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Abstract Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA) introduces potential biases in tsunami risk assessment if it assumes static coastlines. Global warming, in addition to geological and local factors, may affect sea-level rise in the next few decades. Here, we provide a method that integrates the expected sea-level rise into existing PTHA, updating regional models without further tsunami simulations. We perform the tsunami hazard analysis at the densely populated Mediterranean coasts, which are highly exposed to tsunami inundations, as reported by historical and instrumental evidence. PTHA and related epistemic uncertainties significantly change when we include the time-dependent components, such as: (1) vertical land movements along the coasts, and (2) future sea-level changes based on the expected climate scenarios described by the IPCC AR6 Report. Probability maps show that the mean probability of exceeding the 1 m and 2 m maximum inundation heights in 2070 has a general increase differentiating locally, with percent variations mainly in the range 10–30% of the updated time-dependent PTHA compared with the current PTHA.

Objectives. Although COVID-19 mainly affects the respiratory system, it can also cause neurological complications like memory impairment, which may be part of post-COVID-19 Syndrome. Identifying these impairments is challenging due to the lack of approaches and limited follow-up. This systematic review aimed to identify the effects of COVID-19 on memory. Methods. Analyzing articles from PubMed, SciELO, and VHL databases, focusing on the relationship between COVID-19 infection and memory impairment. Results. COVID-19 infection was linked to significant declines in memory function. The severity of infection correlated with the intensity of neurological sequelae, particularly memory impairment, with cognitive and executive functions most affected. Recovery in these functions paralleled symptom improvement. Conclusions. Patients often continued to exhibit executive function impairments and cognitive deficits after recovering, complicating the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology.

Malaria is increasingly diagnosed in urban centers across the Amazon Basin. In this study, we combined repeated prevalence surveys over a 4-year period of a household-based random sample of 2,774 persons with parasite genotyping to investigate the epidemiology of malaria in Mâncio Lima, the main urban transmission hotspot in Amazonian Brazil. We found that most malarial infections were asymptomatic and undetected by point-of-care microscopy. Our findings indicate that as malaria transmission decreases, the detection threshold of microscopy rises, resulting in more missed infections despite similar parasite densities estimated by molecular methods. We identified genetically highly diverse populations of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in the region; occasional shared lineages between urban and rural residents suggest cross-boundary propagation. The prevalence of low-density and asymptomatic infections poses a significant challenge for routine surveillance and the effectiveness of malaria control and elimination strategies in urbanized areas with readily accessible laboratory facilities.

In the current landscape of banking and financial services, a primary concern for industry practitioners revolves around predicting the probability of default (PD) and categorizing raw data into risk classes. This study addresses the challenge of predicting payment past-due for customers of Residential Mortgage-Based Securities (RMBS) and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) within the Italian banking sector, employing an innovative approach that integrates a classification model (Random Forest) with an anomalies detection technique (Isolation Forest). The models are trained on a substantial dataset comprising performing loans from the 2020-2022 period. Notably, this research stands out not only for its novel modeling approach but also for its focus on the arrear status of RMBS and SME customers as the target variable. By concentrating on past-due rather than the broader concept of probability of default, this approach enhances understanding of customers' financial stress levels, enabling proactive monitoring and intervention by decision-makers. The ultimate aim of this experimentation is to develop a robust and effective algorithm applicable in real-world scenarios for predicting the likelihood of past-due among individual customers and companies, thereby supporting management decision-making processes. Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed framework surpasses conventional statistical and machine learning algorithms in credit risk modeling, exhibiting robust performance on new data (validated against 2023 data) and thus proving its operational suitability.

