males while assessment of dental calcification stages and its comparison with skeletal maturity indicator showed insignificant results. The correlation coefficient values were 0.11, 0.09, 0.09 and 0.13 for canine, first premolar, second premolar and second molar respectively. Conclusion: There is a strong correlation between the maturation stage of cervical vertebrae and calcification stages of canine, first premolar, second premolar and second molar as determined by Demirjian's method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental occlusion requires harmonious development of teeth, jaws, and other elements of the craniofacial complex, which are regulated by environmental and genetic factors. We performed the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) on dental development (DD) using the Demirjian radiographic method. Radiographic assessments from participants of the Generation R Study (primary study population, N 1 = 2,793; mean age of 9.8 y) were correlated with ~30 million genetic variants while adjusting for age, sex, and genomic principal components (proxy for population stratification). Variants associated with DD at genome-wide significant level (P < 5 × 10−8) mapped to 16q12.2 (IRX5) (lead variant rs3922616, B = 0.16; P = 2.2 × 10−8). We used Fisher's combined probability tests weighted by sample size to perform a meta-analysis (N = 14,805) combining radiographic DD at a mean age of 9.8 y from Generation R with data from a previous GWAS (N 2 = 12,012) on number of teeth (NT) in infants used as proxy of DD at a mean age of 9.8 y (including the ALSPAC and NFBC1966). This GWAS meta-analysis revealed 3 novel loci mapping to 7p15.3 (IGF2BP3: P = 3.2 × 10−8), 14q13.3 (PAX9: P = 1.9 × 10−8), and 16q12.2 (IRX5: P = 1.2 × 10−9) and validated 8 previously reported NT loci. A polygenic allele score constructed from these 11 loci was associated with radiographic DD in an independent Generation R set of children (N = 703; B = 0.05, P = 0.004). Furthermore, profiling of the identified genes across an atlas of murine and human stem cells observed expression in the cells involved in the formation of bone and/or dental tissues (>0.3 frequency per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads), likely reflecting functional specialization. Our findings provide biological insight into the polygenic architecture of the pediatric dental maturation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many species of chiton are known to deposit magnetite (Fe3O4) within the cusps of their heavily mineralized and ultrahard radular teeth. Recently, much attention has been paid to the ultrastructural design and superior mechanical properties of these radular teeth, providing a promising model for the development of novel abrasion resistant materials. Here, we constructed de novo assembled transcripts from the radular tissue of C. stelleri that were used for transcriptome and proteome analysis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the top 20 most highly expressed transcripts in the non-mineralized teeth region include the transcripts encoding ferritin, while those in the mineralized teeth region contain a high proportion of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins. Proteomic analysis identified 22 proteins that were specifically expressed in the mineralized cusp. These specific proteins include a novel protein that we term radular teeth matrix protein1 (RTMP1), globins, peroxidasins, antioxidant enzymes and a ferroxidase protein. This study reports the first de novo transcriptome assembly from C. stelleri, providing a broad overview of radular teeth mineralization. This new transcriptomic resource and the proteomic profiles of mineralized cusp are valuable for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms of radular teeth mineralization in chitons.

