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This article aims to describe the multidisciplinary clinical management of an intrusive luxation case. The clinical case reports the management of crown fracture and intrusive luxation of permanent maxillary incisors. The clinical results and subjective outcomes four years after the trauma and after two years of post-treatment follow-up are presented. An 11-year-old female patient sought dental care at the local University after experiencing dental trauma. Crown fracture of tooth 8 and the intrusion and crown fracture of teeth 9 and 10 were clinically diagnosed. The multidisciplinary treatment performed involved: periodontal surgical procedures; orthodontic traction; endodontic treatment; dental bleaching; and esthetic resin composite restorations. After two years of follow-up, the clinical parameters of the restorations were satisfactory, as well as the periodontal and periapical status. Oral health-related quality of life was assessed before and after treatment using the OHIP-Aes instrument, with a significant improvement in quality of life after treatment. The multidisciplinary approach was an effective treatment for this case of intrusive luxation. The dentofacial function and esthetics were recovered and the patient's quality of life was improved., (©Operative Dentistry, 2022.)

The management of avulsed teeth undergoing delayed replantation remains a clinical challenge as there are currently no effective interventions that can improve periodontal healing and prevent replacement root resorption. While several preclinical studies have reported varied success using cell-based tissue engineering to improve periodontal healing, a consensus is required before further clinical translation. Therefore, this systematic review seeks to evaluate the efficacy of cell-based therapy in promoting periodontal healing following delayed replantation in animal models. MEDLINE (PubMed) and Embase were searched on September 27, 2020. Ten studies involving rodent and dog models met the inclusion criteria. Cell sources included gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL), bone marrow, and adipose tissues. Generally, cell-based therapy had increased the proportion of root surfaces displaying periodontal healing and concomitantly reduced the proportion presenting with replacement root resorption and ankylosis. The best outcomes were observed following treatment with PDL-derived cells of various potency. Future preclinical studies will benefit from adopting measures to minimize bias during the conduct of animal experiments and the standardization of the outcome measures reporting. This will facilitate future reviews with possible pooling of results in the form of meta-analyses, allowing a consensus to be obtained from the literature. In addition, further research will be required to shed light on the implications of using allogeneic cells as well as the optimization of cell delivery protocols. The findings of this systematic review demonstrated the therapeutic potential of certain cell-based therapies in promoting periodontal healing following delayed replantation, thus highlighting their prospective clinical benefits and translational value. Impact statement Current therapies cannot predictably promote periodontal healing following delayed replantation of an avulsed tooth, especially when there is already significant root surface damage. This review systematically assessed the literature for preclinical studies employing cell-based therapies to promote periodontal healing following delayed replantation. The results showed that certain cell-based therapies significantly increased the formation of new periodontal ligament and reduced adverse healing outcomes of replacement root resorption and ankylosis. This highlights the potential clinical benefits and translational value of cell-based therapy for the replantation of avulsed teeth.

Background/aims: Ankylosis and subsequent tooth loss is a serious complication following tooth avulsion and replantation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk of ankylosis of human teeth replanted after various periods of dry storage prior to replantation. The material originates from a previously reported clinical study of 400 replanted teeth., Methods: Initial treatment, clinical and radiological examination and follow-up were conducted according to a standardized protocol. PDL was not removed. Follow-up periods ranged from 0.2 to 20 years (mean 5.1 years). The risk of ankylosis was analysed using the Cox regression model including stage of root development, length of dry time and age > 20 years., Results: The risk of ankylosis significantly increased with increasing length of dry time (hazard ratio: 1.22, P = .002) and was significantly higher for teeth with mature root development than for teeth with immature root development (hazard ratio: 2.1 P < .0001). The estimated risks of ankylosis after 900 days for teeth with immature root development were: dry time < 20 minutes: 33.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 25.4-42.7), dry time 20-40 minutes: 49.6% (95% CI: 37.5-64.8), dry time 40-60 minutes: 54.4% (95% CI: 37.1-71.3) and dry time > 60 minutes: 60.0% (95% CI: 45.0-75.8). The risks for teeth with mature root development were: dry time < 20 minutes: 59.4% (95% CI: 51.6-66.5), dry time 20-40 minutes: 78.3% (95% CI: 69.5-86.2), dry time 40-60 minutes: 81.9% (95% CI: 67.2-92.4) and dry time > 60 minutes: 86.4% (95% CI: 79.7; 92.9)., Conclusion: The risk of ankylosis rose with increasing length of dry time. However, some teeth may heal without ankylosis even after 60 minutes of dry time. Immature teeth have a lower risk of developing ankylosis. Replantation should therefore always be considered for avulsed teeth., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Each year, millions of children are injured and live with the consequences of those injuries. Through infancy and childhood, orofacial trauma caused by falls or being struck by or against objects occurs in children. The long-term implications on the developing permanent teeth are little known, even when the oral region is the second most frequently injured body area in children under 6 years of age. During this period, the developing permanent teeth may be directly involved after trauma, causing mild to severe hypoplasia, displacement, damage to the tooth germ, or an extended range of morphofunctional disturbances. In some cases, the effects of oral and dental injuries caused by trauma appear later with the eruption of the permanent incisors when ectopic eruption, malalignments, and other developmental disturbances become visible. Therefore, long-term follow up of the patient in order to diagnose and treat associated complications becomes essential. Critical points for facing the consequences of orofacial trauma on the developing dentition are to recognize the impact of orofacial trauma in young children and the dentist's role in providing anticipatory guidance to parents and health care professionals, differentiate between mild and severe disturbances affecting the developing permanent teeth after oral injuries in early childhood, recognize the importance of follow-up controls, and recognize the importance of early referral to a pediatric dentist and orthodontist for diagnosis and treatment planning., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S and American Association of Endodontists.)

