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In 2020 the New South Wales Liquor Act was amended to allow the Independent Liquor and Gaming Authority (ILGA) to approve new liquor authorisations in parts of the Sydney CBD otherwise subject to a freeze. The vehicle for this was called Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA). The Amendment added promotion of business vitality to an established list of considerations previously set out by ILGA in its Guideline (6) on social impact assessment. The strategy set out in a new Guideline (18) appears to use an impartial and objective methodology while advocating reliance on intangible criteria and selective use of data in order to increase applicant chances of success against a rebuttable presumption against approval. While CIA is an established method in other professional areas, its use in the amendment influenced by the industry risks exacerbating alcohol-related harm.

Racial apathy is a socially desirable and contemporary form of white racial prejudice that resonates with color-blind ideologies. Survey researchers assert it indicates whether whites do not care about racial equality. Deviating from prior studies, we investigate racial apathy among black teenagers. Specifically, we examine racial apathy’s prevalence and correlates, and associations with emotional well-being and alcohol use. Analyzing data from the 2003 National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR, n = 3290), we find one in four black teenagers does not care about racial equality. In terms of correlates, we find daily importance of faith links negatively with racial apathy. Low grades and school difficulties directly predict racial apathy among black teenagers. Living in the West, compared to other regions, associates with larger odds of expressing racial apathy. Finally, black teenagers’ expressions of racial apathy do not predict their emotional well-being or alcohol use.

This study examines the mental health significance of Barack Obama’s 2008 presidential election for black adults. His election was a milestone moment. Hence, we expect black adults would experience improved mental health after the first self-identified black person wins election to the most powerful position in the United States. Using nationally representative survey data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), we address this expectation by predicting poor mental health days that black adults report preelection and postelection. We find no overall difference in poor mental health days between the time periods. However, a statistical interaction between gender and time period demonstrates black men report 1.01 fewer poor mental health days after the election, whereas black women report .45 more poor mental health days after the election.

Scholars theorize that black–white disparities in self-employment persist because of racial disparities in human capital (e.g. educational attainment) and financial capital (e.g. assets). Such disp...

This study examines race socialization, defined as the process whereby individuals learn about the meaning and significance of race and racism. With data from the 2001–2004 National Survey of American Life-Adolescent Supplement (NSAL-A), we analyze responses to the Comprehensive Race Socialization Inventory (CRSI) among 1,170 African American and Caribbean Black adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 years. The CRSI captures sources, frequency, content of messages, and prevalence of the most useful message, among other components (e.g., onset and recency, anticipatory socialization, and socializing behaviors). We find 90% of respondents report someone talked with them about what being Black means. In addition, most respondents report receiving messages from all four sources specified in the CRSI (i.e., parents, relatives, friends, and other adults). We find little evidence to suggest sources differ by sex, age, ethnicity, or U.S. region. The question assessing the most useful message is open-ended. Over 60% of respondents recall content supporting “Race equality,” maintaining a “Positive self-attitude,” or emphasizing “Black pride” as the most useful message. We conclude race socialization is commonplace among Black adolescents because racism necessitates it.

Population size has increasingly been taken as the driver of past human environmental impact worldwide, and particularly in the Arctic. However, sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA), pollen and archaeological data show that over the last 12,000 years, paleoeconomy and culture determined human impacts on the terrestrial ecology of Arctic Norway. The large Mortensnes site complex (Ceavccageađgi, 70°N) has yielded the most comprehensive multiproxy record in the Arctic to date. The site saw occupation from the Pioneer period (c. 10,000 cal. years BP) with more intensive use from c. 4,200 to 2,000 cal. years BP and after 1,600 cal. years BP. Here, we combine on-site environmental archaeology with a near-site lake record of plant and animal sedaDNA. The rich animal sedaDNA data (42 taxa) and on-site faunal analyses reveal switches in human dietary composition from early-Holocene fish + marine mammals, to mixed marine + reindeer, then finally to marine + reindeer + domesticates (sheep, cattle, pigs), with highest reindeer concentrations in the last millennium. Archaeological evidence suggests these changes are not directly driven by climate or variation in population densities at the site or in the region, but rather are the result of changing socio-economic activities and culture, probably reflecting settlers’ origins. This large settlement only had discernable effects on its hinterland in the last 3,600 years (grazing) and more markedly in the last 1,000 years through reindeer keeping/herding and, possibly domestic stock. Near-site sedaDNA can be linked to and validate the faunal record from archaeological excavations, demonstrating that environmental impacts can be assessed at a landscape scale.