Dental age assessment based on evaluating dental mineralization status is one of the most common methods used in forensic practice. The aim of this study is to enhance the accuracy of age diagnostics and provide reference data from the Syrian population for forensic application. After several selection steps, a total of 280 orthopantomograms (OPGs) from 140 males and 140 females from the Syrian population divided into 14 age groups between 12 and 25 years were analysed. Based on Demirjian's classification system, the mineralization stages of third molars (18, 28, 38 and 48) as well as lower second molars (37 and 47) were evaluated. Statistical investigations and evaluations were carried out to estimate the marginal probabilities of the subjects having attained ages 14 and 18 by generalized estimating equation models. Our results show that no significant differences can be revealed in the mineralization status with respect to jaw side and sex. In the Syrian population, third molars showing mineralization stage G provide evidence of reaching the age of 14 years with the highest standard of proof ("beyond reasonable doubt"). A completed mineralization in lower second molars (stage H) provides very high marginal probabilities (more than 90%) of the subjects having attained age 14 years. Nevertheless, this cannot exclude an age under 14 years. For the age threshold of 18 years, third molars showing incomplete root development (G dental stage or lower) are associated with a low probability (less than 40%) of the subject having reached 18 years of age. A person's probability of having attained 18 years of age is very high (82- 95%) when the roots of third molars are fully developed (stage H). Nevertheless, third molars at stage H do not conclusively exclude an age under 18 years., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Dental development can be used to estimate age for forensic purposes. However, most of the currently available methods are less reliable for the Indonesian population due to population variability. This study presents a new method and evaluates other methods that utilize dental development to estimate the age of Indonesian people. Panoramic radiographs of 304 young Indonesian people aged 5–23 years old were analysed for deciduous tooth root resorption, permanent tooth calcification, and eruption. The extent of tooth root resorption was determined based on AlQahtani's modified Moorrees et al. method. Tooth calcification was classified based on a modified Demirjian et al. method. Tooth eruption was evaluated based on AlQahtani's modified Bengston system. The sequence of tooth root resorption, and permanent tooth calcification and eruption were grouped into 19 age categories (from 5–23 years old) in an atlas. The differences between males and females, between maxillary and mandibular teeth, and between right and left teeth were also analysed. There were minimal significant differences of tooth development between males and females, and between the right and left teeth (P > 0.05), while the maxillary and mandibular dental development was significantly different (P < 0.05). The newly developed atlas showed the development of the right side of maxillary and mandibular tooth of combined sex of Indonesian population. Another 34 panoramic radiographs of known-age and sex individuals from Indonesia were assessed using the newly developed Atlas of Dental Development in the Indonesian Population, Ubelaker's Dental Development Chart, The London Atlas of Human Tooth Development and Eruption by AlQahtani, and the Age Estimation Guide-Modern Australia population by Blenkin-Taylor. Accuracy was assessed by comparing estimated age to actual chronological age using the Bland-Altmand test. Results show that the smallest range of error was found in the Atlas of Dental Development in the Indonesian Population (−0.969 to 1.210 years), followed by The London Atlas of Human Tooth Development and Eruption by AlQahtani (−2.013 to 1.990 years), the Age Estimation Guide-Modern Australia population by Blenkin-Taylor (−2.495 to 2.598 years), and the Dental Development Chart by Ubelaker (−2.960 to 3.289 years). These findings show that the Atlas of Dental Development constructed in this study performs better than the other three methods and presents greater accuracy of age estimation in the Indonesian population. Dental development such as deciduous tooth root resorption, permanent tooth calcification, and tooth eruption can be used to estimate age for forensic purposes. The development of the teeth are influenced by genetic, ethnicity, and sex, therefore an age estimation method must be constructed based on the same population. There were minimal significant differences in tooth development between male and female, and between right and left teeth, but there was significant difference between maxillary and mandibular teeth. The Atlas of Dental Development in the Indonesian Population constructed in this study allowed more accurate age estimation of the Indonesian sample than the other methods tested. Supplemental data for this article are available online at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth enamel is mineralized through the differentiation of multiple dental epithelia including ameloblasts and the stratum intermedium (SI), and this differentiation is controlled by several signaling pathways. Previously, we demonstrated that the transcriptional coactivator Mediator 1 (MED1) plays a critical role in enamel formation. For instance, conditional ablation of Med1 in dental epithelia causes functional changes in incisor-specific dental epithelial stem cells, resulting in mineralization defects in the adult incisors. However, the molecular mechanism by which Med1 deficiency causes these abnormalities is not clear. Here, we demonstrated that Med1 ablation causes early SI differentiation defects resulting in enamel hypoplasia of the Med1-deficient molars. Med1 deletion prevented Notch1-mediated differentiation of the SI cells resulting in decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), which is essential for mineralization. However, it does not affect the ability of ameloblasts to produce enamel matrix proteins. Using the dental epithelial SF2 cell line, we demonstrated that MED1 directly activates transcription of the Alpl gene through the stimulation of Notch1 signaling by forming a complex with cleaved Notch1-RBP-Jk on the Alpl promoter. These results suggest that MED1 may be essential for enamel matrix mineralization by serving as a coactivator for Notch1 signaling regulating transcription of the Alpl gene.

