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In cases of agenesis of the mandibular second premolar, a choice can be made from among several treatment options. Besides preserving the second primary molar, it can be decided to close the diastema orthodontically, following extraction of the primary molar. This can be done in several ways: full or partial (hemisection) removal of the primary molar. The procedure for a hemisection initially consists of removing only the distal part of the relevant primary molar, in order to preserve the breadth of the alveolar process and to enable spontaneous mesialization of the first permanent molar. Secondly, the mesial part of the primary molar is removed.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of malocclusion in Portuguese preschool children, to characterise occlusion in the deciduous dentition, and to study the relationship between malocclusion, sex, and age., Methods: This cross-sectional study included 3-6 years old children, from 25 randomly selected kindergartens from the Lisbon district. Data were collected through an oral examination. Malocclusion was defined as the presence of any type of occlusion anomaly (anterior crossbite, edge-to-edge, increased overjet, open bite, deep overbite, posterior crossbite, scissor bite), spacing anomaly (crowding), or dentition anomaly (supernumerary teeth, agenesis, malformations). Canine class, terminal plane of the deciduous second molars and type of Baume arch were also recorded. Statistical analysis included descriptive and chi-squared test (α = 0.05)., Results: The sample included 426 children with a global prevalence of malocclusion of 60.6%. Occlusion anomalies were the most prevalent (59.2%), the most frequent being deep overbite (27%), increased overjet (22.1%) and posterior crossbite (14.1%). Crowding had a prevalence of 1.6% and agenesis of 1.4%. Class I canine (57.3%), straight second molar terminal plane (60.1%) and type I Baume arch (53.3%) were the most common. The mean overjet was 2.6 mm (sd = 2.1) and the mean overbite was 2.2 mm (sd = 2.1). Age was associated with the presence of occlusion anomalies (p = 0.03), and increased overjet prevalence was found to be higher in girls (p = 0.03)., Conclusions: The prevalence of malocclusion was high, with occlusion anomalies being the most prevalent. It is important to identify modifiable risk factors associated with malocclusion to prevent this condition in both the deciduous and permanent dentitions., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The objective of this article is to report the clinical case and 4-year follow-up of a 5-year-old child with multiple dental anomalies, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and use of combined pediatric surgery and orthodontic approaches. A 5-year-old boy, accompanied by his mother, sought dental care for dental caries and tooth pain. Clinical and radiographic examinations revealed active caries, a supernumerary primary tooth in the region of the mandibular right second premolar, and severe ankylosis of the primary mandibular right second molar. The treatment plan involved extraction of the supernumerary tooth as well as sectioning and extraction of the ankylosed molar. When the patient was 6 years old, the permanent mandibular right first molar showed signs of an altered eruptive process, and orthodontic treatment was initiated. A unilateral band-and-loop space maintainer with coil springs designed to move the permanent first molar was placed on the primary first molar. A new panoramic radiograph, obtained when the patient was aged 7 years, suggested the presence of an odontoma in the apical region of the primary maxillary right canine. Surgical removal and histopathologic examination of the lesion confirmed that it was a developing odontoma. After surgery, due to occlusal anomalies that included transverse maxillary deficiency, deep overbite, and midline deviation, the patient underwent rapid maxillary expansion therapy with a Haas-type appliance. When the patient was 8 years old, orthodontic treatment continued with a removable palatal Hawley expander and a orthodontic mandibular lingual arch. Currently, at the age of 9 years, the child is still undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment after surgical exposure of the impacted permanent maxillary right canine and bonding of an orthodontic attachment to enable traction. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of dental anomalies promotes a favorable prognosis and ensures comprehensive treatment of young patients., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest reported.

Objective: Agenesis of the maxillary permanent lateral incisors is a condition that requires treatment aimed at improving the esthetics, even at an early age. However, traditional therapeutic protocols are long, invasive and have limitations and contraindications imposed by the age of the patient., Clinical Considerations: Recent developments in restorative dentistry have provided a new approach to this clinical situation, in particular when the deciduous laterals are retained. We report two cases regarding the management of missing lateral incisors using Biologically Active Intrasulcular Restoration (BAIR) technique. The BAIR technique allows us to transform the shape of the deciduous lateral incisor into the permanent, acting both on the dental morphology and proportions, and on the appearance of the soft tissues and the gingival parables., Conclusions: The BAIR technique is a valid approach to cases of agenesis of the maxillary permanent lateral incisors, when the deciduous are retained. It does not require any preparation of the dental tissues, is reversible and minimally invasive. It is applicable to patients of all ages, and results are obtained in a single appointment., Clinical Significance: The BAIR technique allows a biomimetic conservative approach for the rehabilitation of congenitally missing permanent lateral incisors, when the deciduous are retained. It is a non-invasive protocol and effective in successfully restoring esthetics., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Multiple roots in anterior teeth are very rarely reported in the literature. The occurrence of multi-rooted canine in primary dentition is an infrequent entity. This unusual abnormality is an accidental finding on routine examination. Radiographic examination plays a significant role in the identification of this anomaly. This rare anomaly has been reported very infrequently reported and has not been published in a Saudi Arabia population. Therefore, the purpose of the present case report is to describe a case of an 8-year old Saudi boy presented with the bimaxillary occurrence of bi-rooted primary canine. This report discusses this unique occurrence in the context of the published literature.

Background/aim: Numerical aberrations of permanent dentition and dystopic tooth eruption are part of the phenotype of the tumor predisposition syndrome neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). In these cases, surplus tooth germs usually develop in the alveolar processes of the jaw. This report attests to the dystopic development of a dysplastic supernumerary tooth in NF1 arising outside the jaw., Case Report: The 8-year-old male patient developed a microdont outside the bone and above the occlusal plane of the retained maxillary right second molar. The supernumerary tooth was completely embedded in oral soft tissue. Hyperplastic oral soft tissue in the molar region and microdont were excised. Specimen of the mucosa surrounding the teeth was interspersed with diffuse and plexiform neurofibroma. The retained upper right first molar emerged spontaneously within a few months after surgery. The upper right second molar did not change position., Conclusion: Odontogenesis can take place within tumorous oral mucosa in NF1. Surgical removal of the tumorous mucous membrane facilitates tooth eruption in some cases., (Copyright © 2021 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Dental enamel defects (DED) are lesions that occur due several factors. Proper care is needed to promote their treatment and prevention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of DED in permanent teeth of children who used antimicrobial drugs in the first four years of life. This is a crosssectional study carried out in a Primary Health Care (PHC) service, which included children from six to 12 years of age. DED were evaluated by oral examination, and data on the use of antimicrobials in early childhood were collected based on medical records. Data were analyzed with the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The sample included 144 children. In relation to DED, 50% (72) and 20.1% (29) presented opacity and hypoplasia, respectively. Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed drug, followed by sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim. Among the children, 78.5% (113) were prescribed antimicrobial drugs at least once during the first 4 years of life, and 55% (79) of them presented some type of DED. There was no statistically significant association between the variables analyzed. In conclusion, there was high prevalence of children with DED, and amoxicillin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic.