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization patterns are influenced by host and environmental factors, which may be related to Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD). Interestingly, COVID-19 pandemic witnessed a decline in the incidence of IPDs. Investigations with diligent data collection on the prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization and associated serotypes during this unique period can yield novel insights. The aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence of S. pneumoniae carriage among children and adults who have sought care at emergency departments with suspected COVID-19. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, adults and children presenting with signs and symptoms likely associated with COVID-19 in two outpatient clinics in Southern Brazil were invited to participate. RT-PCR with a comprehensive molecular panel for pneumococcal identification of the 21 most prevalent serotypes in Latin America was performed on all enrolled subjects. Prevalence of pneumococcal carriage was assessed in the age groups (< 2, ≥ 2–5, ≥ 5–11, ≥ 11–18, ≥ 18–60, ≥ 60). Results: A total of 1644 subjects were included in the study. Pneumococcal carriage was detected by PCR testing in 14.9% (245/1,644), and serotype identification occurred in 42.0% (103/245) of the participants, with a total frequency of 111. The most frequent serotype identified was 19A (25.2%, n = 28/111), followed by 6C/6D (17.1%, n = 19/111), and 23A (11.7%, n = 13/111), also highlighting the high frequency of non-vaccine serotypes found across all age groups. Discussion: 19A serotype, as well other most frequent serotypes identified are not covered by the PCV-10 in a community setting where PCV-10 is widely available. This finding reinforces the need for continuous surveillance to determine the impact of pneumococcal vaccination and guide public health decision-making. High 19A serotype prevalence is critical in the decision-making process for electing the best options for pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

Para garantir a segurança do alimento, abatedouros- frigoríficos de aves seguem protocolos rígidos para evitar a contaminação por bactérias deteriorantes e patogênicas. Entretanto, Salmonella Heidelberg permanece como um problema de saúde pública, uma vez que é capaz de produzir biofilme e sobreviver em superfícies abióticas por longos períodos de tempo. Existe uma necessidade mundial para a identificação de compostos naturais que sejam capazes de remover e de prevenir a formação de biofilmes em superfícies de contato com alimentos. A água eletroquimicamente ativada (ECAW) é uma alternativa potencial aos desinfetantes químicos utilizados contra patógenos de alimentos. A atividade antibiofilme da ECAW já foi demonstrada em aço inoxidável e no polietileno, mas não em superfícies de poliestireno. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antibiofilme de ECAW contra os biofilmes de S. Heidelberg em superfícies de poliestireno e comparar com um desinfetante de amplo espectro, um detergente alcalino e um detergente ácido. Todos os produtos foram testados em três concentrações para determinar a atividade antibiofilme de ECAW contra os biofilmes de S. Heidelberg em superfícies de poliestireno a 25°C e a 37°C. Todos os experimentos foram realizados em triplicatas. A ECAW foi efetiva em 56% na capacidade de remoção dos biofilmes de S. Heidelberg formados em superfícies de poliestireno, sendo observada influência do tempo de contato, concentração do produto e temperatura. Em relação à prevenção da formação dos biofilmes, ECAW foi efetiva em 54% e apresentou resultados similares ou superiores ao desinfetante e aos detergentes avaliados. Os resultados encontrados in vitro demonstram que ECAW é efetiva na remoção e na prevenção de biofilmes de S. Heidelberg em superfícies de poliestireno. Ademais, confirmam o seu potencial para ser utilizada como uma alternativa na cadeia de produção de alimentos.

Abstract Compared to other malignancies, few studies have investigated the role of family history of cancer (FHC) in patients with lung cancer, yielding largely heterogeneous results. We performed a systematic literature review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, searching the PubMed and Scopus databases from their inception to November 25, 2023, to identify studies reporting on the role of FHC in patients with lung cancer. A total of 53 articles were included, most with a retrospective design and encompassing a variety of geographical areas and ethnicities. Thirty studies (56.6%) assessed patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while 17 studies (32.1%) assessed patients with mixed histologies. Overall, the rates of FHC ranged from 8.3 to 68.9%, and the rates of family history of lung cancer ranged from 2 to 46.8%. Twenty-seven studies investigated FHC as a potential risk factor for lung cancer, with more than half reporting an increased risk for subjects with FHC. Five studies reported on the potential role of FHC in determining clinical outcomes, and twelve studies examined the relationship between FHC and germline mutations. Notably, only one study reported a significantly increased rate of germline mutations, including ATM, BRCA2, and TP53, for patients with a family history of lung cancer compared to those without, but both groups had a low prevalence of mutations (

Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma análise formal da docência na Educação Profissional Técnica de Nível Médio (EPTNM) no Brasil, dando destaque às leis e a outros regulamentos da legislação educacional do país, relacionados principalmente à educação profissional e à formação de professores para a educação profissional, desde a criação das primeiras escolas técnicas no Brasil até o momento atual da EPTNM. Inicialmente foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica e posteriormente foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo. Foram entrevistados oito professores, que atuam na EPTNM e que realizaram algum curso de formação docente, de diversos campi do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais (IFMG) e do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG). Para a análise e interpretação dos dados, recorreu-se à análise de conteúdo e utilizou-se de uma abordagem qualitativa. Os resultados apontaram que o processo de institucionalização da formação docente para a atuação na educação profissional ao longo dos anos tem seguido uma trajetória pouco consistente, instável e obscura. Concluiu-se que a formação docente tem um potencial transformador da forma de agir e de pensar do docente e é bem relevante para a formação do professor da EPTNM.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic, while a major stressor, increased flexibility in sleep–wake schedules.Objectives To investigate the impact of the pandemic on sleep patterns in people with a history of depression and identify sociodemographic, clinical or genetic predictors of those impacts.Methods 6453 adults from the Australian Genetics of Depression Study (45±15 years; 75% women) completed surveys before (2016–2018) and during the pandemic (2020–2021). Participants were assigned to ‘short sleep’ (8 hours). We focused on those having prepandemic ‘optimal sleep’.Findings Pre pandemic, the majority (70%, n=4514) reported optimal sleep, decreasing to 49% (n=3189) during the pandemic. Of these, 57% maintained optimal sleep, while 16% (n=725) shifted to ‘short sleep’ and 27% (n=1225) to ‘long sleep’. In group comparisons ‘optimal-to-short sleep’ group had worse prepandemic mental health and increased insomnia (p’s

Abstract The objective of this work was to estimate the repeatability coefficients of variables related to fruit and nut production, the minimum number of crops required for genotype selection, and the permanent phenotypic correlation coefficients between variables in a cultivated population of Amazon nut. A total of 40 genotypes from seeds, belonging to an agroforestry system implemented in 1995, in the state of Roraima, Brazil, were evaluated during ten years for six variables related to fruit and nut production. The genetic-statistical analyses were performed using the maximum restricted likelihood and best linear unbiased prediction (REML/BLUP) method, based on the basic model of repeatability, without an experimental design, of the Selegen-REML/BLUP software. Genetic variability between genotypes and a moderate regularity in the repetition of the studied variables between different harvests were detected. The number of harvests required to reach a coefficient of determination of 80% ranged from seven, for the variables average nut weight per fruit and number of fruits per plant, to nine, for average nut weight. The correlation results indicate the possibility of indirect selection for nut production through the evaluation of the number and weight of fruits per plant.

Abstract The aim of this split-mouth randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical outcomes (operative time, edema, trismus, and pain), the immediate histological effects, the alveolar repair (2 and 4 months), and the quality of life after the extraction of impacted third molars using high-speed pneumatic and electrical rotation. Sixteen patients underwent extraction of the two mandibular third molars with a minimum interval of 15 days. On one side of the participant’s mouth, high-speed pneumatic rotation was used (Control Group—CG) while for the other side, high-speed electrical rotation was used (Study Group—SG). Statistical analysis included ANOVA repeated measures and Pearson correlations. SG group showed: shorter operative time (p = 0.019), less pain (p = 0.034), swelling (p