Shared use of rangelands by livestock and wildlife can lead to disease transmission. To align agricultural livelihoods with wildlife conservation, a multi-pronged and interdisciplinary approach for disease management is needed, particularly in data-limited situations with migratory hosts. Migratory wildlife and livestock can range over vast areas, and opportunities for disease control interventions are limited. Predictive frameworks are needed which can allow for identification of potential sites and timings of interventions. We developed an iterative three-step framework to assess cross-species disease transmission risk between migrating wildlife and livestock in data-limited circumstances and across social-ecological scales. The framework first assesses risk of transmission for potentially important diseases for hosts in a multi-use landscape. Following this, it uses an epidemiological risk function to represent transmission-relevant contact patterns, using density and distribution of the host to map locations and periods of disease risk. Finally, it takes fine-scale data on livestock management and observed wildlife-livestock interactions to provide locally-relevant insights on disease risk. We applied the framework to characterize disease transmission between livestock and saiga antelopes (Saiga tatarica) in Central Kazakhstan. At step 1, we identified peste-des-petits-ruminants as posing a high risk of transmission from livestock to saigas, foot-and-mouth disease as low risk, lumpy skin disease as unknown and pasteurellosis as uncertain risk. At step 2 we identified regions of high disease transmission risk at different times of year, indicating where disease management should be focussed. At step 3, we synthesized field surveys, government data and literature review to assess the role of livestock in the 2015 saiga mass mortality event from pasteurellosis, concluding that it was minimal. Synthesis and Applications. Our iterative framework has wide applicability in assessing and predicting disease spill-over at management-relevant temporal and spatial scales in areas where livestock share space with migratory species. Our case study demonstrated the value of combining ecological and social information to inform management of targeted interventions to reduce disease risk, which can be used to plan disease surveillance and vaccination programmes.

International audience; Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) provides a means of rapid and highly accurate survey of archaeological excavations and structures at landscape scales, and is particularly valuable for documenting tidal environments. Here, the authors use TLS to record tidal fixed fishing structures and a tide mill within the Léguer Estuary at Le Yaudet, in north-west France. As part of a comprehensive resource-exploitation system, the early medieval (sixth to eighth centuries AD) structures lie within, and exploit different parts of, the tidal frame. The results are used to quantify production within an estuarine landscape associated with seignorial or monastic control of environmental resources.

The populist turn has produced contrasting conceptions of education. Research suggests that individuals educated to university level are unlikely to support populist discourses. Related to this, populism is often understood as a social illness – a disease – that needs to be addressed through education – its cure. In contrast, this article argues that both the populist and the anti-populist discourses are fantasies that utilise education as an ideological grip. In the populist fantasy, education is perceived as being ideologically controlled by the elite. In the anti-populist fantasy, education is seen as being inherently emancipatory, liberating us from irrationalism and economic inequality. The paper concludes not by showing how these ideological alternatives might be reconciled but by suggesting that we can only proceed by creating new discursive landscapes where emancipatory education can be understood differently.