Dental development can be used to estimate age for forensic purposes. However, most of the currently available methods are less reliable for the Indonesian population due to population variability. This study presents a new method and evaluates other methods that utilize dental development to estimate the age of Indonesian people. Panoramic radiographs of 304 young Indonesian people aged 5–23 years old were analysed for deciduous tooth root resorption, permanent tooth calcification, and eruption. The extent of tooth root resorption was determined based on AlQahtani’s modified Moorrees et al. method. Tooth calcification was classified based on a modified Demirjian et al. method. Tooth eruption was evaluated based on AlQahtani’s modified Bengston system. The sequence of tooth root resorption, and permanent tooth calcification and eruption were grouped into 19 age categories (from 5–23 years old) in an atlas. The differences between males and females, between maxillary and mandibular teeth, and between right and left teeth were also analysed. There were minimal significant differences of tooth development between males and females, and between the right and left teeth (P > 0.05), while the maxillary and mandibular dental development was significantly different (P

One of the causes of treatment failure is calcification in the canal pathway, which prevents complete access to proper working length, and one of the most difficult and challenging cases of root canal treatment has been reported. In some cases, the dentist will not be able to open the calcified canal. Therefore, the prognosis of root canal treatment in these cases has been reported poor, and the dentist will offer a plan for possible treatments, including tooth extraction or apical surgery. The presented case is one example of those cases with a periapical lesion, which as a temporary treatment, the pulp chamber was filled with cold ceramic. This material, which is an MTA-like (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) bioceramic with proper sealing ability, has been introduced as a root-end filling material. After 6 years of which the patient returned, he did not express any pain or discomfort during these 6 years. Furthermore, in radiograph that was taken, periapical lesion relative healing and bone regeneration were amazingly seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enamel is unique. It is the only epithelial-derived mineralized tissue in mammals and has a distinct micro- and nanostructure with nanofibrous apatite crystals as building blocks. It is synthesized by a highly specialized cell, the ameloblast, which secretes matrix proteins with little homology to any other known amino acid sequence, but which is composed of a primary structure that makes it competent to self-assemble and control apatite crystal growth at the nanometer scale. The end-product of ameloblast activity is a marvel of structural engineering: a material optimized to provide the tooth with maximum biting force, withstanding millions of cycles of loads without catastrophic failure, while also protecting the dental pulp from bacterial attack. This review attempts to bring into context the mechanical behavior of enamel with the developmental process of amelogenesis and structural development, since they are linked to tissue function, and the importance of controlling calcium phosphate mineralization at the nanometer scale. The origins of apatite nanofibers, the development of a stiffness gradient, and the biological processes responsible for the synthesis of a hard and fracture-resistant dental tissue are discussed with reference to the evolution of enamel from a fibrous composite to a complex, tough, and damage-tolerant coating on dentin.

Amelogenins are proteins formed by alternative splicing of the amelogenin gene, and are essential for tooth enamel formation. However, the unique functions of various alternatively spliced amelogenins in enamel formation are not well understood. In this study, we determined the spatiotemporal location of amelogenins derived from transcripts containing exon4 (AMG+4) in the enamel matrix, and the relative binding of recombinant AMG+4 to hydroxyapatite (HAP). Immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry analyses showed that AMG+4 proteins were secreted into the enamel matrix at the early maturation stage. A stage-specific increase in the synthesis of AMG+4 was further supported by our observation that in mice overexpressing leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (TgLRAP), in which ameloblasts differentiate earlier, AMG+4 transcripts were also upregulated earlier. In vitro binding studies, supported by in silico modeling of protein binding to calcium and phosphate, showed that more recombinant AMG+4 bound to hydroxyapatite (HAP) as compared with recombinant AMG-4. The temporal and spatial localization of amelogenins containing exon4 peptide, and their functional differences in HAP binding, suggests that the unique properties of amelogenins containing exon4 cause a specific enhancement of biomineralization related to stabilization of early-formed HAP at the maturation stage.