Background/aim: Dental trauma causes significant aesthetic, functional and psychosocial problems that often require emergency attention in children. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the factors related to dental injuries in children. A secondary aim was to better understand how to improve the education given to children, parents and teachers in schools regarding dental trauma., Materials and Methods: Records of children who were referred to the Department of Pedodontics at Suleyman Demirel University were reviewed. A total of 1971 patients with a history of dental trauma who attended the clinic from 1999 to 2017 were evaluated. The following information was recorded: age, gender, year, aetiology, location, season and time elapsed after trauma. Results were evaluated using the Pearson chi-square test., Results: The patients' average age was 8.56 ± 0.08. Dental injuries were frequent in the 7- to 12-year age group (55.9%). Children in the 0- to 6-year age group attended the clinic more frequently during the years 2013 and 2017 compared to previous years. Boys had a higher frequency of trauma than girls (P < 0.05). The most frequent cause of trauma was falls (46%). The accidents occurred predominantly in the street (41.8%). Trauma that took place at home increased in the later years of the study period, whereas the percentage of injuries occurring in schools decreased. The ratio of patients who attended the clinic within the first two days after trauma was 33.4% between 1999 and 2007, and this increased to 59.8% between 2013 and 2017. The majority of the injuries occurred during the summer., Conclusions: The aetiological factors related to trauma in children, and the number of patients who attended the clinic, have not changed over the 18-year period but the elapsed time to attend the clinic has changed. Education will increase the awareness regarding the importance of emergency intervention immediately following dental trauma., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Context: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) leading to dental avulsion occur very frequently in society. Management of avulsion is critical for the dentist, as it requires appropriate knowledge., Aim: The study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge of the general dental practitioners (GDPs) regarding the emergency management of TDI leading to avulsion in children., Setting and Design: Questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey design was utilized to assess the knowledge., Subjects and Methods: Data for this cross-sectional survey were collected through questionnaires from July to September 2014. A total of 278 GDP were contacted and requested to fill a pretested questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding tooth avulsion. The GDPs were grouped on the basis of their educational qualification and years of clinical experience., Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test was used for intra- and inter-group comparison., Results: A total of 224 (80.57%) GDPs consented to participate in the survey. Markedly low knowledge levels were noted in the sample irrespective of educational qualification and years of experience with respect to replantation of the avulsed primary tooth, holding the root instead of the crown, choice of appropriate storage medium for transportation of avulsed teeth, use of medications, and splinting type and time. Clinical experience and higher educational qualification of GDPs revealed statistical significant difference in the methods of management for TDI leading to avulsion., Conclusion: Higher professional education and added clinical experience were associated with better knowledge in the management of TDI leading to avulsion. The finding warrants the need for informative educational programs to update and boost the knowledge of practicing dentists regarding emergency management of avulsed teeth., Competing Interests: None

Rationale: Traumatic displacement of teeth into the maxillary sinus is rare. This report described a case of 2 molars accidentally displaced into the maxillary sinus and the retrieval of teeth assisted by computer-assisted navigation., Patient Concern: A 16-year-old male patient suffered from maxillofacial trauma with the first and second molars in the left maxilla were missing, and an orificium fistula to the maxillary sinus appeared in the dentition region of molars., Diagnose: The tomography revealed 2 tooth-like hyperdensity images in the left maxillary sinus., Intervention: Computer-assisted navigation surgery was scheduled for the retrieval surgery, and the displaced teeth were removed from the maxillary sinus smoothly., Outcomes: The patient displayed uneventful wound healing without postoperative complications in the maxillary sinus., Lessons: Surgeons should be alert to the presence of missing teeth in maxillofacial trauma and avoid missed diagnosis, and computer-assisted navigation is recommended for the retrieval of teeth displaced into the maxillary sinus.