Lowland lakes in Scotland and Ireland have been heavily impacted by human activity since the Neolithic due to forest clearance, agriculture and lakeside settlement. Whilst plant macrofossils, pollen and other microfossils, especially diatoms, have been able to outline these changes many uncertainties remain about the origin and exact nature of these impacts. Obtaining independent measures of both vascular plants and mammals (and other animals) allows for more taxonomically precise reconstructions and the study of long-term biotic interactions. Lipid biomarkers, such as faecal steroids and bile acids, can both validate the mammal DNA, and also indicate the magnitude of agricultural and human lake inputs into the lake ecosystem. Our initial work focused on small artificial islands (crannogs) common in the Celtic parts of the UK. Unusually strong sedaDNA and lipid biomarker results from both plants and animals are believed to result from the creation of a biogeochemical halo around the crannogs due to the direct input of bone and viscera, rapid organic and clastic sedimentation, and a lack of disturbance. The human activities on the artificial islands, such as slaughter, butchery and feasting, caused severe eutrophication of the smaller lakes, which only partially recovered after the abandonment of the sites. Similar but less pronounced effects can be seen at lake-side settlement sites in larger lakes and away from archaeological sites which reflect catchment-wide influences. This paper will present data from crannogs, lake-side sites and from a new study of lakes on small islands on the Celtic Seaboard. These island sites are being studied to test the narrative of ‘marginality’ and a perceived lack of resilience in small islands during the last two thousand years. Overall our sedaDNA and steroid results complement data from both archaeological excavation, survey and traditional palaeoenvironmental proxies to provide a more detailed and comprehensive image of the environment in which our ancestors were operating, the changes they had on their ecosystems and our inheritance of this today.

This chapter provides a Lacanian examination of how teachers resolve the pressures of working to curriculum demands. Centred in the doctoral studies of my Manchester colleague Peter Pawlik, the chapter considers how recent international developments in mathematics teaching have been influenced by what we see as the ideological notion of the mastery curriculum. Lacan’s four fundamental discourses (master, university, hysteric and analytic) provide an analytical framework linking governance, institutionalised education and resistance. A case study of a teacher (Emily) is used to illustrate how this discursive patterning of educational policies is integrated into practice. Emily’s early experiences of a “mastery style of teaching” were progressive, to the point where she felt the need to “strip back (her) own knowledge of maths to then reteach in another way”. In this way, Emily was being absorbed into the ideology of the mastery curriculum.

This chapter discusses at a more historical level how our conceptions of mathematics and of ourselves as researchers, teacher educators, teachers and students have been transformed through mathematical activity being viewed through the apparatus of schooling and international comparative filters. This model provides an example of how changing practices impact on the social construction of mathematics itself. The chapter argues that the fields of psychology and mathematics each describe realities that are consequential to past human endeavours or conceptualisations. Neither of these fields depicts stable truths. Mathematical concepts and the ways in which we relate to them never finally settle in relation to each other nor do the theories we introduce. Their final form always stays out of reach. The building of mathematics then reflects the image we have of ourselves and becomes part of those selves that it reflects. Whilst the truth of mathematics can sometimes be used to underwrite its ideologically motivated manifestations, we need to trouble the “truths” that are presented to us, towards encountering the spaces beyond and the hold they have on us.

This chapter digs deeper into theory to consider further how the mathematical/human interface depends on the mutual dependency of how we understand mathematical objects and of how we understand human subjects. The apprehension of mathematical objects is examined through sessions with student teachers researching and critically analysing their own spatial awareness from a pedagogical point of view. The chapter is guided by the theoretical work of Alain Badiou whose philosophical model develops a Lacanian conception of human subjectivity and defines a new conception of objectivity. In this model, the conception of subjectivity comprises a refusal to allow humans to settle on certain self-images that have fuelled psychology and set the ways in which humans are seen to apprehend the mathematically defined world. The assertion of an object, meanwhile, is associated with finding a place for it in a supposed world, where the object may reconfigure that world in its very assertion. The composite model understands learning as shared participation in renewal where there is a mutual dependency between the growth of human subjects and of mathematical objects. The chapter again provides examples from my own teacher education activities centred in addressing these concerns.