Background: Forensic estimation of chronological age has played an increasingly important role as part of cadaver identification, and also in living individuals due to the phenomenon of immigration and sexual abuse of undocumented trafficked children. Objective: This research aimed to validate the already used dental mineralization and eruption atlas in normal children and adolescent population in estimating chronological age in a young population, particularly those with special needs, majority of them with systemic diseases. Participants and Setting: A sample of 163 orthopantomograms from two independent medical institutions was collected from 133 patients aged between 4 and 23 years. Method: The orthopantomograms were divided into two groups, 95 from patients with systemic pathologies that have repercussions on dental development and 68 with systemic pathologies without dental repercussions. Dental ages were estimated by the London Atlas using the left side and then independently the right side of the maxilla. The intraobserver and interobserver agreements were evaluated. The difference between dental age estimates and the chronological age and its absolute value were calculated and analyzed.Results: Statistically significant differences were found between estimates and chronological age, revealing a general prevalence for underestimation; except for those under the age of 12. Nevertheless, the underestimation in individuals under the age of 16 was not significant (with an average of less than one month), while the underestimation was significant for persons who were at least 16 years old (with an average over 26 months). Furthermore, for those persons with systemic diseases with dental repercussions a greater error in underestimation was obtained, which indicates that the midpoint values should be reassessed in persons with Down’s syndrome, chromosomal alterations, syndromes and central nervous system disorders. Conclusions: This atlas can be potentially used as a tool for age estimation in a population with special needs and, also, in a population with systemic diseases, but we suggest further studies with larger international samples to create adequate atlases for all the required scenarios, mainly, diagrams for people with systemic diseases who are over the age of 16.

Tooth enamel is the hardest tissue in vertebrate animals. Consisting of millions of carbonated hydroxyapatite crystals, this highly mineralized tissue develops from a protein matrix in which amelogenin is the predominant component. The enamel matrix proteins are eventually and completely degraded and removed by proteinases to form mineral-enriched tooth enamel. Identification of the apatite-binding motifs in amelogenin is critical for understanding the amelogenin-crystal interactions and amelogenin-proteinases interactions during tooth enamel biomineralization. A stepwise strategy is introduced to kinetically and quantitatively identify the crystal-binding motifs in amelogenin, including a peptide screening assay, a competitive adsorption assay, and a kinetic-binding assay using amelogenin and gene-engineered amelogenin mutants. A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on crystal surfaces is also applied to compare binding amounts of amelogenin and its mutants on different planes of apatite crystals. We describe the detailed protocols for these assays and provide the considerations for these experiments in this chapter.

Tooth enamel is the hardest tissue in vertebrate animals. Consisting of millions of carbonated hydroxyapatite crystals, this highly mineralized tissue develops from a protein matrix in which amelogenin is the predominant component. The enamel matrix proteins are eventually and completely degraded and removed by proteinases to form mineral-enriched tooth enamel. Identification of the apatite-binding motifs in amelogenin is critical for understanding the amelogenin-crystal interactions and amelogenin-proteinases interactions during tooth enamel biomineralization. A stepwise strategy is introduced to kinetically and quantitatively identify the crystal-binding motifs in amelogenin, including a peptide screening assay, a competitive adsorption assay, and a kinetic-binding assay using amelogenin and gene-engineered amelogenin mutants. A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on crystal surfaces is also applied to compare binding amounts of amelogenin and its mutants on different planes of apatite crystals. We describe the detailed protocols for these assays and provide the considerations for these experiments in this chapter.

Different studies have established that the mineralization stages of the second mandibular molar can be used in forensic age estimation. Nowadays, the estimate's accuracy is an ethical concern, producing as few false positives (individuals incorrectly classified as older than a determined threshold) and false negatives (individuals incorrectly classified as younger than a determined threshold) as possible. Some have hypothesized that changes in teeth number may influence tooth mineralization, altering the age estimate process. This paper analyzes whether third molar agenesis affects the second mandibular molar mineralization time frame. To do so, 355 orthopantomograms were evaluated for third molar agenesis, and the second mandibular molar mineralization stage was assessed using the Demirjian stages. Student's t-test was used to compare the difference in the mean age at which the various stages of 37 mineralization were reached in the groups with and without third molar agenesis. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. The results pointed to a delay in second mandibular molar mineralization in the case of agenesis, suggesting the need to consider this when estimating age using dental techniques., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

ObjectiveA single Pro-70 to Thr (p.P70T) mutation of amelogenin is known to result in hypomineralised amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). This study aims to test the hypothesis that the given mutation affects the self-assembly of amelogenin molecules and impairs their ability to conduct the growth of apatite crystals.DesignRecombinant human full-length wild-type (rh174) and p.P70T mutated amelogenins were analysed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), protein quantification assay and atomic force microscopy (AFM) before and after the binding of amelogenins to hydroxyapatite crystals. The crystal growth modulated by both amelogenins in a dynamic titration system was observed using AFM.ResultsAs compared to rh174 amelogenin, p.P70T mutant displayed significantly increased sizes of the assemblies, higher binding affinity to apatite, and decreased crystal height.ConclusionPro-70 plays an important structural role in the biologically relevant amelogenin self-assembly. The disturbed regularity of amelogenin nanospheres by this single mutation resulted in an increased binding to apatite and inhibited crystal growth.

