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Geological hydrogen storage, seen as a viable solution for addressing energy demands and mitigating the intermittency of wind power, is gaining recognition. At present, there are no specific studies that estimate hydrogen storage capacity and the potential for wind integration in North Dakota despite the state's enormous energy resources and capabilities. The study's key innovation lies in repurposing a region historically associated with oil and gas for sustainable energy storage, thereby addressing the intermittency of wind sources. Moreover, the innovative aspect of this study involves field selection, site screening, characterization, and mathematical modeling to simulate a wind–hydrogen production and geological storage system. A 15 MW wind farm, using real-world data from General Electric wind turbines, is employed to assess storage capacities within the Middle Bakken formation. The study reveals substantial storage potentials in wells W24814, W19693, and W26990, with capacities of 54,000, 33,000, and 22,000 tons, respectively. These capacities translate to energy storage capabilities of 1080, 660, and 440 GWh, with minimum storage durations of 140, 80, and 57 days, respectively, under a 60% system efficiency. By pioneering the integration of wind energy with geological hydrogen storage in a region traditionally dominated by fossil fuel extraction, this research could play a crucial role in advancing North Dakota's energy transition, providing a blueprint for similar initiatives globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a rural county dependent on coal power, Bowman County in North Dakota currently faces high greenhouse gas emissions along with vulnerability to fluctuating fossil fuel prices in powering its [...]

This study addresses the critical need for a comprehensive review of the legal and regulatory landscape for hydrogen energy in the US, motivated by its potential to enhance energy security, create a diverse energy mix, and mitigate climate change. The novelty lies in its thorough examination of fragmented hydrogen regulations across federal and state levels, highlighting issues such as lack of national law, regional overregulation, inconsistencies in subsidy support mechanisms, and underfunded long-term hydrogen initiatives, which have received limited academic attention. Non-technical updates, such as harmonized codes and standards, improved safety practices, a strong supply chain, and a skilled workforce, are also essential. The study emphasizes the need for more infrastructure investment and a systematic framework, as 60% of hydrogen production and consumption is on-site. This research contributes to the literature by emphasizing the need for a cohesive framework, substantial infrastructure investment, and collaboration among stakeholders to advance the hydrogen economy. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen laws, policies, regulations, and strategies in the U.S. are reviewed. • Hydrogen laws and regulations are spread across different codes of federal regulations. • Two levels of regulations exist in the U.S. • Various regulatory bodies oversee the hydrogen value chain. • The majority of US hydrogen strategies are now focusing on R&D and incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Hydrogen (GH) is increasingly recognized as a viable solution in the United States (US) for meeting energy demands, achieving net zero emissions by 2050, and mitigating the intermittent nature of renewable sources such as wind and solar. This review paper identifies and examines three crucial research areas concerning GH. Despite significant federal, state, and business investment in the development of hydrogen technology, numerous questions have remained unanswered including economic viability, social acceptance, and policies and regulations. In comparison to the US, Europe, and Asia have taken a lead role in studying the social and regulatory aspects of GH. The study shows limited focus on social acceptance, and the absence of dedicated policies and regulations for hydrogen. The US lacks coordinated policies for GH and is blended with natural gas. The literature shows that the relationship between economics, social sciences, and policies and regulations are intrinsic. The success of GH in the US will require massive investments, public and private collaboration, research on social sciences, and regulatory support. Hence, the GH rollout will bridge the energy transition, and climate and development targets which guide future industrial, government and public decisions. • Knowledge and experience play a major role in the acceptance of green hydrogen. • Green hydrogen technology lacks a value chain. • Lack of green hydrogen-specific regulatory agencies and standards in the US. • Economic, social, and regulatory challenges interlinked for green hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate prediction of underground formation lithology class and tops is a critical challenge in the oil industry. This paper presents a machine-learning (ML) approach to predict lithology from drilling data, offering real-time litho-facies identification. The ML model, applied via the web app "GeoVision", achieves