Terraces and lynchets are not only ubiquitous worldwide and within Europe but can provide increasingly important Ecosystem Services (ESs), which may be able to mitigate aspects of climate change. They are also probably a major cause of non-linearity between climate and erosion rates in agricultural systems as noted from alluvial and colluvial studies. In this paper we review the theoretical background of terraces and lynchets, present a modified classification, and show how new techniques are transforming the study of these widespread and often ancient anthropogenic landforms. Indeed the problems of dating terraces and also the time-consuming nature and costly surveys has held back the archaeological study of terraces until now. The applicable suite of techniques available now includes the creation of Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) from Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (ALS-TLS); the use of OSL and pOSL, pXRF, FTIR, phytoliths, calcium oxalates from plants and potentially sedaDNA. Examples will be drawn from a recently started ERC project (TerrACE; ERC-2017-ADG: 787790, 2018-2023; https://www.terrace.no/) which is working at over 10 sites in Europe ranging from Norway to Greece.This paper explains the development of a new holistic approach to terrace archaeology driven by a modern conceptualisation of human-landscape relationships, and facilitated by new scientific developments. We explain the rationale for our choice of case study areas, for example, the range of bio-climatic zones. In addition, this multi-regional approach allows us to address contingent regional and local historical/socioeconomic processes; from demographic fluctuations to the development of specific forms of agricultural techniques. Examples of DTM creation, field analyses and selected results will be given from Martleburg in Belgium and sites in Italy. We will then move on to explain how this combination of a comprehensive suite of modern field and laboratory methods and an interpretive strategy informed by the environmental humanities will yield exciting and groundbreaking results.

This chapter considers some of the arbitrary curriculum or assessment criteria that operate in the social construction of mathematics in educational institutions. The advance of mathematics as an academic field is typically defined by the production of new ideas, or concepts, which adjust progressively to new shared ways of being. That is, mathematical concepts are created or invented to meet the diverse demands of everyday life, and this very diversity can unsettle more standardised accounts of what mathematics is supposed to be according to more official rhetoric. In schools, economic factors influence the topics chosen for a curriculum. In some countries, there is a shortage of specialist mathematics teachers that limit curriculum choices and restrict the choice of viable teaching materials, educational targets or models of practice advocated by research in mathematics education. Our evolving understandings of who we are and of what we do shape our use of mathematical concepts and thus our understandings of what they are. School mathematics has been reduced according to ideological schema to produce its conceptual apparatus, pedagogical forms and supposed practical applications. The resulting cartographic definition of mathematics steers the production then selection of learners according to arbitrary curriculum or assessment criteria.

This chapter documents aspects of the discussion that has taken place as a result of sociocultural theorists responding to my engagement with their work in my book Mathematics Education and Subjectivity. Specifically, the chapter responds to Wolff-Michael Roth’s critical reading of the book. His reading contrasted my Lacanian approach with Roth’s own conception of subjectivity as derived from the work of Vygotsky, in which Roth aims to “reunite” psychology and sociology. I argue, however, that my book focused on how discourses in mathematics education shape subjective action within a Lacanian model that circumnavigates both “psychology” and “sociology”. From that platform, this chapter responds to Roth through problematising the idea of the individual as a subjective entity in relation to the two theoretical perspectives. In line with the broader remit of this present book, the chapter argues for a Lacanian conception of subjectivity for mathematics education comprising a response to a social demand borne of an ever-changing symbolic order that defines our constitution and our space for action. The chapter concludes by considering an attitude to the production of research objects in mathematics education research that resists the normalisation of assumptions as to how humans encounter mathematics.

This chapter provides an account of my own mathematics teaching with student teachers and explains why I find teaching mathematics so exciting if it can be linked to the generation of multiple perspectives to be shared rather than the reproduction of a dominant view with prescribed pathways to this view. Some trainee teachers report on shared experience in a spatial awareness exercise concerned with exploring alternative apprehensions of geometric objects. Examples are provided of student teachers encapsulating their perceptions. The diversity of responses reveals alternative subjective positions each highlighting different qualities of the apprehended object. I have sought to show through my own teaching how mathematical challenges might be seen more in terms of students being supported in developing accounts of and gaining confidence in their own perspectives rather than meeting preset objectives. The chapter concludes with a brief account of how the teaching responded to lockdown conditions and where mathematics was evaluated from multiple pedagogical perspectives.