During laryngoscopy, the laryngoscope blade sometimes comes in contact with the teeth, fracturing or dislocating them. However, no studies have compared the effects of newly marketed video laryngoscopes and the Macintosh laryngoscope (Mac) on teeth. In this study, we measured and compared the force exerted on the teeth of an intubating manikin by the Mac, the Airway Scope (Pentax), and the McGrath MAC (Covidien). The mean force exerted was 141.1 ± 15.7 kg by the Mac, 39.2 ± 10.3 kg by the Airway Scope, and 48.7 ± 6.7 kg by the McGrath MAC. No significant difference was observed between the Airway Scope and the McGrath MAC. When the Mac is inserted, the glottis has to be visually located from outside the oral cavity. However, a significant force is not necessary when inserting video laryngoscopes because a camera is mounted on the blade tip. In this laboratory model, the lower force exerted by the video laryngoscopes should contribute to a reduction in their impact on fracture or dislocation of teeth.

Objective: To integrate the available data published on glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) into a comprehensive analysis of its clinical/radiological and histopathological features., Methods: An electronic search was undertaken in May/2017. Eligibility criteria included publications having enough clinical/radiological/histological information to confirm the diagnosis., Results: Fifty-eight publications (169 GOCs) were included. The lesion was slightly more prevalent in men than in women. There was a high prevalence in the fifty/sixth decades of life, in the anterior regions, and in mandibles. Lesions were commonly associated with bone expansion (73%) and unilocular radiological appearance (61.5%). GOC was found to be associated with tooth displacement or an unerupted tooth (30.9%), cortical bone perforation (26%), presence of clinical symptoms (24.3%), root resorption (13.9%). Microscopic parameters most commonly were observed in GOCs-in at least 95% of the lesions: presence of hobnail cells, intraepithelial microcysts, epithelial lining with variable thickness. The presence of apocrine snouting was the microscopic parameter less often found (40.4%)., Conclusion: Although the recurrence rate of GOCs is not as high as previously believed, it is a relevant phenomenon (21.6%). Adjunctive procedures after enucleation should be considered. None of the clinical/radiological and histopathological features evaluated had a statistically significant effect on the recurrence rate., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Our aim was to describe our experience of retrieval of accidental displacements of upper and lower molars into neighbouring anatomical spaces. Thirteen patients were evaluated retrospectively in terms of age, sex, affected side, jaw (mandible or maxilla), surgeon's experience, whether the extracted teeth had erupted, which portion of the tooth or teeth was displaced, the anatomical space into which the fragment was displaced, postoperative complaints, timing of the retrieval, type of anaesthesia, and surgical approach. There were no significant differences in sex, affected side, which part of the tooth was displaced, whether the extracted teeth had erupted, type of anaesthesia, or timing of retrieval. We conclude that this condition should be treated, although follow-up alone may be an option. The intraoral lingual pouch approach for complications of mandibular third molars and the intraoral Caldwell-Luc operation for those in the maxilla could be successful options for retrieval., (Copyright © 2017 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is the latest terminology for a disorder of reticulo-endothelial system, previously known as histiocytosis X, and marked by aberrant proliferation of bone marrow derived Langerhans cells with variable inflammatory infiltrate including neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and multinucleated giant cells. Although rare, the disorder frequently inflicts children with peak incidence recorded in 2-4 years age group. LCH is rare in adults. A22-year adult male presented with the complaint of teeth mobility. Orthopantomogram (OPG) revealed multiple extensive osteolytic lesions destroying both jaws. Giant cell granuloma, Paget's disease and LCH, along with other vanishing bone disorders (Gorham Stout disease and Winchester syndrome) were suspected differentials. Multiple incisional biopsies were performed and a diagnosis of LCH was confirmed by routine histopathological analysis followed by immunohistochemical staining for S-100 and CD1a.

The management of adult dental trauma can be a daunting challenge for practitioners at any level. Like medical emergencies, initial management can have a large influence on prognosis. It is important that practitioners understand the basic principles of managing the acute presentations of dental trauma. This article aims to illustrate a step-by-step approach in order to improve the management within general dental practice for better outcomes for patients.

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes), or personal vaporizers, were introduced in 2003 and have been available in the United States since 2007. In addition to the health and safety concerns of the aerosol delivery of nicotine through E-cigarettes, during the past 8 years, reports of explosions and fires caused by the E-cigarette devices have led the US Fire Administration to evaluate the safety of these devices. These explosions have been observed frequently enough that the US Department of Transportation has recently banned E-cigarette devices in checked baggage aboard airplanes. This report contributes to existing knowledge about the hazards related to E-cigarettes by describing oral hard and soft tissue injuries from an E-cigarette explosion., (Copyright © 2016 The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The management of adult dental trauma can be a daunting challenge for practitioners at any level. Like medical emergencies, initial management can have a large influence on prognosis. It is important that practitioners understand the basic principles of managing the acute presentations of dental trauma. This article aims to illustrate a step-by-step approach in order to improve the management within general dental practice for better outcomes for patients.