Objectives: Primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a genetic disorder exhibiting the cessation of tooth eruption. Loss-of-function mutations in parathyroid hormone (PTH)/parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor (PTH/PTHrP receptor, PPR) were reported as the underlying cause of this disorder in humans. We showed in a PFE mouse model that PTHrP-PPR signaling is responsible for normal dental follicle cell differentiation and tooth eruption. However, the mechanism underlying the eruption defect in PFE remains undefined. In this descriptive study, we aim to chronologically observe tooth eruption and root formation of mouse PFE molars through 3D microCT analyses., Setting and Sample Population: Two individuals with PFE were recruited at Showa University. A mouse PFE model was generated by deleting PPR specifically in PTHrP-expressing dental follicle and divided into three groups, PPR fl/fl ;R26R tdTomato/+ (Control), PTHrP-creER;PPR fl/+ ;R26R tdTomato/+ (cHet), and PTHrP-creER;PRR fl/fl ;R26R tdTomato/+ (cKO)., Materials and Methods: Images from human PFE subjects were acquired by CBCT. All groups of mouse samples were studied at postnatal days 14, 25, 91, and 182 after a tamoxifen pulse at P3, and superimposition of 3D microCT images among three groups was rendered., Results: Mouse and human PFE molars exhibited a similar presentation in the 3D CT analyses. The quantitative analysis in mice demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the eruption height of cKO first and second molars compared to other groups after postnatal day 25. Additionally, cKO molars demonstrated significantly shortened roots with dilacerations associated with the reduced interradicular bone height., Conclusions: Mouse PFE molars erupt at a much slower rate compared to normal molars, associated with shortened and dilacerated roots and defective interradicular bones., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A single male domestic shorthair cat that did not complete puberty was reported. At four years of age, it still had primary dentition, testicular hypoplasia, and was relatively small for its age. We hypothesized that the phenotype might have been due to an inherited form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). We sequenced the genome of the affected cat and compared the data to 38 genomes from control cats. A search for private variants in 40 candidate genes associated with human HH revealed a single protein-changing variant in the affected cat. It was located in the TAC3 gene encoding tachykinin 3, a precursor protein of the signaling molecule neurokinin B, which is known to play a role in sexual development. TAC3 variants have been reported in human patients with HH. The identified feline variant, TAC3 :c.220G>A or p.(Val74Met), affects a moderately conserved region of the precursor protein, 11 residues away from the mature neurokinin B sequence. The affected cat was homozygous for the mutant allele. In a cohort of 171 randomly sampled cats, 169 were homozygous for the wildtype allele and 2 were heterozygous. These data tentatively suggest that the identified TAC3 variant might have caused the suppression of puberty in the affected cat.

Coronoradicular dilaceration is a particular abnormality of the permanent incisors, usually maxillary, and usually occurs around the age of 4 to 5 when the crown is formed and the root is still growing. It follows acute mechanical trauma affecting the temporary incisor. This anomaly of shape is characterized by an angulation between the crown and the root of the permanent tooth. The prognosis may be serious because the affected tooth may not erupt normally. It also compromises possible orthodontic treatment later. Our clinical case is that of a young patient (ES) aged 8 years and 4 months, in good general health condition, consulted for the absence 21 on the arch while the contralateral tooth was present. Interrogation revealed that the patient suffered trauma with severe luxation of the 61 at the age of 3 years. Radiographic examination showed the presence of the germ of 21 with an atypical sickle-shaped position and an image of a hand of a traffic policeman with a crown in a horizontal position. Three-dimensional imaging using a CT scan shows the shape of the 21 with a root angulation. The therapeutic attitude allowed the correction of its axis by an orthodontico-surgical treatment., (Copyright © 2019 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The staircase (Sc) pattern enamel microstructure is an expression of an impaired ameloblast function. It has been reported to appear in the neonatal line (NNL), the accentuated stria evincing live birth in deciduous tooth enamel. Our objective was to investigate the prevalence of Sc NNL in deciduous tooth types and its possible association with perinatal circumstances., Design: Sc in the NNL of 88 teeth, a collection derived from a long-term, prospectively followed population cohort, was recorded with linear polarised transmitted light and analysed for tooth type, duration and mode of delivery, and pain medication used during labour., Results: Sc prevalence in the NNL differed highly significantly between tooth types (p < 0.0001). An increase in Sc prevalence was significantly associated with an increased ratio of prenatal to total crown enamel (p < 0.001), when buccal and lingual crown walls were analysed separately. No significant association was found between Sc prevalence and duration or mode of delivery or pain-relieving medication (p = 0.57, p = 0.65, p = 0.58, respectively)., Conclusion: This research indicates that the NNL location within tooth crown enamel has a strong impact on microstructural changes along the NNL. Considering our results of Sc prevalence, deciduous canines, having the least Sc appearance, could be used in studies that aim to investigate factors associated with NNL width. In addition, Sc prevalence variation in first deciduous molars might enable to investigation of physiological stressors strong enough to cause ameloblast impairment, such as Sc., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in preterm infants still require clarification and may favour dental caries, lower food intake and greater difficulty with weight-height gain. We evaluated factors associated with DDE in preterm infants., Subjects and Methods: In this prospective cohort study, we monitored 54 prematurely born infants from birth to 24 months of age. Trained and calibrated dentists examined the oral cavity of these children to identify and categorize DDE. Information on perinatal variables was collected from the infants' medical records and interviews with their mothers. The data were analysed using Student's t test, a chi-squared test and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient., Results: A total of 46.3% of the 54 children presented DDE, which was observed more frequently in the left hemiarch in children born extremely (<28 weeks of gestation) or very preterm (28 to <32 weeks; RR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.3-3.6), with very low birthweight (<1,500 g; RR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.1-3.5), who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (RR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.7), and who were intubated (RR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.2)., Conclusions: The high incidence of incisor enamel defects, particularly on the left side, was related to higher risk prematurity and to local trauma from intubation., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Epidemiological investigations of early childhood oral health rely upon the collection of high-quality clinical measures of health and disease. However, ascertainment of valid and accurate clinical measures presents unique challenges among young, preschool-age children. The paper presents a clinical research protocol for the conduct of oral epidemiological examinations among children, implemented in ZOE 2.0, a large-scale population-based genetic epidemiologic study of early childhood caries (ECC). The protocol has been developed for the collection of information on tooth surface-level dental caries experience and tooth-level developmental defects of the enamel in the primary dentition. Dental caries experience is recorded using visual criteria modified from the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), and measurement of developmental defects is based upon the modified Clarkson and O'Mullane Developmental Defects of the Enamel Index. After a dental prophylaxis (toothbrushing among all children and flossing as needed), children's teeth are examined by trained and calibrated examiners in community locations, using portable dental equipment, compressed air, and uniform artificial light and magnification conditions. Data are entered directly onto a computer using a custom Microsoft Access-based data entry application. The ZOE 2.0 clinical protocol has been implemented successfully for the conduct of over 6000 research examinations to date, contributing phenotype data to downstream genomics and other "omics" studies of ECC and DDE, as well as traditional clinical and epidemiologic dental research.