This chapter describes some empirical research in both primary and secondary university teacher education. It considers how practices of teacher education impact on classroom practice by new teachers and thus shape the mathematics that takes place. The theme is explored through an extended discussion of how the conduct of mathematical teaching and learning is restricted by regulative educational policies that set the parameters of teacher education. Specifically, it considers the example of how mathematics is discursively produced by student teachers within an employment-based model of teacher education in England where there is a relatively low level of university input. It is argued that teacher reflections on mathematical learning and teaching within the course are patterned in line with formal curriculum framings, assessment requirements and the local demands of their placement school. Here, both teachers and students are subject to regulative discourses that shape their actions, and, consequentially, this regulation influences the forms of mathematical activity that can take place and be recognised as such, but where this process restricts the presentational options for the mathematics in question. It is shown how university sessions can alternatively provide a critical platform from which to interrogate these restrictions and renegotiate them.

Parmi les dix mille iles et ilots de Mediterranee, moins de trois cents seraient habites et seulement deux cents mesureraient plus de 5 km2. Ces iles sont des entites geologiques et geographiques complexes ou coexistent des formations de roches tres anciennes et d’autres creees tres recemment (iles volcaniques). A la fois ouvertes sur l’horizon et les cotes continentales voisines, elles restent, paradoxalement, relativement fermees de par leur isolement, creant ainsi des specificites quant a leur biodiversite et leur colonisation par les societes humaines. Les iles de Mediterranee forment ainsi un objet d’etude privilegie pour la geoarcheologie. Cette derniere emprunte les concepts, les methodes et les techniques de disciplines relevant des sciences humaines et environnementales (l’archeologie, l’epigraphie, la philologie, la geographie, la paleoecologie, la paleontologie...). Cet ouvrage etablit un premier etat des connaissances dans le domaine de la geoarcheologie des iles de Mediterranee. L’eclatement geographique de ces dernieres, ainsi qu’une histoire de l’occupation propre a chacune, demontrent toute la difficulte de globaliser ces espaces geographiques, progressivement transformes en territoires sous l’action repetee des societes humaines. Des specialistes dressent ici les relations complexes entre les dynamiques et les processus paysagers et les logiques d’occupation humaine depuis la fin du Pleistocene. Le present ouvrage recueille vingt-quatre contributions regroupees dans cinq parties intitulees « Anthropisation et mutations paysageres a la transition Paleolithique/Neolithique »; « Mobilite et reconstitution des anciens niveaux marins depuis la fin de la derniere grande glaciation quaternaire » ; « Adaptation aux mutations paysageres a l’echelle intra-site: la necessaire prise en compte des parametres environnementaux » ; « Deltas, lagunes et marais : des interfaces propices a l’implantation des societes humaines » et « Matieres premieres: exploitation et interactions ». Cet ouvrage s’adresse principalement a des specialistes de geographie, d’archeologie et de paleoecologie mais aussi a un public plus large : etudiants des niveaux L-M-D, enseignants et simples neophytes souhaitant s’initier aux concepts, methodes et techniques de la geoarcheologie.

This paper presents a review and preliminary metadata analysis, of Holocene fluvial archives from Mediterranean islands by island group. For geomorphological reasons islands have not received as much attention from fluvial geomorphologists as the continental areas surrounding the Mediterranean. However, the studies that have been undertaken, suggest that they can reveal both climatic and cultural drivers of erosion and sedimentation from relatively small catchments. Although more research is needed, the preliminary analysis published here, suggests that during the mid-Holocene ca. 3000 BC to 800 BC, and the later Holocene, ca. 400 BC to 1600 AD, many islands experienced elevated rates of fluvial activity. Both periods, and particularly the earlier period are the result of climatic fluctuations combined with agriculture and cleared landscapes. At present the Little Ice Age signal appears to be less strong than it is on the continent although it has been recognised in Corsica and Crete. Due to their bounded nature and generally distinct cultural history islands do, however, offer excellent opportunities to research the non-linear relationships between culture, climatic change and fluvial response.

In 2004 legislators in New South Wales relied on Australia's National Competition Policy to change the reason for determining alcohol outlet approvals from a "needs" to a "harm minimisation" basis. This was predicated on the application of a rational social impact assessment (SIA) process. Within a short time, however, the volume of liquor licence applications began to erode that intention and the delays that applicants encountered placed politicians under pressure to fast-track the process. Subsequent liquor legislation retained the statutory obligation on decision-makers to ensure no overall detrimental social impact associated with the approval of an alcohol outlet licence. However, legislative amendments to the approval process reduced the number and kinds of licences and authorisations to which the social impact test applied and encouraged other shortcuts which undermine the validity of these assessments. The resulting statutory approval system in practice relegates SIA to an exception rather than the rule and has revealed the relative weakness of SIA as a public health safeguard.