This report describes an atypical case of spontaneous mandibular regeneration of a large size bony defect after resection of an aseptic osteonecrotic area near the symphysis and parasymphyseal area. The patient underwent orthodontic therapy, vertical osteogenic distraction of the alveolar bone, and oral rehabilitation with an implant borne prosthesis. This case study also describes the 10-year follow-up of comprehensive multidisciplinary treatment and successful recovery of a patient's esthetic and functional aspects., (Copyright © 2016 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Long-term complications after facial, pharyngeal, laryngeal and tracheal traumas., Objective: To review and summarize the existing evidence for long-term anatomical and functional complications after pharyngeal, laryngeal and tracheal traumas., Data Sources: The MEDLINE database and the bibliographies of relevant studies were selected, analysed and appraised prior to December 2015., Methods: With regard to the search strategy, the selected items were: ((long-term complications) AND pharyngeal) AND laryngeal) AND tracheal) AND traumas. Abstracts and titles were screened for relevance, while full articles of the se- lected records were evaluated and critically appraised after inclusion. Data concerning life-threatening situations, as well as long-term severe adverse effects were collected.

This article describes the orthodontic relapse with mandibular incisor fenestration in a 36-year-old man who had undergone orthodontic treatment 21 years previously. The patient reported that his mandibular 3 × 3 bonded retainer had been partially debonded and broken 4 years earlier. The mandibular left lateral incisor remained bonded to the retainer and received the entire load of the incisors; consequently, there was extreme labial movement of the root, resulting in dental avulsion. As part of the treatment, the root was repositioned lingually using a titanium-molybdenum segmented archwire for 8 months, followed by endodontic treatment, an apicoectomy, and 4 months of alignment and leveling of both arches. The treatment outcomes were excellent, and the tooth remained stable, with good integrity of the mesial, distal, and lingual alveolar bones and periodontal ligament. The 1-year follow-up showed good stability of the results., (Copyright © 2015 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To identify the major causes and types of dental luxation and avulsion injuries, and their associated factors in primary school children in Hong Kong., Design: Case series., Setting: School dental clinic, New Territories, Hong Kong., Patients: The dental records of children with a history of dental luxation and/or avulsion injury between November 2005 and October 2012 were reviewed. Objective clinical and radiographical findings at the time of injury and at follow-up examinations were recorded using a standardised form. Data analysis was carried out using the Chi squared test and multinomial logistic regression., Results: A total of 220 children with 355 teeth of dental luxation or avulsion injury were recorded. Their age ranged from 6 to 14 years and the female-to-male ratio was 1:1.8. The peak occurrence was at the age of 9 years. Subluxation was the most common type of injury, followed by concussion. Maxillary central incisors were the most commonly affected teeth. The predominant cause was fall and most injuries occurred at school. Incisor relationship was registered in 199 cases: most of them were Class I. Comparison of the incisor relationship in study children and the general Chinese population in another study revealed a higher proportion of Class II and fewer Class III occlusions in the trauma group (P<0.0001)., Conclusion: Most dental luxation and avulsion injuries in Hong Kong primary school children are caused by fall. Boys are more commonly affected than girls, and a Class II incisor relationship is a significant risk factor.

Aim: Examination of the risk factors for childhood traumatic dental injuries for male and female patients have been elusive. The present study aimed to examine whether males and females are differentially vulnerable to Traumatic Dental Injuries in relation to emotion regulation, attention deficiency hyperactive disorder symptomatology and behaviour problems., Materials and Methods: An institutional ethical review board approved the case-control study carried out at the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Turkey. A total of 80 patients with traumatic dental injuries and 80 patients with other dental problems participated in the study. Patients' parents filled in two scales: Conners' Rating Scales-Revised Attention Deficiency Hyperactive Disorder-Index, Oppositional Behavior, Hyperactivity, Anxious-Shy, Social Problems, Inattentive and Hyperactive-Impulsive subscales; and Emotion Regulation Checklist, with two subscales of Emotional Lability and Emotion Regulation. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed separately for male and female patients., Results: Oppositional behaviour, hyperactivity and social problems were found to be risk factors for male patients. Being anxious/shy was the protective factor for both males and females. Classification accuracy for males and females were calculated to be 79.2% and 85.2% respectively., Conclusion: Several risk factors for childhood traumatic dental injuries were found to differ for male and female patients.