remarkable performance during its training phase with a mean accuracy of 95% and a precision of 98%. The model successfully predicts claystone, marl, and sandstone classes with high precision scores. Testing on new data yields an overall accuracy of 95%, providing valuable insights and setting a benchmark for future efforts. To address the limitations of current methodologies, such as time lags and lack of real-time data, we utilize drilling data as a unique endeavor to predict lithology. Our approach integrates nine drilling parameters, going beyond the narrow focus on the rate of penetration (ROP) often seen in previous research. The model was trained and evaluated using the open Volve field dataset, and careful data preprocessing was performed to reduce features, balance the sample distribution, and ensure an unbiased dataset. The innovative methodology demonstrates exceptional performance and offers substantial advantages for real-time geosteering. The accessibility of our models is enhanced through the user-friendly web app "GeoVision", enabling effective utilization by drilling engineers and marking a significant advancement in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate determination of key parameters, including the CO2-hydrocarbon solubility ratio (Rs), interfacial tension (IFT), and minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), is vital for the success of CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) projects. This study presents a robust machine learning framework that leverages deep neural networks (MLP-Adam), support vector regression (SVR-RBF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithms to obtained accurate predictions of these critical parameters. The models are developed and validated using a comprehensive database compiled from previously published studies. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of various factors influencing the Rs, IFT, and MMP is conducted to enhance our understanding of their impacts. Compared to existing correlations and alternative machine learning models, our proposed framework not only exhibits lower calculation errors but also provides enhanced insights into the relationships among the influencing factors. The performance evaluation of the models using statistical indicators revealed impressive coefficients of determination of unseen data (0.9807 for dead oil solubility, 0.9835 for live oil solubility, 0.9931 for CO2-n-Alkane interfacial tension, and 0.9648 for minimum miscibility pressure). One notable advantage of our models is their ability to predict values while accommodating a wide range of inputs swiftly and accurately beyond the limitations of common correlations. The dataset employed in our study encompasses diverse data, spanning from heptane (C7) to eicosane (C20) in the IFT dataset, and MMP values ranging from 870 psi to 5500 psi, covering the entire application range of CO2-EOR. This innovative and robust approach presents a powerful tool for predicting crucial parameters in CO2-EOR projects, delivering superior accuracy, speed, and data diversity compared to those of the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our increased reliance on fossil fuels and its environmental effects have led us to prioritize transitioning to a carbon-free economy and using renewable sources of electric power. Hydrogen is an environmentally friendly, non-carbon-based energy source that can replace fossil fuels. It is critical to create a long-term storage medium to balance its intermittent supply and demand. Developing a full-scale H 2 economy requires large-scale H 2 storage. H 2 storage in geological formations is being explored as a possible option where it can be withdrawn again at a larger stage for utilization. This study examines global underground operational and prospective locations to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of hydrogen storage worldwide. Underground geological formations have effectively stored H 2 , as shown in the literature review. Geochemical, microbiological, hydrodynamic, and geomechanic factors affected by injected hydrogen are some of the key challenges in storing hydrogen in deep geological formations. These factors have a significant impact on the project's performance and operating efficiency. A roadmap for the implementation of underground hydrogen storage (UHS) is presented. The economic aspects of UHS were analyzed. Research is still ongoing on the potential effects of storing hydrogen in salt caverns, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and saline aquifers, subsurface geological media. This study also encompasses the state-of-the-art hydrodynamic, geo-chemical and geo-mechanical modeling studies in the UHS domain, as well as several modeling software tools. Finally, conclusions, recommendations and further investigations were provided. • Major kinds of underground hydrogen storage (UHS) are assessed. • UHS either pure or in the form of a gas mixture, is a promising approach. • UHS is not yet ready for complete industrial and nationwide integration. • Modeling techniques improve understanding of underground reservoir dynamics. • UHS in salt caverns is seen as technically mature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]