Background: Hereditary enamel defect diseases are regrouped under the name "Amelogenesis Imperfecta" (AIH). Both dentitions are affected. Clinical expression is heterogeneous and varies between patients. Mutations responsible for this multigene disease may alter various genes and the inheritance can be either autosomal dominant or recessive, or X-linked. Until now, no therapeutic consensus has emerged for this rare disease., Case Presentation: The purpose of this article was to report treatments of AIH patients from childhood to early adulthood. Treatment of three patients of 3, 8 16 years old are described. Each therapeutic option was discussed according to patients' age and type of enamel alteration. Paediatric crowns and resin based bonding must be preferred in primary teeth. In permanent teeth, non-invasive or minimally invasive dentistry should be the first choice in order to follow a therapeutic gradient from the less invasive options to prosthodontic treatments., Conclusion: Functional and aesthetic issues require patients to be treated; this clinical care should be provided as early as possible to enable a harmonious growth of the maxillofacial complex and to prevent pain.

Background: This systematic review aims to evaluate the survival of retaining or replacing deciduous teeth in hypodontia patients with a variety of prosthetic tooth replacement options, to evaluate prognostic factors associated with retaining deciduous teeth, and report on patient based outcomes with these treatment modalities., Methods: MEDLINE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Science Direct databases were searched (01/1980 - 08/2017) for studies reporting outcomes associated with retaining or replacing deciduous teeth via prosthetic means in adult hypodontia patients., Results: Twenty-one articles were included. The following survival figures were reported; retaining deciduous tooth/teeth (83%-93%), resin-bonded bridgework (59-96.9%) and implants (86-100%). No survival data was reported for fixed or removable partial dentures. Prognostic factors for deciduous tooth survival, quality of life and patient satisfaction data were also reported., Conclusion: Within the limits of this review, retaining deciduous teeth have reasonable survival; however, studies beyond the third decade of life are lacking. Dental implants appear to be a highly successful long-term tooth replacement option with high patient satisfaction within this patient group, as have resin-bonded bridgework, albeit over the short to medium term. Tooth replacement options in the form of fixed and removable partial dentures were poorly reported upon., (Copyright© 2018 Dennis Barber Ltd.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of primary fused teeth (PFT) and their effect on permanent dentition in a group of Turkish children., Subjects and Methods: Dental records of 13,450 pediatric patients who attended the Pediatric Dental Clinic in northern Turkey between 2015 and 2017 were reviewed. Forty patients had been diagnosed with PFT and were included in the study. Clinical and radiographic examinations were conducted, and the distribution of PFT was calculated by type, sex, affected jaw, associated dental anomalies, and clinical complications. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics., Results: A total of 50 PFT were detected in the 40 patients. The mean age of patients was 6.7 ± 0.3 years (range 3-10 years). The most common PFT were the mandibular lateral incisors and canines (34, 68%). The most prevalent type of PFT was type III (20, 40%). Of the 40 patients with PFT, 34 (85%) also ex-hibited other dental anomalies such as tooth aplasia, peg-shaped incisors, talon cusps, ectopic eruption, and delayed eruption in both related and unrelated areas. The most common complications of PFT were fusion-related tooth aplasia (n = 26 [76%]) and caries formation in the affected teeth (24 [48%])., Conclusion: In this study, PFT were frequently observed in the mandibular anterior region. Caries formation and dental anomalies, especially permanent tooth aplasia, were often encountered in areas where PFT were seen. Hence, parents should be informed about possible dental problems associated with PFT and be encouraged to schedule regular follow-up appointments., (©2018 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Review Question/objective: The objective of this review of association (etiology) is to identify the association of breastfeeding with the development of different features of malocclusions in the primary dentition. The specific review questions are: What is the risk of developing different features of malocclusions in the primary dentition.

Objective: Understanding potential problems associated with primary double teeth (PDT) are important to provide prophylactic measures, thereby preventing or minimizing possible complications. The purposes of this study were to investigate the prevalence of PDT in a group of Turkish children and to compare the distribution of the different types of double primary teeth and their relationship to permanent successors., Materials and Methods: A total of 17,268 children underwent a clinical examination to determine the presence of PDT. One hundred fifty-two PDT of 128 children were included in this study. All the 128 children with PDT underwent a clinical examination and had photographs taken at the time of the examination. The children underwent a further periapical or panoramic radiographic examination to determine the status of the underlying permanent successors. The PDT was classified according to Aguilo's classification., Results: The prevalence of PDT was 0.74%, with no significant statistical difference between the sexes. PDT was most frequently observed between the mandibular lateral incisors and canines. Of the 152 PDT, 10.7% were Type I, 15.3% were Type II, 26.1% were Type III, and 47.9% were Type IV. Dental anomalies on the succedaneous permanent teeth were diagnosed in 69.4% of the children with affected primary dentition. Aplasia of the permanent lateral incisor was observed most frequently in association with Type I (52.7%) PDT. Caries involvement was observed most frequently in Type III (56.2%) PDT., Conclusion: The findings of this study have clinical relevance for the diagnosis of children with PDT. Early clinical and radiographic identification of PDT can help the clinician to evaluate the number and condition of permanent successors and draw up a proper treatment plan.