It is estimated that 4.5 million Americans are bitten by dogs each year, and half of those are children. One in five dog bites results in injuries that require some form of medical attention. Children between 5 and 9 years of age are the most affected age group for this type of injury. A 19-month-old boy was admitted to the emergency department of Children's Hospital of Michigan for treatment of injuries due to a dog attack. Injuries were limited to the face of the child. Dental injuries included avulsion of upper lateral incisors, severe luxation of upper central incisors, and fracture of the facial alveolus bone. Surgical management of facial wounds was accomplished through irrigation, debridement and suturing. Dental treatment included extraction of central incisors and suturing soft tissues.

This report discusses the challenges, complications and management of traumatic intrusion injuries affecting the permanent dentition. A case is described where trimming of the incisal edge of a severely intruded and ankylosed upper lateral incisor resulted in an unexpected re-eruption of the tooth. It is suggested that the vibrations from drilling may have disrupted the ankylosis, initiating spontaneous re-eruption and this approach could provide a minimally invasive and conservative pathway to treating ankylosed teeth. Clinical Relevance: To date no effective treatment has been described to reverse the development of replacement root resorption leading to the loss of the affected tooth. The hypothesis proposed here suggests that mechanical vibrations, if strong enough, may disturb the ankylosis and allow re-eruption of the intruded tooth.

Background/aim: Traumatic intrusion of incisor teeth occurs frequently in young children, as well as in teens and adults; however, the biological mechanisms promoting negative sequelae or recovery are not well understood (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;107:493 and Vital Health Stat 11 2007;248:1). Modeling intrusive trauma and post-traumatic healing in an animal model offers the opportunity to define these biological mechanisms and to inform the design of treatments. The objective of this study was to investigate the pig, Sus scrofa, as a model for intrusive trauma, using an in vitro approach., Materials and Methods: Mandibular segments from ex vivo farm pigs were bisected and primary central incisors were prepared to either receive axial traumatic loads or to serve as non-intruded controls. A class 2 lever modeled traumatic impact to the incisors. Damage to the periodontal support in intruded and control specimens (n = 10) was evaluated through compression testing and comparison of elastic moduli. Incisor displacement was measured on X-ray images taken before and after trauma, and following compressive tests., Results: Lingual x-rays showed a mean postinjury displacement of the incisor root of 3.81 ± 1.87 mm. With compression testing, the root length embedded in bone increased in traumatized and non-traumatized teeth by 2.9 mm and 0.81 mm, respectively (P = 0.03). The intrusion group Young's modulus was significantly lower than the control group (4452 vs 7704 Mpa; P = 0.05)., Conclusion: In vitro modeling of traumatic intrusion resulted in damage to the periodontal support of central incisors and axial tooth displacement. Pig incisors offer an important model for further study of incisor trauma., (© 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This clinical report describes an adult patient referred for orthodontic treatment with mini-implants as anchorage to correct the root angulation of maxillary lateral incisors. The purpose of this report was to demonstrate the versatility of mini-implants placed in a vertical direction in esthetic areas. During orthodontic treatment, some aspects must be observed to preserve the interim restoration against the occlusal loads to avoid screw fracture. A fixed appliance was placed to correct the position of the maxillary anterior teeth and to complete the treatment. Acceptable esthetics and function were achieved., (Copyright © 2014 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Thorough record taking of traumatic dental injuries is vital. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a structured paper history for this purpose. Furthermore, the aetiology and epidemiology of these injuries were investigated, with the aim of formulating appropriate preventive guidelines., Methods: A six-month audit of traumatic dental injuries presenting after hours was undertaken at The Children's Hospital at Westmead. A structured paper history form was subsequently created, and the data collected over the following 12 months., Results: Structured paper histories assisted in thorough record taking. Over 12 months, 190 paediatric patients (male:female ratio 1.5:1) were treated after hours with traumatic dental injuries. There were 396 injured teeth among 182 patients (eight patients had soft tissue injuries only). The mean number of injured teeth per patient with dental injuries was 2.18, the vast majority being maxillary central incisors (62% of primary teeth and 66% of permanent teeth). The most common cause was 'accident during play', followed by a fall. The severe injuries, avulsions and luxations, comprised 63% of injuries to primary teeth and 26% to permanent teeth., Conclusions: Structured paper histories are useful for recording traumatic dental injuries. The vast majority of these injuries are due to unavoidable accidents, rendering their prevention challenging from a public health perspective., (© 2014 Australian Dental Association.)