Background: The aim of the present study was to compare the cervical vertebra maturation stages method and dental maturity using tooth calcification stages. Methods: The current study comprised of 405 subjects selected from orthodontic patients of Saudi origin coming to clinics of the specialized dental centers in western region of Saudi Arabia. Dental age was assessed according to the developmental stages of upper and lower third molars and skeletal maturation according to the cervical vertebrae maturation stage method. Statistical analysis was done using Kruskal-Wallis H, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-Square test; t-test and Spearman correlation coefficient for inter group comparison. Results: The females were younger than males in all cervical stages. The CS1-CS2 show the period before the peak of growth, during CS3-CS5 it’s the pubertal growth spurt and CS6 is the period after the peak of the growth. The mean age and standard deviation for cervical stages of CS2, CS3 and CS4 were 12.09 ±1.72 years, 13.19 ±1.62 and 14.88 ±1.52 respectively. The Spearman correlation coefficients between cervical vertebrae and dental maturation were between 0.166 and 0.612, 0.243 and 0.832 for both sexes for upper and lower third molars. The significance levels for all coefficients were equal at 0.01 and 0.05. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the skeletal maturity increased with the increase in dental ages for both genders. An early rate of skeletal maturation stage was observed in females. This study needs further analysis using a larger sample covering the entire dentition.

Root canal obliteration is caused by hard tissue apposition and is often associated with teeth with a history of trauma, orthodontic movement, caries reaction, restorative procedures near the pulp chamber, and teeth of elderly patients. Preoperative planning of root canal treatment should be thorough and include an assessment of the patient's signs and symptoms in addition to the evaluation of complementary examinations. In a 27-year-old patient with dyschromia of the lower central incisor, a history of dental trauma, and a positive response to vertical percussion, an initial periapical radiograph was obtained that showed calcification of the canal and presence of a periapical lesion. The patient presented with pain on chewing, a positive response to palpation and a vertical percussion test. The diagnosis was symptomatic apical periodontitis. A cone-beam computed tomography scan was requested and a surface scan was performed to establish a static guide. The root canal was accessed in the middle third of the root and the canal was located using a minimally invasive approach. The root canal was treated conventionally. Results obtained showed the success of the treatment after a 3-year clinical and radiographic follow-up. Therefore, the use of an endodontic guide in cases of calcified canals significantly reduces the clinician's working time and offers a more predictable approach to the treatment of these pathologies., Competing Interests: None.

Objective: The aim of this scoping review was to summarize and discuss the morphological features and associated factors of pulpal mineralizations (PMs) as described within the literature., Data: The study protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework platform and is available at the following link: https://osf.io/hfqwe. This scoping review was developed according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines., Sources: A literature search of four electronic databases was performed in SCOPUS, MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE and Word of Science, with the last search on May 29, 2023. Study selection was completed by two reviewers independently. Data was extracted regarding study characteristics, types, and features of PM and associated factors., Study Selection: Of 1016 studies initially identified ten which qualified were included in this scoping review. Systemic and local factors that result in pulpal insult can contribute to the development of PMs. Three forms of PM have been reported, pulp stones, diffuse mineralizations, and mineralized ectopic connective tissue, with discrete and diffuse mineralization being the two clinically relevant forms. The different forms of PMs exhibit dissimilar morphological features., Conclusion: Pulpal mineralizations exist in two clinically relevant forms: diffuse and discrete mineralizations and are likely associated with a pulpal insult., Clinical Significance: Understanding the morphology of dental pulp mineralization