Down syndrome is one of the most common congenital anomaly. It is most frequently caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Other causes can be mosaicism and translocation. Such patients are commonly encountered in routine dental practice. This syndrome has wide range of medical and dental abnormalities. This paper presents a unique case of fusion and concrescence of retained primary teeth in a child with Down syndrome. The incidence of such anomalies is quite low in these cases. Thus, a better awareness of such conditions on part of a dental practitioner will aid in the provision of enhanced dental care to these patients., (© 2017 Special Care Dentistry Association and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

We present a novel method of reinforcing anchorage by utilizing ankylosed teeth. This technique provides simple solutions in otherwise challenging and complex cases.

The present study reports the treatment carried out in a patient with mandibular second premolar agenesis associated with early loss of a deciduous second molar, deep overbite, severe overjet and dentoalveolar bimaxillary protrusion, which led to lip incompetence and a convex facial profile. The main objectives of this treatment were: to eliminate the spaces in mandibular arch, correct overbite, as well as eliminate bimaxillary protrusion and lip incompetence, thus leading to a balanced profile. The case was presented to the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (BBO) as part of the requirements to obtain the title of BBO diplomate.

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dental anomalies in primary dentition of Indian population., Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 4180 children in the age of 2-6 years. Anomalies were classified based on Kreiborg criteria. The term "double tooth" was used to avoid misinterpretation between gemination. and fusion. Patients having radiographs were also examined for associated dental anomalies in permanent dentition. The occurrence and gender prevalence were evaluated using descriptive statistics., Results: About 95. (2.27%) children exhibited at least one dental anomaly. Thirty.seven children showed 51 missing teeth. (0.88%), mostly in lower right incisors with a statistically significant difference between arches. (P = 0.0056) Nine children. (0.21%) had supernumerary teeth commonly in the right maxilla. Two cases of oligodontia. (0.04%) and talon cusps. (0.04%) and one case of triple tooth. (0.02%) were observed. Forty children. (0.95%) had 43 double teeth mostly in the right mandible with a statistically significant difference between the arches. (P = 0.0105). No significant difference was observed based on gender and arch, but they were statistically significant between the right and left sides. (P = 0.018). Among the children with radiographs available, 45% showed anomalies in the succedaneous dentition., Conclusions: The prevalence rates of children with double tooth, hypodontia, and hyperdontia in our study are 0.95%, 0.88%, and 0.21%, respectively. The overall prevalence rate of anomalies among boys was higher than girls.

Background: Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain hypodontia of the various tooth types with evolutionary and anatomic models. Hypodontia of all primary canines in a healthy individual is exceptionally rare and has not been previously reported in the dental literature., Case Report: This clinical report describes a 4-year-old southern Chinese female with the congenital absence of the primary canines in all quadrants. Furthermore, all of the permanent tooth germs excluding the third molars were evident on a panoramic radiograph and were developing consistent with the subject's chronological age., Conclusion: This case serves as an excellent example to refute the conventional wisdom that "all primary canines can never go missing" and that all of the currently proposed hypotheses to explain hypodontia have limitations.

Background: The WNT10A protein is critical for the development of ectodermal appendages. Variants in the WNT10A gene may be associated with a spectrum of ectodermal abnormalities including extensive tooth agenesis., Methods: In seven patients with severe tooth agenesis we identified anomalies in primary dentition and additional ectodermal symptoms, and assessed WNT10A mutations by genetic analysis., Results: Investigation of primary dentition revealed peg-shaped crowns of primary mandibular incisors and three individuals had agenesis of at least two primary teeth. The permanent dentition was severely affected in all individuals with a mean of 21 missing teeth. Primary teeth were most often present in positions were succedaneous teeth were missing. Furthermore, most existing molars had taurodontism. Light, brittle or coarse hair was reported in all seven individuals, hyperhidrosis of palms and soles in six individuals and nail anomalies in two individuals. The anomalies in primary dentition preceded most of the additional ectodermal symptoms. Genetic analysis revealed that all seven individuals were homozygous or compound heterozygous for WNT10A mutations resulting in C107X, E222X and F228I., Conclusions: We conclude that tooth agenesis and/or peg-shaped crowns of primary mandibular incisors, severe oligodontia of permanent dentition as well as ectodermal symptoms of varying severity may be predictors of bi-allelic WNT10A mutations of importance for diagnosis, counselling and follow-up.

Congenitally missing tooth/teeth are a common developmental abnormality. It is defined as the developmental absence of tooth/teeth excluding the third molars. It is more commonly seen in permanent dentition but rarely in primary dentition. This paper reports a rare case of non-syndromic bilaterally missing primary and permanent lateral incisors in the maxillary region., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: None declared., (2016 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

Aim: This was to describe oral health in children with congenital heart defects (CHD), to evaluate association of different background variables with oral health, and to compare caries prevalence at dentine level with caries data in the general population., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 5-year-old children in Western Norway with a need for lifelong follow-up due to CHD were invited to participate (n = 100). Children born in 2005, 2006, and 2007 underwent a comprehensive oral health examination during the period 2010-2012. Caries prevalence at the dentine level was compared with data available for 5-year-old children from the general population of Western Norway (n = 18,974)., Results: The response rate was 67 %. Caries prevalence in children with CHD at d 1-5 mft was 37.3 % and at d 3-5 mft 25.4 %. Few children (n = 4) had experienced fillings, indicating an unmet need for operative treatment. Enamel lesions (d 1-2 s) exceeded dentine lesions (d 3-5 s) in the study group, 60 % versus 40 %, indicating a significant need of non-operative treatment. At dentine level, caries prevalence in children with CHD was significantly higher than in children in the general population (25.4 versus 18.3 %). Erosion was more prevalent than caries (50.7 versus 37.3 %). In total, 37.3 % of all children had d 3-5 mfs caries, erosion (grades 3 or 4), developmental defects of enamel (DDE) with post-eruptive breakdown of enamel and exposure into dentine, or combinations of the diagnoses. Investigated background factors did not significantly affect caries, erosion, or DDE., Conclusion: More than a third of the children with CHD were found to have an oral health status that may imply risk for systemic hazardous effects.

Objective:: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dental radiographic characteristics as described in 40 records of patients with panoramic radiography., Material and Methods:: The patients were in the range of 6-17 years old, and were divided into two groups (20 subjects who were compatible with the normality standard and 20 individuals diagnosed with the FXS), which were matched for gender and age. Analysis of the panoramic radiographic examination involved the evaluation of dental mineralization stage, mandibular angle size, and presence of dental anomalies in both deciduous and permanent dentitions., Results:: The results of radiographic evaluation demonstrated that the chronology of tooth eruption of all third and second lower molars is anticipated in individuals with FXS (p<0.05). In this group, supernumerary deciduous teeth (2.83%), giroversion of permanent teeth (2.31%), and partial anodontia (1.82%) were the most frequent dental anomalies. In addition, an increase was observed in the mandibular angle size in the FXS group (p<0.05)., Conclusion:: We conclude that knowledge of dental radiographic changes is of great importance for dental surgeons to plan the treatment of these individuals.