Abstract Impaired cardiac function has been described as a frequent complication of COVID-19-related pneumonia. To investigate possible underlying mechanisms, we represented the cardiovascular system by means of a lumped-parameter 0D mathematical model. The model was calibrated using clinical data, recorded in 58 patients hospitalized for COVID-19-related pneumonia, to make it patient-specific and to compute model outputs of clinical interest related to the cardiocirculatory system. We assessed, for each patient with a successful calibration, the statistical reliability of model outputs estimating the uncertainty intervals. Then, we performed a statistical analysis to compare healthy ranges and mean values (over patients) of reliable model outputs to determine which were significantly altered in COVID-19-related pneumonia. Our results showed significant increases in right ventricular systolic pressure, diastolic and mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and capillary wedge pressure. Instead, physical quantities related to the systemic circulation were not significantly altered. Remarkably, statistical analyses made on raw clinical data, without the support of a mathematical model, were unable to detect the effects of COVID-19-related pneumonia in pulmonary circulation, thus suggesting that the use of a calibrated 0D mathematical model to describe the cardiocirculatory system is an effective tool to investigate the impairments of the cardiocirculatory system associated with COVID-19.

Introduction: The rate of hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge is a quality indicator in health care. Paediatric patients with complex chronic conditions have high readmission rates. Failure in the transition between hospital and home care could explain this phenomenon. Objectives: To estimate the incidence rate of 30-day hospital readmission in paediatric patients with complex chronic conditions, estimate how many are potentially preventable and explore factors associated with readmission. Materials and method: Cohort study including hospitalised patients with complex chronic conditions aged 1 month to 18 years. Patients with cancer or with congenital heart disease requiring surgical correction were excluded. The outcomes assessed were 30-day readmission rate and potentially preventable readmissions. We analysed sociodemographic, geographic, clinical and transition to home care characteristics as factors potentially associated with readmission. Results: The study included 171 hospitalizations, and 28 patients were readmitted within 30 days (16.4%; 95% CI, 11.6%–22.7%). Of the 28 readmissions, 23 were potentially preventable (82.1%; 95% CI, 64.4%–92.1%). Respiratory disease was associated with a higher probability of readmission. There was no association between 30-day readmission and the characteristics of the transition to home care. Conclusions: The 30-day readmission rate in patients with complex chronic disease was 16.4%, and 82.1% of readmissions were potentially preventable. Respiratory disease was the only identified risk factor for 30-day readmission. Resumen: Introducción: La tasa de reingreso hospitalario a 30 días del alta es una medida de calidad de atención médica. Los pacientes pediátricos con patologías crónicas complejas tienen altas tasas de reingreso. La falla en la transición entre el cuidado hospitalario y domiciliario podría explicar este fenómeno. Objetivos: Estimar la tasa de incidencia de reingreso hospitalario a 30 días en pacientes pediátricos con patologías crónicas complejas, estimar cuántos son potencialmente prevenibles y explorar posibles factores asociados a reingreso. Materiales y método: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo incluyendo pacientes hospitalizados con patologías crónicas complejas de 1 mes a 18 años de edad. Se excluyeron pacientes con patología oncológica y cardiopatías congénitas. Se evaluaron el reingreso a 30 días y el reingreso potencialmente prevenible. Se valoraron características sociodemográficas, geográficas, clínicas y de la transición hacia el cuidado domiciliario. Resultados: Se incluyeron 171 hospitalizaciones; dentro de los 30 días reingresaron 28 pacientes (16,4 %; IC95% 11,6–22,7). De los 28 reingresos, 23, (82,1 %; IC95% 64,4–92,1) fueron potencialmente prevenibles. La patología respiratoria se asoció con mayor probabilidad de reingreso. No se encontró asociación entre reingreso a 30 días y los factores de la transición al cuidado domiciliario evaluados. Conclusiones: La tasa de reingreso a 30 días en pacientes con patología crónica compleja fue de 16,4 %, y el 82,1 % fueron potencialmente prevenibles. Únicamente la patología respiratoria se comportó como factor de riesgo para reingreso a 30 días.