is the first step to expanding the knowledge of pulp mineralization and could result in improved diagnosis of endodontic pathosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the skeletal, dental, and sexual maturation stages of individuals at the peak of the pubertal growth spurt and to analyze the correlations between these parameters., Methods: The study included 98 patients, 49 females (mean chronological age 12.05 ± 0.96 years) and 49 males (mean chronological age: 13.18 ± 0.86 years), in the MP3cap stage. Skeletal maturation stages were determined using the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method on lateral cephalometric radiographs. The Demirjian index was used to determine dental maturation stages and dental ages on panoramic radiographs. The sexual maturation of the patients was evaluated in the pediatric endocrinology clinic by a pediatrician according to the Tanner stages. The frequencies of the variables were determined, and the Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to analyze the correlations between the variables., Results: It was determined that the cervical vertebral maturation stage was CS3 in 81.6% (n = 40) of both female and male patients, and 81.6% of the female and 89.8% of the male patients were in stage G in terms of mandibular second molar tooth development. According to the Tanner pubic hair staging, 73.5% of the male and 51.0% of the female patients were in Stage 3. A significant correlation was found between the cervical vertebra stages and mandibular second molar tooth development stages in both sexes and between the cervical vertebra and Tanner pubic hair stages only among the male patients (r = 0.357; p < .05). There was also a significant and strong correlation between the Tanner pubic hair stages and breast development stages (r = 0.715; p < .05)., Conclusion: Cervical vertebral development in the CS3 stage and mandibular molar tooth development in the G stage can be considered the peak of the pubertal growth spurt. Tanner Stage 3 marks the peak of the pubertal growth spurt in males., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Copyright of Acta Stomatologica Croatica is the property of Acta Stomatologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The estimation age in living subjects, with a judicial purpose is one of the most complex expertises in the field of Legal Dentistry. From this perspective, aimed to report an expert case in which there was a biological and documentary discrepancy. The subject was presented as a Brazilian individual, male, single, student and native from Sousa, Paraíba. The sponsor reports that the individual was adopted as his son, but the lack of congruence between the date recorded on the birth certificate and the appearance of the individual led him to seek the authorities to rectify the document. By an official letter, the Medical and Dental Dentistry Nucleus of Patos/PB was asked for an expert examination to estimate age. The age estimate was based on the method of Nicodemo, Moraes and Médici Filho (1974). Dental mineralization was verified from a panoramic radiographic image. It was then, each tooth analyzed and the corresponding time interval. It was concluded that the interviewee had a probable age between 8.86 years (106.4 months) and 10.04 years (120.5 months). The result showed divergence of the record obtained in the birth certificate of the subject, demonstrating importance of this expert analysis in the forensic and civil context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the causes of treatment failure is calcification in the canal pathway, which prevents complete access to proper working length, and one of the most difficult and challenging cases of root canal treatment has been reported. In some cases, the dentist will not be able to open the calcified canal. Therefore, the prognosis of root canal treatment in these cases has been reported poor, and the dentist will offer a plan for possible treatments, including tooth extraction or apical surgery. The presented case is one example of those cases with a periapical lesion, which as a temporary treatment, the pulp chamber was filled with cold ceramic. This material, which is an MTA-like (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) bioceramic with proper sealing ability, has been introduced as a root-end filling material. After 6 years of which the patient returned, he did not express any pain or discomfort during these 6 years. Furthermore, in radiograph that was taken, periapical lesion relative healing and bone regeneration were amazingly seen.