Background: The reported prevalence of infraocclusion varies widely, reflecting differences in definitions and measurement/scoring approaches. This study aimed to quantify the prevalence and extent of infraocclusion in singletons and twins during the late mixed dentition stage of dental development using a new diagnostic imaging method and objective criteria. The study also aimed to determine any associations between infraocclusion and gender, arch type, arch side and tooth type., Methods: Two samples were analysed, 1454 panoramic radiographs of singletons and 270 dental models of twins. Both samples ranged in age from 8 to 11 years. Adobe Photoshop CS5 was used to measure the extent of infraocclusion. Repeatability tests showed systematic and random errors were small., Results: The prevalence in the maxilla was low (<1%), whereas the prevalence in the mandible was 22% in the singleton sample and 32% in the twin sample. The primary mandibular first molar was affected more often than the second molar. There was no significant difference in the expression between genders or sides., Conclusions: A new technique for measuring infraocclusion has been developed with high intra- and interoperator reproducibility. This method should enhance early diagnosis of tooth developmental abnormalities and treatment planning during the late mixed dentition stage of development., (© 2016 Australian Dental Association.)

A molar-incisor malformation (MIM) is a newly reported type of dental anomaly that involves a characteristic root malformation in permanent first molars and deciduous second molars and a crown defect in permanent central incisors. This case report describes a nonsurgical root canal treatment of a MIM-affected molar by aid of a reformatted axial view of the tooth cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A MIM-affected molar has calcified canal orifices and a few immature accessory furcal canals. Conventional root canal treatment with the aid of CBCT followed by resin restoration was performed on the tooth. The malformed roots of MIM teeth generally make it difficult to apply conventional endodontic treatment; however, it was possible to do with the aid of the reformatted axial view of the CBCT., (Copyright © 2016 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Molar-incisor malformation (MIM) is a recently described dental developmental anomaly with marked manifestations in the primary second molars and permanent first molars and sometimes the permanent maxillary central incisors. To date, there are only two known manuscripts that present this anomaly. The major manifestations are severe coronal cervical constriction of the affected molars and significant under-development of one or more roots. These abnormalities may be detected during routine radiographic examination or present as altered or ectopic eruption or early exfoliation. The characteristic radiographic features are sufficient to identify this abnormality properly. The purpose of this paper is to present two cases of MIM and discuss the impact of the dental abnormalities on patient management.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of dental caries and enamel defects in 5- and 10-year-old Swedish children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL(P)) in comparison to non-cleft controls., Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 139 children with CL(P) (80 subjects aged 5 years and 59 aged 10 years) and 313 age-matched non-cleft controls. All children were examined by one of two calibrated examiners. Caries was scored according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II) and enamel defects as presence and frequency of hypoplasia and hypomineralization., Results: The caries prevalence among the 5-year-old CL(P) children and the non-cleft controls was 36% and 18%, respectively (p < 0.05). The CL(P) children had higher caries frequency (initial and cavitated lesions) in the primary dentition than their controls (1.2 vs 0.9; p < 0.05). A significantly higher prevalence of enamel defects was found in CL(P) children of both age groups and anterior permanent teeth were most commonly affected., Conclusions: Preschool children with cleft lip and/or palate seem to have more caries in the primary dentition than age-matched non-cleft controls. Enamel defects were more common in CL(P) children in both age groups.

Aim: To report on the prevalence, defect characteristics, and distribution of hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPM) in Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India and to report on possible association, if any, between HSPM and molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH)., Methods: A cross-sectional survey included a random sample of 978, 6-8-year-old school children. EAPD diagnostic criteria for scoring MIH defects on first permanent molars (FPM) were adapted and used to score hypomineralisation defects in both FPM and second primary molars (SPM) by a single calibrated examiner. Comparative statistics for HSPM versus hypomineralised FPM were computed using a Chi square test. An odds ratio (OR) at 95 % confidence interval (CI) was used to test and any association between HSPM and MIH., Results: An overall prevalence of 5.6 % (55/978) was reported for HSPM in the study population. Prevalence of MIH as hypomineralised FPM was 7.4 % (72/978). Concomitant presence of HSPM and MIH was observed in 32.73 % (18/55) of affected subjects. The presence of HSPM had significantly higher odds ratio for development of MIH (OR 7.82; 95 % CI = 4.18-14.65; p < 0.001). A greater severity of defects was observed in HSPM compared with affected FPM as greater number of affected surfaces presented with post-eruptive breakdown (PEB) in former compared to latter (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: The prevalence of HSPM in 6-8-year-old Indian children was 5.6 %. The severity of hypomineralisation was milder in FPM compared to SPM. The presence of HSPM was reported to have significantly higher odds for development of MIH in future.