Resumen: Introducción: La tasa de reingreso hospitalario a 30 días del alta es una medida de calidad de la atención médica. Los pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades crónicas complejas tienen altas tasas de reingreso. La falla en la transición entre el cuidado hospitalario y domiciliario podría explicar este fenómeno. Objetivos: Estimar la tasa de incidencia de reingreso hospitalario a 30 días en pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades crónicas complejas, estimar cuántos son potencialmente prevenibles y explorar posibles factores asociados a reingreso. Materiales y método: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo incluyendo pacientes hospitalizados con enfermedades crónicas complejas de un mes a 18 años de edad. Se excluyeron pacientes con enfermedad oncológica y cardiopatías congénitas. Se evaluaron el reingreso a 30 días y el reingreso potencialmente prevenible. Se valoraron características sociodemográficas, geográficas, clínicas y de la transición hacia el cuidado domiciliario. Resultados: Se incluyeron 171 hospitalizaciones; dentro de los 30 días reingresaron 28 pacientes (16,4%; IC95% 11,6-22,7). De los 28 reingresos, 23 (82,1%; IC95% 64,4-92,1) fueron potencialmente prevenibles. La enfermedad respiratoria se asoció con mayor probabilidad de reingreso. No se encontró asociación entre el reingreso a 30 días y los factores de la transición al cuidado domiciliario evaluados. Conclusiones: La tasa de reingreso a 30 días en pacientes con enfermedad crónica compleja fue del 16,4%, y el 82,1% fueron potencialmente prevenibles. Únicamente la enfermedad respiratoria se comportó como factor de riesgo para reingreso a 30 días. Abstract: Introduction: The rate of hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge is a quality indicator in health care. Paediatric patients with complex chronic conditions have high readmission rates. Failure in the transition between hospital and home care could explain this phenomenon. Objectives: To estimate the incidence rate of 30-day hospital readmission in paediatric patients with complex chronic conditions, estimate how many are potentially preventable and explore factors associated with readmission. Materials and method: Cohort study including hospitalized patients with complex chronic conditions aged one month to 18 years. Patients with cancer or with congenital heart disease requiring surgical correction were excluded. The outcomes assessed were 30-day readmission rate and potentially preventable readmissions. We analysed sociodemographic, geographic, clinical and transition to home care characteristics as factors potentially associated with readmission. Results: The study included 171 hospitalizations, and 28 patients were readmitted within 30 days (16.4%; 95% CI, 11.6–22.7). Of the 28 readmissions, 23 were potentially preventable (82.1%; 95% CI, 64.4–92.1). Respiratory disease was associated with a higher probability of readmission. There was no association between 30-day readmission and the characteristics of the transition to home care. Conclusions: The 30-day readmission rate in patients with complex chronic disease was 16.4%, and 82.1% of readmissions were potentially preventable. Respiratory disease was the only identified risk factor for 30-day readmission.

Abstract Placing the origin of an undeciphered script in time is crucial to understanding the invention of writing in human history. Rapa Nui, also known as Easter Island, developed a script, now engraved on fewer than 30 wooden objects, which is still undeciphered. Its origins are also obscure. Central to this issue is whether the script was invented before European travelers reached the island in the eighteenth century AD. Hence direct radiocarbon dating of the wood plays a fundamental role. Until now, only two tablets were directly dated, placing them in the nineteenth c. AD, which does not solve the question of independent invention. Here we radiocarbon-dated four Rongorongo tablets preserved in Rome, Italy. One specimen yielded a unique and secure mid-fifteenth c. date, while the others fall within the nineteenth c. AD. Our results suggest that the use of the script could be placed to a horizon that predates the arrival of external influence.