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) can result in the premature loss of primary anterior teeth due to an immediate avulsion, extraction later after the injury because of poor prognosis or late complications, or early exfoliation. There are a number of potential considerations or sequelae as a result of this premature loss that have been cited in the dental literature, which include esthetics, quality of life, eating, speech development, arch integrity (space loss), development and eruption of the permanent successors, and development of oral habits. This article provides a comprehensive review of the dental literature on the possible consequences of premature loss of maxillary primary incisors following TDI., (© 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: . The aim was to overview the etiology, prevalence and possible outcomes of dental trauma., Material and Methods: An electronic search of Medline (PubMed), Cochrane, SSCI (Social Citation Index), SCI (Science Citation Index) databases from 1995 to the present, using the following search words: tooth injuries, tooth trauma, traumatized teeth, dental trauma, dentoalveolar trauma, oral trauma, epidemiology, etiology, prevalence, prevention, pulp necrosis, inflammatory resorption, ankylosis, cervical resorption, was performed., Results: During last decade traumatic dental injuries were recognized as public dental health problem worldwide. Prevalence of traumatic dental injuries varies between countries. According to the existing data they are more prevalent in permanent than in primary dentition. All treatment procedures in case of dental trauma are directed to minimize undesired consequences despite that treatment of traumatic dental injuries in the young patient is often complicated and can continue during the rest of his/her life. The changing lifestyle and requirements of modern society lead to an emergence of new patterns of dental trauma. A regular update of knowledge in dental traumatology is required.

Animal bite injuries are prevalent worldwide, but the causative animal and the spectrum of injuries are dependent on the kind of animals cohabitating with the human population. Camel bites as a cause are relatively rare. Camels are particularly aggressive, especially during the mating season, when conflicts between the males occasionally lead to dangerous fights resulting in the death of one or both of the combatants. We present a case of camel bite injury to the maxillofacial region inducing an uncommon fracture and the management of both soft and hard tissue injuries, especially addressing the literature for this uncommon bite injury. Because of the unique mode of injury, the ramus was horizontally fractured and displaced. The fracture was also compound because of the deep intraoral bite wounds. The ramal fracture itself is a rare entity. The issue of primary or delayed closure in such cases is addressed.

Luxation of a primary molar occurs rarely. Here, we describe five cases of primary molar luxation caused by holding a water tap pipe in the mouth during bathing. The patients were aged 16 to 19 months and the mandibular first primary molar was affected in all five cases. The second primary molar had not erupted. It is assumed that the flange of the pipe got stuck in the interdental space between the mandibular primary canine and first primary molar and the affected first molar was pushed out by force with the flange acting as a lever.

Introduction: This retrospective study aimed to assess the occurrence of dental avulsions in patients with facial trauma over a 9-year period., Materials and Methods: Data was collected from records of patients attended to at the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Piracicaba Dental School-State University of Campinas, Piracicaba (SP), Brazil., Results: Two hundred three patients with 387 avulsed teeth were evaluated, the central incisors being the most common teeth involved (42 % of permanent and 61 % of primary teeth). Thirty-four percent of the cases occurred on weekends, mainly on Saturdays (20 %) and the distribution in relation to the time of year was similar with slight peaks in January. The most prevalent associated dentoalveolar injury was lateral luxation (26 %) and 19 % of the patients presented with an associated facial fracture. The most common sign presented was laceration (23 %), and the main symptoms found were pain (58 %). Associated general trauma was present in 139 patients (68 %), and the most prevalent was the upper limb (41 %)., Discussion: Special emphasis should be given not only to diagnosis and treatment of dental avulsion but for prevention, too. An understanding of the etiology, severity, and distribution of associated traumatic injuries can help for future studies and for an effective prevention of these injuries.

Facial trauma sustained during an accident by a 17-year-old female patient who wore thin-wire fixed appliances caused partial luxation and displacement of tooth 21. Because it was attached to a fixed appliance, the tooth did not lose contact with the socket, which significantly improved the prognosis. This study describes the method, course and result of the treatment carried out over a two-year period after the trauma occurred., (© 2013 Australian Dental Association.)

Traumatic injuries to primary dentition may result in a wide range of developmental disturbances to succedaneous permanent teeth. The prevalence of morphological disturbances, secondary to dental injuries in the primary dentition, ranges from 12% to 69%. One of the morphological disturbances are crown dilacerations which are defined as the displacement of a portion of the developing crown at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the tooth. The prevalence of crown dilaceration constitutes 3% of the total injuries in developing teeth and is usually because of intrusion or avulsion of their primary predecessors. The present article narrates a case of crown dilaceration of a permanent mandibular right central incisor with open apex and large periradicular pathosis and its endo-aesthetic management with 2 years of follow-up.

Facial soft tissue injuries are commonly associated with majority of pediatric trauma cases. A rare case of soft tissue trauma caused due to explosion of a firecracker intraorally in a 3-year-old child is being presented.