Previous studies revealed that cementum formation is tightly regulated by inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a mineralization inhibitor. Local PPi concentrations are determined by regulators, including ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), which increases PPi concentrations by adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis. Orthodontic forces stimulate alveolar bone remodelling, leading to orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). To better understand how disturbed mineral metabolism and the resulting altered periodontal structures affect OTM, we employed Enpp1 mutant mice that feature reduced PPi and increased cervical cementum in a model of OTM induced by a stretched closed-coil spring ligated between the maxillary left first molar and maxillary incisors. We analyzed tooth movement, osteoclast/odontoclast response, and tooth root resorption by micro-computed tomography, histology, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry. Preoperatively, we noted an altered periodontium in Enpp1 mutant mice, with significantly increased periodontal ligament (PDL) volume and thickness, as well as increased PDL-bone/tooth root surface area, compared to wild-type (WT) controls. After 11 d of orthodontic treatment, Enpp1 mutant mice displayed 38% reduced tooth movement versus WT mice. Molar roots in Enpp1 mutant mice exhibited less change in PDL width in compression and tension zones compared to WT mice. Root resorption was noted in both groups with no difference in average depths, but resorption lacunae in Enpp1 mutant mice were almost entirely limited to cementum, with 150% increased cementum resorption and 92% decreased dentin resorption. Osteoclast/odontoclast cells were reduced by 64% in Enpp1 mutant mice, with a predominance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells on root surfaces, compared to WT mice. Increased numbers of TRAP-positive cells on root surfaces were associated with robust immunolocalization of osteopontin (OPN) and receptor-activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Collectively, reduced response to orthodontic forces, decreased tooth movement, and altered osteoclast/odontoclast distribution suggests Enpp1 loss of function has direct effects on clastic function/recruitment and/or indirect effects on periodontal remodeling via altered periodontal structure or tissue mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although acellular cementum is essential for tooth attachment, factors directing its development and regeneration remain poorly understood. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ), a mineralization inhibitor, is a key regulator of cementum formation: tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase ( Alpl /TNAP) null mice (increased PP i ) feature deficient cementum, while progressive ankylosis protein ( Ank /ANK) null mice (decreased PP i ) feature increased cementum. Bone sialoprotein ( Bsp /BSP) and osteopontin ( Spp1 /OPN) are multifunctional extracellular matrix components of cementum proposed to have direct and indirect effects on cell activities and mineralization. Studies on dentoalveolar development of Bsp knockout ( Bsp −/− ) mice revealed severely reduced acellular cementum, however underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The similarity in defective cementum phenotypes between Bsp −/− mice and Alpl −/− mice (the latter featuring elevated PP i and OPN), prompted us to examine whether BSP is operating by modulating PP i -associated genes. Genetic ablation of Bsp caused a 2-fold increase in circulating PP i , altered mRNA expression of Alpl , Spp1 , and Ank , and increased OPN protein in the periodontia. Generation of a Bsp knock-out (KO) cementoblast cell line revealed significantly decreased mineralization capacity, 50% increased PP i in culture media, and increased Spp1 and Ank mRNA expression. While addition of 2 μg/ml recombinant BSP altered Spp1 , Ank , and Enpp1 expression in cementoblasts, changes resulting from this dose were not dependent on the integrin-binding RGD motif or MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Decreasing PP i by genetic ablation of Ank on the Bsp −/− mouse background reestablished cementum formation, allowing > 3-fold increased acellular cementum volume compared to wild-type (WT). However, deleting Ank did not fully compensate for the absence of BSP. Bsp −/− ; Ank −/− double-deficient mice exhibited mean 20–27% reduced cementum thickness and volume compared to Ank −/− mice. From these data, we conclude that the perturbations in PP i metabolism are not solely driving the cementum pathology in Bsp −/− mice, and that PP i is more potent than BSP as a cementum regulator, as shown by the ability to override loss of BSP by lowering PP i . We propose that BSP and PP i work in concert to direct mineralization in cementum and likely other mineralized tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Stomatologica Croatica is the property of Acta Stomatologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Objective: Radiographic evaluation of the mineralization stages of third molars is a valuable and important criterion for age estimation in forensic medicine. The aim of this study was radiographic evaluation of the developmental stages of mandibular third molars based on the Demirjian method and its association with chronological age. Materials and Methods: In this analytic study, 200 radiographs were selected from panoramic radiographs belonging to referred patients to a private clinic in Zanjan in 2014. According to the images, developmental stages of the mandibular third molars and their correlation with chronological age were determined by SPSS 20 software and Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests. Results: 52.3% of patients were female and 47.7% of them were male. Patient age ranged from 15 to 25 years. According to the Kruskal Wallis test, difference between the average age of patients and calcification stages of mandibular third molar on the