Objective: this study aimed at understanding the impact of payment for environmental services (PES) programs in relation to environmental indicators in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. Theoretical approach: the literary framework included three topics of discussion: payment for environmental services, program evaluation, and theory of change. In a broader way, the theme of evaluating programs in the agricultural area was articulated, considering the precepts of the theory of change. Method: geospatial data on land use, between 2016 and 2021, and amounts paid under the PES program with rural producers were collected to evaluate the impact on the increase or decrease in degraded and recovered areas. Data analysis included multivariate statistics, more specifically the comparison between groups and the relationship between variables through multiple linear regression. Results: the empirical results highlight that there is a significant difference in the increase in areas under recovery between producers who received PES values and producers not participating in this program. As for the types of PES, the one that pays for improvements in land use contributed most to the increase in the area under recovery. Conclusions: the study shows that evaluation methods for PES must be increasingly complex and measurable, as there are several possibilities for impacts depending on the objective of the program. The results are relevant to the theoretical, practical, and social spheres, in addition to helping to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by motor impairments caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition to these symptoms, PD patients often suffer from non-motor comorbidities including sleep and psychiatric disturbances, which are thought to depend on concomitant alterations of serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission. A primary locus of serotonergic neurons is the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), providing brain-wide serotonergic input. Here, we identified electrophysiological and morphological parameters to classify serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in the murine DRN under control conditions and in a PD model, following striatal injection of the catecholamine toxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Electrical and morphological properties of both neuronal populations were altered by 6-OHDA. In serotonergic neurons, most changes were reversed when 6-OHDA was injected in combination with desipramine, a noradrenaline (NA) reuptake inhibitor, protecting the noradrenergic terminals. Our results show that the depletion of both NA and dopamine in the 6-OHDA mouse model causes changes in the DRN neural circuitry.

Background Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) can directly promote tumor growth and indirectly support tumor immune evasion by altering the tumor microenvironment and immune cell responses. This study aimed to assess the prognostic significance of soluble RANKL in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving programmed cell death 1 (PD1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1) checkpoint inhibitor therapy.Methods Plasma RANKL levels were measured in 100 patients with advanced NSCLC without bone metastases undergoing monotherapy with PD1/PDL1 checkpoint inhibitors. To establish the optimal cut-off value, we used the Cutoff Finder package in R. Survival curves for four distinct patient groups, according to their RANKL and PDL1 levels (high or low), were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. The Cox regression model calculated HRs and 95% CIs for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).Results The optimal RANKL cut-off was established at 280.4 pg/mL, categorizing patients into groups with high or low RANKL levels. A significant association was observed between increased RANKL concentrations and decreased survival rates at 24 months, only within the subgroup expressing high levels of PDL1 (p=0.002). Additionally, low RANKL levels in conjunction with elevated PDL1 expression correlated with improved PFS (median 22 months, 95% CI 6.70 to 50 vs median 4 months, 95% CI 3.0 to 7.30, p=0.009) and OS (median 26 months, 95% CI 20 to not reached vs median 7 months, 95% CI 6 to 13, p=0.003), indicating RANKL’s potential as an indicator of adverse prognosis in these patients. Multivariate analysis identified RANKL as an independent negative prognostic factor for both PFS and OS, regardless of other clinicopathological features.Conclusion These results highlight the prognostic and predictive value of RANKL specifically in patients with high PDL1 expression.

Objetivo: investigar a Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho entre profissionais de enfermagem de uma unidade de internação específica para atendimento à pacientes infectados pela COVID-19. Método: estudo descritivo e transversal que ocorreu entre maio e julho de 2021, por meio de formulário eletrônico, contendo instrumento de caracterização sociodemográfico e laboral, dos participantes, e o Total Quality of Work Life-42. Foram aplicadas análises estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Resultados: participarem 106 profissionais de enfermagem atuantes na unidade COVID-19, com escore geral de Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho de 58,49±12,85. Maiores pontuações foram para a esfera Psicológico/Comportamental (70,43); e menores, para Econômico/Político (49,38). Nível de motivação no trabalho altamente correlacionado com o nível de satisfação (r=0,90; p=

As society advances globally, the pursuit of gender equity transcends geographical borders and maintains its historical significance. This paper examines the persistent underrepresentation of women in STEM fields, with a focus on engineering, both nationally and globally. Using data from the Enade in Brazil from 2004 to 2019, it explores the reasons behind this disparity and the influence of differences in interests between men and women in STEM careers. The study highlights the ongoing male predominance in engineering courses, despite a gradual increase in female participation. It observes gender variations in engineering disciplines and across regions in Brazil, emphasizing the need to enhance female representation. The paper underscores the importance of recognizing gender expectations, stereotypes, and socioeconomic inequalities while promoting the inclusion of all gender identities to create equitable environments. It proposes strategies to promote gender equality in STEM, including safe environments, combatting sexism, female leadership, and adjustments to educational policies.