Otodental syndrome is a hereditary disorder comprising globodontia and sensorineural hearing loss. Globodontia is characterized by distinctively bulbous, enlarged crowns of molar and primary canine teeth. Anomalies including taurodontism and hypodontia also occur. We report on the dental treatment and multidisciplinary management of an eight-year-old girl with this rare condition. Referral to Clinical Genetics and Oral Pathology was instrumental in establishing a diagnosis of otodental syndrome for this young patient and her mother, who had similar dental defects. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To increase awareness among practitioners of this rare dental disorder and highlight the need for multidisciplinary management of such cases.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the pattern and prevalence of associated dental anomalies between maxillary and mandibular tooth agenesis (hypodontia)., Methods: A sample of 3315 dental patients, aged 8.6 to 25.4 years, was surveyed for tooth agenesis (excluding third molars): 106 subjects were diagnosed with maxillary hypodontia (group 1) and 70 with mandibular hypodontia (group 2). Both groups were examined for the following dental anomalies: retained deciduous molars, infraocclusion of deciduous molars, impaction, microdontia of maxillary lateral incisors, supernumerary teeth, transposition, transmigration, and ectopic eruption of the permanent molars. For statistical testing, the chi-square test (P <0.05) was used to compare the occurrences of these anomalies among the groups., Results: We found that 77.5% of the patients in the mandibular hypodontia group had at least 1 dental anomaly compared with 49.5% in the maxillary hypodontia group (P <0.0001). The only dental anomaly with a significantly increased prevalence in the maxillary hypodontia group compared with the mandibular hypodontia group was microdontia of the maxillary lateral incisors (groups 1, 46.7%; group 2, 12.9%; P <0.0001). On the other hand, the prevalences of retained deciduous molars (group 1, 9.4%; group 2, 60.0%), infraoccluded deciduous molars (group 1, 0.9%; group 2, 7.1%), and impacted teeth (group 1, 22.6%; group 2, 38.6%) were significantly higher in the mandibular hypodontia group. The prevalences of supernumerary teeth, transposition, transmigration, and ectopic eruption of permanent molars were low and not significantly different between the groups., Conclusions: Tooth agenesis isolated to the maxilla is frequently associated with microdontia of the maxillary lateral incisors, whereas tooth agenesis isolated to the mandible is frequently associated with retained deciduous molars, infraoccluded deciduous molars, and impacted teeth. The results of this study may provide additional evidence supporting the field-specific genetic control theory for dental development in both jaws., (Copyright © 2015 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of selected dental variations in association with infraocclusion, as well as determining the effects of infraocclusion on dental development and tooth size, in singletons and twins., Design: Two samples were analysed. The first sample comprised 1454 panoramic radiographs of singleton boys and girls aged 8-11 years. The second sample comprised dental models of 202 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins aged 8-11 years. Adobe Photoshop CS5 was used to construct reference lines and measure the extent of infraocclusion (in mm) of primary molars on the panoramic radiographs and on 2D images obtained from the dental models. The panoramic radiographs were examined for the presence of selected dental variations and to assess dental development following the Demirjian and Willems systems. The twins' dental models were measured to assess mesiodistal crown widths., Results: In the singleton sample there was a significant association of canines in an altered position during eruption and the lateral incisor complex (agenesis and/or small tooth size) with infraocclusion (P<0.001), but there was no significant association between infraocclusion and agenesis of premolars. Dental age assessment revealed that dental development was delayed in individuals with infraocclusion compared to controls. The primary mandibular canines were significantly smaller in size in the infraoccluded group (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The presence of other dental variations in association with infraocclusion, as well as delayed dental development and reduced tooth size, suggests the presence of a pleiotropic effect. The underlying aetiological factors may be genetic and/or epigenetic., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Children with oral clefts show a wide range of dental anomalies, adding complexity to understanding the phenotypic spectrum of orofacial clefting. The evidence is mixed, however, on whether the prevalence of dental anomalies is elevated in unaffected relatives and is mostly based on small samples. In the largest international cohort to date of children with nonsyndromic clefts, their relatives, and controls, this study characterizes the spectrum of cleft-related dental anomalies and evaluates whether families with clefting have a significantly higher risk for such anomalies compared with the general population. A total of 3,811 individuals were included: 660 cases with clefts, 1,922 unaffected relatives, and 1,229 controls. Dental anomalies were identified from in-person dental exams or intraoral photographs, and case-control differences were tested using χ(2) statistics. Cases had higher rates of dental anomalies in the maxillary arch than did controls for primary (21% vs. 4%, P = 3 × 10(-8)) and permanent dentitions (51% vs. 8%, P = 4 × 10(-62)) but not in the mandible. Dental anomalies were more prevalent in cleft lip with cleft palate than other cleft types. More anomalies were seen in the ipsilateral side of the cleft. Agenesis and tooth displacements were the most common dental anomalies found in case probands for primary and permanent dentitions. Compared with controls, unaffected siblings (10% vs. 2%, P = 0.003) and parents (13% vs. 7%, P = 0.001) showed a trend for increased anomalies of the maxillary permanent dentition. Yet, these differences were nonsignificant after multiple-testing correction, suggesting genetic heterogeneity in some families carrying susceptibility to both overt clefts and dental anomalies. Collectively, the findings suggest that most affected families do not have higher genetic risk for dental anomalies than the general population and that the higher prevalence of anomalies in cases is primarily a physical consequence of the cleft and surgical interventions., (© International & American Associations for Dental Research 2015.)

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of Apgar index with that of enamel defects and to explore gender predilection as a co-variable in the formation of enamel defects., Materials and Methods: A random sample of 108 individuals (46 boys and 62 girls) aged 4-5 years (mean - 4.4 years) were included in the study. A questionnaire containing subject's demographic information, Apgar Index (AI), enamel hypoplasia and hypocalcification was collected. Intraoral examination of the subjects was performed by using the type III diagnostic criteria recommended by WHO for oral health surveys. According to the modified index for developmental enamel defects, visual and tactile examinations of the entire primary dentition were performed.The data obtained was analysed using chi-square test., Results: Of all the examined individuals 18 (16.7%) showed enamel defects, of which 10 (9.3%) were having enamel hypoplasia, 4 (3.7%) were having enamel hypocalcification and 4 (3.7%) were having both. Correlation of the enamel defects such as hypoplasia, hypocalcification and both had no significant relationship with the gender (P = 0.36)., Conclusion: Subjects with lower Apgar Index exhibited more hypoplastic and hypocalcified teeth both qualitatively and quantitatively. If the Apgar value is less than 6, the vulnerability for the development of enamel defects has considerably increased. Gender of the individuals did not influence the final outcome.

Background: Molar Incisor Hypoplasia (MIH) and Deciduous Molar Hypoplasia (DMH) have significant impact on the quality of life of affected individuals. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence, pattern and clinical presentation of MIH and DMH in children resident in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, and their association with sex and socioeconomic status of the children., Methods: Information on age, sex and socioeconomic status was collected from 563 children aged 3 to 5 years and 8 to 10 years using a structured questionnaire through a household survey. Clinical examination was conducted to assess for the presence of DMH and MIH. The prevalence of DMH and MIH were determined. Tests of association between sex, socioeconomic status, prevalence, and pattern of presentation of both DMH and MIH were conducted using Pearson's Chi-squared test Fisher's exact test., Result: Fifteen (4.6%) of the 327 children aged 3 to 5 years and 23 (9.7%) of the 237 children aged 8 to 10 years had DMH and MIH respectively. There were no significant association between DMH, sex (p = 0.49) and socioeconomic status (p = 0.32). There were also no significant association between MIH, sex (p = 0.31) and socioeconomic status (p = 0.41). MIH/DMH co-morbidity was observed in eight (34.8%) of the 23 children with MIH. The mandible and maxilla were affected equally. Antimere was not observed., Conclusion: The prevalence of DMH and the prevalence of MIH in the study population were high. DMH and MIH were not associated with sex and socioeconomic status. There was no specific pattern identified in the presentation of DMH and MIH. The prevalence of DMH/MIH co-morbidity is also high. Patients with DMH should be screened for MIH.