General anaesthesia was induced to a 32-year-old female patient. During direct laryngoscopy, the four upper front incisors were avulsed and fell into the patient's oral cavity without fracture. After endotracheal intubation, her oral cavity was searched laryngoscopically but the teeth were not found. Radiological findings of her chest and abdomen obtained by the C-armed x-ray device and endoscopic findings of the oesophagus were normal. Her head and neck imaging revealed a radiopaque lesion in the nasopharyngeal area. Later, the nasopharyngeal area was examined endoscopically and the teeth were removed following adenoidectomy. We emphasise that preoperative evaluation is essential for dental injuries, and patients with a risk of dental injury must be detected before surgery. The localisation of the broken teeth must be identified and removed, and one must keep in mind that the dental fragments can travel to the nasopharynx.

Bonding a flexible spiral wire retainer to the lingual surfaces of all 6 anterior mandibular teeth is a commonly used type of retention. Complications are rare but can be serious enough to produce biologic damage. This article presents a serious complication of a lingual flexible spiral wire retainer. Four years after the orthodontic treatment, a 20-year-old man sought treatment for a broken flexible spiral wire retainer. The clinical examination showed about 35° of buccal root torque of that tooth. A cone-beam computed tomography image showed that the root and the apex of the tooth were almost completely out of the bone on its buccal side. Surprisingly, the tooth's vitality was preserved. The tooth was moved back, nearly to its original position; clinically, only a gingival recession remained. Orthodontists and dentists should be aware of possible complications of bonded retainers. Patients should be clearly informed how to detect problems at an early stage., (Copyright © 2012 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Water polo is a sporting activity which has a medium risk of causing dental trauma. Owing to the high speed, close body contact, and the combination of throwing and swimming that is inherent to the sport, the general injury potential is high. Using a standardized questionnaire for a total of 415 water polo players from Switzerland, this study examines the frequency of dental and facial injuries in water polo, athletes' habits regarding the wearing of mouthguards, and the general level of knowledge about emergency procedures following dental trauma. The participating players came from 6 divisions: Swiss national leagues A and B, first and second leagues, as well as the women's, and junior's league. The data were evaluated according to division and gender. Of the 415 interviewees, 185 (44.6%) had witnessed a dental injury in water polo. Eighty-seven (21.0%) players reported having suffered a tooth injury when playing water polo. Tooth fracture was the most stated dental injury [86 (16.4%)]. A similar number of tooth injuries were experienced by both male [355 (21.1%)] and female [60 (20.0%)] players. The interviewees over the age of 50 showed a higher incidence of tooth injuries than younger players (>50 years = 41.7%). Slightly more than half of the interviewed players [228 (54.9%)] were aware of the possibility of replanting avulsed teeth. As few as 43 (10.4%) players were familiar with tooth rescue boxes. Only 32 (7.7%) water polo players wore a mouthguard; the most common reason for not wearing a mouthguard was that it was seen to be unnecessary [169 (40.7%)]. This survey highlights the potential for improvement in the level of knowledge about dental injury prevention in water polo. In addition to information and guidelines from the relevant sports' associations, and coaches, dentists could also play a role in the provision of this education., (© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.)

Alloplastic malar augmentation has become a routine procedure associated with few complications. Among them, authors have described bony erosion and resorption. The case presented here illustrates an unusual case of maxillary bone erosion after silastic malar augmentation. Implants were surgically removed and no more surgical intervention was performed. After 15 months, contrast-enhanced CT scan has showed nearly complete bony regrowth to an almost normal state. Considering resorption phenomenons following silastic chin implants, Peled et al. reported no long-term sequellae after implant removal and bony regrowth to the presurgical state after 9 months. Accordingly, we conclude that these phenomenons, even spectacular, are always reversible after implants removal and that treatment should just consist in ablation of the offending prosthetic material., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Bilateral anterior temporomandibular joint dislocation is very rare, with only 2 reported cases published. In the present report, we describe a healthy 25-year-old man from Haida Gwaii, in British Columbia, Canada, who was transferred to our tertiary trauma center with life-threatening complications of a bilateral anterior temporomandibular joint dislocation with locked mandibular impaction., (Copyright © 2012 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The effect of a rubber-covered ceramic weapon was assessed on the incidence of dental trauma during basic training, since soldiers are more at risk of impact from a personal weapon. Dental files of soldiers (n = 4,542), who completed 8 months of training during 2008, were analyzed for incidence and type of dental trauma from a personal weapon. A rubber-covered ceramic weapon (n = 2,972) or a conventional one (n = 1,570, control) was used. Dental trauma was 0.4% per 8 months (0.6% per year) from the ceramic weapon and 1.5% per 8 months (2.3% per year) from the conventional one (p<0.001). The most prevalent type of injury was a simple/noncomplicated crown fracture (82% in study group, 75% in control group). The ceramic weapon significantly reduced dental trauma by diminishing the impact while in direct contact with the teeth or by absorbing and/or distributing the impact force. In conclusion, when possible a rubber-covered ceramic weapon should be preferred for basic combat training.