This study explored the social-cognitive profile of 173 adults referred for an autism assessment. We considered key dimensional traits (autism, empathy and systemising) to understand social cognition in adults diagnosed with an autism spectrum condition compared with those who were referred for, but did not receive a diagnosis. There were no significant social cognitive differences between groups on measures of emotion recognition and social inference. Adults with a confirmed diagnosis, however, reported fewer empathising traits which were positively associated with social-cognitive understanding. Empathising partially mediated the relationship between diagnostic group and social-cognition. Lower empathising traits in individuals diagnosed in adulthood may be important in understanding challenges with social adaptability. The findings have implications for assessment and highlight the role of empathy in developing social understanding in autism.

Objectives This study addresses whether relative deprivation theory explains why some blacks perceive that the civil rights movement and black elected officials failed to improve the lot of the black community, including their own life chances. Methods We use data from a nationally representative survey of black adults, collected approximately 15 years after the passing of landmark civil rights legislation. Results Net of control variables, we find that relative deprivation associates significantly and positively with perceived inefficacy of black elected officials. However, relative deprivation does not predict perceptions of the civil rights movement as ineffective. Conclusions We know too little about mechanisms that produce variation in blacks’ perceptions of race-related social change. Today's economic and sociopolitical climate provides a unique opportunity to explore and explain such variation.

Objective To identify what New South Wales (NSW) farmers know about Q fever to inform preventive approaches. Design Thematic analysis of qualitative data gathered through semi-structured individual interviews, focus groups and a community meeting. Setting Rural communities in NSW, Australia. Participants A total of 25 farmers participated in individual interviews (n = 4) or three focus groups, each with seven participants (n = 21). A further 27 persons, were involved in a community meeting. Main outcome measures Themes derived from the interviews, focus groups and community meeting. Results Knowledge variations regarding Q fever risk and transmission highlight a need for improved risk communication. Vaccination was viewed as the preferred prevention approach; barriers were raised including time, costs, access to screening/vaccination and General Practitioner (GP) knowledge about Q fever. Local vaccination initiatives were supported. Conclusions Strengthening existing GP knowledge and services leading to expanded provision of screening/vaccination could improve the coverage of Q fever vaccine in endemic NSW farming and rural communities.

As guest editors of this sustainability issue of Biopreservation and Biobanking focused on business planning, utilization, and marketing, we invited a number of experts from different sectors of the biobanking arena to provide their views on business planning issues. Each expert was asked to provide a brief background statement on their biobanks, to build a context to understand their answers to the sustainability questions. We hope that these insights and experiences can provide valuable considerations and ideas for other biobanks who wish to develop or refine their own business plans, measure their utilization rates, and work toward financial sustainability. In addition, after the expert input was gathered, the guest editors invited an additional expert to provide summary comments and observations on cost and operational optimization strategies. The broad experiences from all of the experts included and scope of the biobanks they represent should provide a level of relevant representation for all interested parties.

A substantial and long-standing body of research supports the widely held conclusion that socioeconomic position (SEP) is a primary determinant of physical health risk. However, supporting evidence derives almost entirely from studies of dominantly white populations, and more recent research suggests that this relationship may vary across race-ethnicity. This article considers the extent to which such evidence applies to African Americans. It does so by examining the within-race relationships between SEP and physical health utilizing alternative research definitions of health and a nearly exhaustive array of measures of SEP. The results offer minimal support for SEP as a fundamental cause of disease among African Americans. They do not challenge the widely held view that health differences are rooted in the fundamental conditions of social context and experience. Rather, they indicate that these conditions tend to be defined more by being black than by being of lower SEP.

Ron Scapp is Professor of Humanities and Teacher Education at the College of Mount Saint Vincent, USA and Reclaiming Education is his third sole authored book after Managing to be Different: Educat...