Objectives: This cross-sectional study was aimed at determining whether certain pre-natal and natal conditions can predict specific dental anomalies. The conditions observed were: low birth-weight, preterm birth, pre-natal & natal complications. The dental anomalies observed were: enamel defects, total number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (total DMFT), disturbances in the tooth shape and disturbances in the number of teeth., Study Design: Out of more than 2000 medical files of children aged 2-17 years old which were reviewed, 300 files met the selection criteria. Information recorded from the files included: age, gender, health status (the ASA physical status classification system by the American Society of Anesthesiologists), birth week, birth weight, total DMFT, hypomineralization, abnormal tooth shape, abnormal number of teeth and hypoplasia., Results: Twenty one children out of 300 (7%) were born after a high-risk pregnancy, 25 children (8.3%) were born after high-risk birth, 20 children (6.7%) were born preterm - before week 37, and 29 children (9.7%) were born with a low birth weight (LBW) - 2500 grams or less. A relationship between a preterm birth and LBW to hypomineralization was found. And a relationship between a preterm birth and high-risk pregnancy to abnormal number of teeth was found. No relationship was found between birth (normal/high-risk) and the other parameters inspected., Conclusion: Preterm birth and LBW may predict hypomineralization in both primary and permanent dentitions. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that preterm birth and high-risk pregnancy may predict abnormal number of teeth in both dentitions.

Introduction: Morphological variations in primary dentition are of great concern to a pediatric dentist as it may pose clinical problems like dental caries, delayed exfoliation and also anomalies in the permanent dentition, such as impaction of successors, supernumerary teeth, permanent double teeth or aplasia of teeth. The present study was conducted to investigate the presence of dental anomalies in the primary dentition of 1000 schoolchildren in the 3-5 year-old age group in Faridabad., Materials and Methods: One-thousand schoolchildren were examined using Type III examination (WHO, 1997) for primary molar relationship, occlusal characteristics, primate spaces, physiological spaces and other anomalies of teeth, including number and morphology., Results and Conclusions: The prevalence of physiological spaces in maxillary and mandibular arches was 50.9% and 46.7%, respectively, whereas primate spaces were found in 61.7% of the children in the maxillary arch and 27.9% in the mandibular arch. The prevalence of unilateral anterior and posterior cross-bite was 0.1% and 0.8%, respectively, in the present study. The prevalence of hypodontia in the primary dentition was found to be 0.4% and the prevalence of fusion and gemination in the present study was 0.5%. Double teeth (fusion and gemination) and hypodontia were the most common dental anomalies found in the primary dentition in the present study., (Copyright © 2014 Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Anomalies and enamel hypoplasia of deciduous dentition are routinely encountered by dental professionals and early detection and careful management of such conditions facilitates may help in customary occlusal development., Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypodontia, microdontia, double teeth, and hyperdontia of deciduous teeth among Indian children., Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 1,398 children (735 boys, 633 girls). The children were examined in department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry in Jodhpur Dental College General Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Clinical data were collected by single dentist according to Kreiborg criteria, which includes double teeth, hypodontia, microdontia, and supernumerary teeth. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the descriptive analysis and chi-square test., Results: Dental anomalies were found in 4% of children. The distribution of dental anomalies were significantly more frequent (P = 0.001) in girls (5.8%, n = 38) than in boys (2.7%, n = 18). In relation to anomaly frequencies at different ages, significant difference was found between 2 and 3 years (P = 0.001)., Conclusion: Double teeth were the most frequently (2.3%) observed anomaly. The other anomalies followed as 0.3% supernumerary teeth, 0.6% microdontia, 0.6% hypodontia. Identification of dental anomalies at an early age is of great importance as it prevents malocclusions, functional and certain psychological problems.

Developmental odontogenic anomalies can occur in primary as well as in permanent dentition leading to morphological variations in shape, size and structure and numerical variations such as hypodontia. The most commonly reported odontogenic anomaly in primary dentition is conjoined teeth. Conjoined teeth can be due to fusion or gemination. Relevant clinical and radiographic evaluation is a must to differentiate between the two. Occurrence of double fusion as an anomaly may not be infrequent, but triple fusion is a rare odontogenic anomaly. We report a case of a 7.5-year-old girl who clinically had a large crown due to triple fusion in her dentition, between two normal primary teeth and a supernumerary tooth. This paper gives a brief insight into the incidence, associated quandaries and diagnosis and treatment modalities of a triple fusion., (2015 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

Aim: The main objective was to study supernumerary teeth diagnosed during the routine checkups at the Paediatric Dentistry Service of Hospital de Nens, Barcelona (Spain), for four months., Materials and Methods: A transversal, descriptive study, was performed in 1,960 patients, aged 1 to 17 years, visited during routine oral checkups. An intraoral exploration (with intraoral mirror and probe) was performed to all patients, and subjects older than 5 years also underwent panoramic x-ray examination., Results: A total of 33 patients showed supernumerary teeth (1.68%), 22 boys and 11 girls. A total of 10 patients (8 boys/2 girls) had supernumerary teeth in the temporary dentition, 20 patients (12 boys/8 girls) in the permanent dentition and 3 patients (2 boys/1girls) in both temporary and permanent dentition. A total of 46 supernumerary teeth were diagnosed., Conclusion: Any alteration in the number of teeth in patients younger than 5 years are difficult to diagnose, as x-rays are usually not taken. We believe that starting at 5 years old, a radiological exploration (panoramic x-ray) has to be carried out as a complement to the clinical examination.

Aim: This paper describes a clinical case of a male with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia submitted to rehabilitation and occlusal dental interventions with follow-up from 3 to 14 years of age., Background: Due to the severe effects on function and esthetics, the clinical manifestations of ectodermal dysplasia exert a negative impact on quality of life. However, oral rehabilitation in childhood poses a challenge due to growth and development., Case Description: A male with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia began dental intervention at the age of 3 years. The clinical and radiographic exams revealed the absence of several primary and permanent teeth and abnormal shape of the primary maxillary incisors. The facial characteristics were compatible with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, such as a prominent brow, everted lips, fattened bridge of the nose and small vertical facial height. The treatment proposed involved rehabilitation through successive temporary partial dentures, functional orthopedics of the jaws, esthetic reconstruction of the anterior teeth, timely occlusal intervention and preventive actions for the control of dental caries and plaque., Conclusion: The present case demonstrates that early care plays a fundamental role in minimizing the biopsychosocial consequences of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and preparing the patient for future oral rehabilitation., Clinical Significance: Although, the literature offers a number of papers describing dental treatment for ectodermal dysplasia, few cases include long-term follow-up and the use of a functional orthopedic appliance in combination with removable dentures in such patients.