right and left sides was statistically significant. In other words the average age in both the right and the left sides of the mandible showed significant increase from stages C to H. The Mann Whitney test showed no significant difference in calcification stages (D, E, F, G and H) on the right and left sides. In other words, in each developmental stage, the average age on the right and the left sides was the same. The linear regression test showed that calcification stages on the right side had a correlation with both age and sex but calcification stages on left side had a correlation only with age and not with sex. Conclusion: Only H developmental stage (in which the apex of roots closes) indicates that the patient is 18 years old or older with an accuracy of 99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many researchers have reported relationships between the calcification stages of individual teeth and skeletal maturity. A few studies are available in the literature about Indian populations. In view of this fact, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the dental calcification stages and skeletal maturity stages among North-Indian individuals. The objective of this study was to determine whether dental calcification can be used as a first-level diagnostic tool for assessment of skeletal maturity. Materials and Methods: The study participants included (60 males, 60 females) ranging from 7 to 13 years. A total of 120 dental panoramic radiographs and hand-wrist radiographs were obtained and analyzed. Calcification stages of the mandibular dentition (canines, first premolars, second premolars, and second molars) were rated according to the system of Demirjian et al. Skeletal maturity indicators stages were determined using the Fishman method. Results and Conclusion: Bivarate correlation ranged from 0.58 to 0.75 for males and 0.73 to 0.84 for females. Canine showed the highest correlation in males and second molar showed the highest correlation in females. Canine calcification Stage H represent prepeak of the pubertal growth spurt in male patients. Calcification Stage G for second molar represents the prepeak and Stage H represents the peak of pubertal growth spurt in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of immature teeth treated with regenerative endodontic procedures with an over-36-month review, to identify potential contributing factors of root deve-lopment, and to provide new reference for long-time prognosis of regenerative endodontic procedures., Methods: We recruited teeth that had undergone regenerative endodontic procedures at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2013 to June 2017 and had a follow-up period of more than 36 months.Clinical and radiographic records were collected.We evaluated the treatment outcomes and summarized different patterns of root development.Changes in root length, root canal wall thickness were compared between preoperative and recall radiographs.A statistical analysis was performed using software SPSS 22.0 to identify potential contributing factors of root development., Results: In this study, 84 teeth were recruited and the mean follow-up period was (44.7±19.3) months.The longest follow-up period was 81 months.Sixty-eight teeth (81.0%) were clinical success with bony healing, and 55 teeth (80.9%) gained the continued root development.Forty teeth completed root development with apical closure.The rate of the apical closure reached 58.8%.Twenty-four teeth gained normal root morphology with the increasing of root length and canal wall thickness and apical closure.The rate of continued root development was 92.5% in teeth with broken central cusp and 58.3% in teeth with trauma, which was statistically significant ( P < 0.05).There was a statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05) between the root development rates of teeth with different induced bleeding heights (orifice/middle/tip of the root)(92.9%/81.0%/63.2%)., Conclusion: Most of the teeth treated with regenerative endodontic procedures achieved continued root development with an over 36-month follow-up.However, the patterns of root development were different.The morphology of some teeth were close to the physiological state.Etiology and the height of induced bleeding are two factors significantly associated with the rate of the continued development root.

Enamel hypoplasia is a tooth development defection due to the disruption of enamel matrix mineralization, manifesting as chalky white phenotype. Multiple genes may be involved in this tooth agenesis. It has been proved that ablation of coactivator Mediator1 (Med1) switches the cell fate of dental epithelia, resulting in abnormal tooth development via Notch1 signaling. Smad3 (-/-) mice displays the similar chalky white incisors. However, the expression of Smad3 in Med1 ablation mice and the impact of Med1 on functional integration between Smad3 and Notch1 remains unclear. Cre-loxP-based C57/BL6 mice with epithelial-specific Med1 knockout (Med1 KO) backgrounds were generated. Mandibles and dental epithelial stem cells (DE-SCs) from incisors cervical loop (CL) were isolated from wild-type (CON) mice and Med1 KO mice. Transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the differences of CL tissue between KO and CON mice. The results revealed the enrichment of TGF-β signaling pathway. qRT-PCR and western blot were performed to show the gene and protein expression of Smad3, pSmad3, Notch1 and NICD, the key regulators of TGF-β and Notch1 signaling pathway. Expression of Notch1 and Smad3 was confirmed to be down-regulated in Med1 KO cells. Using activators of Smad3 and Notch1 on Med1 KO cells, both pSmad3 and NICD were rescued. Moreover, adding inhibitors and activators of Smad3 and Notch1 to cells of CON groups respectively, the protein expressions of Smad3, pSmad3, Notch1 and NICD were synergistically affected. In summary, Med1 participates in the functional integration of Smad3 and Notch1, thus promoting enamel mineralization., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)