Aim: To assess the relation between type of traumatic injury and use of pacifier at the time of a fall accident in 0- to 2-year olds., Material and Methods: The study draws on data from the database on traumatic dental injuries at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital., Results: The study includes 1125 patients ≤ 2 years of age, representing a total of 1886 injuries. A total of 176 patients had fallen while using a pacifier, whereas 949 children suffered a fall without using a pacifier. In the pacifier group, 11.9% had crown fractures compared with 20.0% of children who had fallen without a pacifier (P = 0.012). Tooth displacement (lateral luxation, extrusion or avulsion) was relatively more frequent in children falling with a pacifier compared to children falling without a pacifier (64.8%vs 54.8%; P = 0.014). Furthermore, soft tissue injury was less frequent among the former (28.4%vs 38.3%; P = 0.013)., Conclusions: Injuries occurring while using a pacifier tend to be tooth displacement rather than fractures. This is in accordance with the theoretical consideration that a blunt impact tends to favour displacement, whereas a sharp impact tends to favour fractures of the hard dental tissues., (2011 The Authors. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry © 2011 BSPD, IAPD and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Displaced objects can occur in the practice of almost all procedures performed in the scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Anticipation of such occurrences is the hallmark of their prevention. The institution of proper techniques can help in reducing such occurrences. Knowledge of the techniques available in treating these incidences can greatly assist in their resolutions. This article sheds light on the prevention and management of such dreaded mishaps., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A 3-year-old male child presented to the casualty with history of unprovoked dog bite over the right lateral wall of nose. He was managed conservatively with antirabies prophylaxis and dressings. He presented after 3 months with a healed wound and the right upper central incisor projecting into the nostril. The Orthopantomogram showed a rotated temporary incisor with the roots of the permanent incisor placed normally. The tooth was extracted intranasally. Among the mutilating dog bite injuries referred to a plastic surgeon, this injury though thought provoking was also comical.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate oral and maxillofacial trauma caused by falls during epileptic seizures., Method: A prospective case-control study was carried out among patients recruited from both the Epileptic Outpatient Clinic and the Emergency Room of Hospital de Base during 2006. The study group was composed of patients with epilepsy that had been diagnosed by a specialist. Oral and maxillofacial trauma was diagnosed using a questionnaire together with physical and radiographic examinations. A control group was formed from non-epileptic relatives or neighbors of the patients. The two groups were compared with regard to the number and type of oral and maxillofacial trauma events suffered. Odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval, dependency analysis and the Pearson χ(2) test were used for statistical analysis, and the significance level was set at p≤0.05., Results: A total of 159 patients with epilepsy (91 males; 57.3%) and 68 control individuals (28 males; 41.1%) were enrolled in the study. The frequencies of oromaxillary trauma in the study and control groups were 23.9% and 4.4%, respectively. Generalized tonic-clonic, generalized and non-classified seizures were strongly associated with trauma. The commonest lesions were fractures of dental tooth crowns (32.9%), followed by tooth avulsion (7.6%), tooth luxation (5%) and fracturing of prostheses in edentulous patients (3.8%)., Conclusion: This work shows that injuries to the face and teeth are statistically more common in patients with epilepsy than in the general population, and that individuals who suffer seizures without aura are the most affected.

Purpose: The initial evaluation and treatment of trauma victims should follow a planned approach, as delineated by the Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol, with the main concern securing a patent airway. When trauma has been associated with maxillofacial injury, it can complicate airway management owing to aspirated avulsed teeth or dental prosthetic devices. In such cases, endotracheal intubation can be life-threatening, if the foreign bodies are pushed into the upper respiratory tract. The objective of the present report was to illustrate the diagnostic and management problems related to foreign bodies from the oral cavity lodged in the upper airway after blunt maxillofacial trauma or emergency endotracheal intubation. We also discussed how this could be prevented., Patients and Methods: A retrospective study was performed at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center (Jerusalem, Israel). The records of 1,411 patients admitted for treatment of facial trauma during the past 10 years were reviewed., Results: Of the 1,411 patients, 7 (0.5%) had aspirated foreign bodies that had lodged in the airway because of the trauma or subsequent intubation., Conclusions: The patient's oral cavity and upper airway must be inspected thoroughly before attempting endotracheal intubation. Any foreign body should be removed from the mouth and throat. This process must be undertaken, despite the stressful and limiting conditions of emergency care., (Copyright © 2011 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)