Background: The study of dental anomalies is important because it generates information that is important for both the anthropological and clinical management of patients. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and pattern of presentation of dental hard-tissue developmental anomalies in the mix dentition of children residing in Ile-Ife, a suburban region of Nigeria., Methods: Information on age, sex and socioeconomic status was collected from 1,036 children aged four months to 12 years through a household survey. Clinical examination was conducted to assess the presence of dental anomalies. Associations between age, sex, socioeconomic status, prevalence, and pattern of presentation of the developmental hard-tissue dental anomalies were determined., Result: Two hundred and seventy six (26.6%) children had dental anomalies. Of these, 23.8% had one anomaly, 2.5% had two anomalies, and 0.3% had more than two anomalies. Of the children with anomalies, 49.3%were male, 50.7%were female, and 47.8%, 28.6% and 23.6% were children from low, middle and high socioeconomic classes, respectively. More anomalies were seen in permanent than primary dentition. Anomalies of tooth structure were most prevalent (16.1%); anomalies which affect tooth number were least prevalent (1.3%). Dens evaginatus, peg-shaped lateral, macrodontia, and talon cusp were more prevalent in the permanent dentition, and dens evaginatus peg-shaped lateral and macrodontia were more prevalent in the maxilla. There were significantly more macrodontia anomalies in males and in children of high socioeconomic status., Conclusion: This large survey of dental hard-tissue anomalies found in the primary dentition and mixed dentition of children in Nigeria provides anthropological and clinical data that may aid the detection and management of dental problems of children in Nigeria.

Aim: Understanding the effects of primary double tooth (PDT) on permanent successors is important to ensure healthy permanent occlusion and aesthetics. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and type of PDT, their effect on permanent successors, and the accompanying dental anomalies/pathologies in a Turkish population., Materials and Methods: Study design: The records of 63 PDTs in 54 healthy Caucasian children among 10,000 patients were investigated. PDTs were classified according to Aguilo's classification., Results: The prevalence of PDT was 0.6%. Of the 63 PDTs, 14.3% were type I, 11.1% were type II, 31.7% were type III, and 41.3% were type IV; one (1.6%) was a triple tooth. Aplasia of the permanent lateral incisor was observed most frequently in association with type I (56%) PDT. All PDTs associated with a supernumerary permanent tooth were type IV. Dental anomalies/pathologies such as odontoma, talon cusp were observed. Caries involvement was observed most frequently in type IV (58.3%) PDT., Statistics: The chi-squared test was used to determine whether successor aplasia depended on PDT type, and contingency coefficients (%) were calculated to determine the degree of association between aplasia and PDT type., Conclusion: Clinicians should assess PDT clinically and radiographically to determine whether they are associated with aplasia of permanent lateral incisors (type I) or supernumerary permanent teeth (type IV). Type IV of PDT should be sealed with sealant or resin.

Tooth agenesis is one of the most common congenital anomalies seen in humans. Although absence of one or more teeth is common but absence of multiple teeth is rare. Oligodontia is a rare developmental anomaly, involving agenesis of six or more permanent teeth, excluding the third molars. The reported prevalence of oligodontia in permanent dentition is 0.14%. Oligodontia can present as an isolated condition or as a part of a syndrome. The present case report highlights a unique case of non syndromic oligodontia, with agenesis of four permanent incisors, left permanent canine and right second premolar in the mandibular arch and its management with a novel fixed functional prosthetic appliance. Prosthetic rehabilitation is an urgent need for these kind of patients so that they do not suffer from masticatory and esthetic problems which can eventually lower the self esteem of individuals.

Background: Deciduous Molar Hypomineralisation (DMH) and Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) are common developmental disturbances in pediatric dentistry. Their occurrence is related. The same determinants as suggested for MIH are expected for DMH, though somewhat earlier in life. Perinatal medical problems may influence the prevalence of DMH but this has not been studied sufficiently., Objective: This study aimed to identify possible determinants of DMH in a prospective cohort study among 6-year-old children., Study Design: This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until young adulthood. The the data were used to identify the determinants of DMH. Clinical photographs of clean, moist teeth were taken with an intra-oral camera in 6690 children (mean age 6.2 years; 49.9% girls). Data on possible determinants that had occurred during pregnancy and/or the child's first year of life were on the basis of manual standardized measurements (like length and weight) and questionnaires. Multivariate analyse with backward and forward selection was performed., Results: A number of factors in the pre-, peri- and postnatal phase were found to be associated with DMH. After multivariate logistic regression analyses, Dutch ethnic background, low birth weight, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and fever episodes in the first year of the child's life were found to play a role in the development of DMH in 6-year-old children., Conclusion: This study shows that Dutch ethnicity, low birth weight, alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy and any fever in the first year of the child's life are associated with DMH. Not only childhood factors but also prenatal lifestyle factors need to be taken into account when studying determinants for DMH.

Objectives: To bring a neonatal classification system of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and to correlate this classification with the distribution of the primary lateral incisor., Design: Retrospective with longitudinal follow-up. Setting : Tertiary. Patients : One hundred twenty-one patients with treated UCLP. Thirteen plaster casts were used as controls., Main Outcome Measures: The UCLP patients were classified anatomically into four categories: class 1 corresponds to a maxillary arch with a narrow alveolar cleft, class 2 corresponds to a balanced form, class 3 corresponds to a wide cleft and short maxilla, and class 4 corresponds to a wide cleft and long maxilla. Clinical validity was evaluated with a concordance analysis (intra- and interexaminer). This anatomical classification was also corroborated with an automatic classification determined by morphometric parameters measured on neonatal maxillary plaster casts. The class was finally correlated with the distribution of the primary lateral incisor., Results: Clinical classification of UCLP found 12 cases of class 1 (9.9%), 36 cases of class 2 (29.8%), 47 cases of class 3 (38.8%), and 26 cases of class 4 (21.5%). The clinical classification was validated with a good intra- and interexaminer concordance analysis (κ > .6). The automatic classification was close to the clinical classification in 84%. The correlation was ideal in class 1 (100%), almost perfect in class 4 (92%), but lower for class 2 (74%) and class 3 (70%). The primary lateral incisor was usually duplicated in class 1, whereas class 2 and class 4 were correlated with a primary lateral incisor located on the lateral palatal segment. Class 3 was associated with an agenesis of the primary lateral incisor (P < .001)., Conclusions: UCLP can be classified into four different classes at birth, which can all give information about the inherent tissue hypoplasia and the distribution of the primary lateral incisor.