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In assisted reproductive technology, in vitro fertilization involves cultivating embryos in an artificial environment, often yielding lower-quality embryos compared to in vivo conditions. This study investigated core body temperature (CBT) fluctuations in mice during early pregnancy. Their CBT was measured with a high temporal resolution to identify the optimal thermal conditions during the first five days post-fertilization, aiming to improve in vitro culture conditions. Data were collected from 12 female mice, with 8 becoming pregnant, using temperature loggers every minute for 11 days. Data analysis focused on trends, circadian rhythms, frequency components, and complexity using multiscale entropy (MSE). The results for the pregnant mice showed a mean CBT increase from 37.23 °C to 37.56 °C post-mating, primarily during the light phase, with a significant average rise of 0.58 °C. A Fourier analysis identified dominant 24, 12, 8, and 6 h components, with the 24 h component decreasing by 57%. Irregular fluctuations decreased, and MSE indicated increased complexity in the CBT time series post-mating. These results suggest that reducing diurnal temperature variations and maintaining a slightly elevated mean CBT of approximately 37.5 °C, with controlled minor fluctuations, may enhance embryo quality in pregnant mice. This study provides a reference for temperature regulation in embryo culture, improving embryo quality by aligning in vitro conditions with the natural thermal environment of the fallopian tubes.

Abstract Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive myopathy caused by dystrophin mutations. Although respiratory management has improved the prognosis of patients with DMD, inevitable progressive cardiomyopathy is a current leading cause of premature death. Recently, we showed that a medium-chain triglyceride containing ketogenic diet (MCTKD) improves skeletal muscle function and pathology in a CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited rat model with DMD. In this study, we sought to clarify whether MCTKD also improves the cardiomyopathy in these rats. DMD rats were fed either the MCTKD or normal diet (ND) from ages of 3 weeks to 9 months old. Compared with the ND-fed rats, MCTKD-fed rats showed significantly prolonged QRS duration, decreased left ventricular fractional shortening, an increased heart weight/body weight ratio, and progression of cardiac fibrosis. In contrast to our previous study which found that MCTKD improved skeletal myopathy, the current study showed unexpected exacerbation of the cardiomyopathy. Further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms for these differences and to explore modified dietary options that improve skeletal and cardiac muscles simultaneously.

A circularly polarized (CP), small, beam-steerable antenna is realized using bent metalines. The antenna has the following features: 1) dual-band operation at low frequency $f_{\mathrm {LOW}}$ (wavelength $\lambda _{\mathrm {LOW}}$ ) and at high frequency $f_{\mathrm {HIGH}}$ (wavelength $\lambda _{\mathrm {HIGH}}$ ); 2) a small antenna volume of less than $0.01\lambda _{\mathrm {LOW}}^{3}$ ; 3) a small antenna height on the order of $\lambda _{\mathrm {LOW}}$ /100; 4) a small conducting antenna footprint of $0.62\lambda _{\mathrm {LOW}}\times 0.49\lambda _{\mathrm {LOW}}$ ; and 5) a phased array antenna consisting of minimum array elements (two elements). Firstly, the antenna characteristics of straight and bent metalines are briefly summarized. Secondly, it is shown that an array antenna composed of two bent metalines forms a CP broadside beam at $f_{\mathrm {LOW}}$ using an equal-amplitude/in-phase excitation mode. This is also shown to be true at $f_{\mathrm {HIGH}}$ . Thirdly, each of the obtained CP broadside beams at $f_{\mathrm {LOW}}$ and $f_{\mathrm {HIGH}}$ is steered within the H-plane. The array antenna is found to have a CP beam that is steerable across a region of $\theta = - 40^{\circ }$ to $\theta = + 30^{\circ }$ at $f_{\mathrm {LOW}}$ and $\theta = - 40^{\circ }$ to $\theta = + 25^{\circ }$ at $f_{\mathrm {HIGH}}$ , with an axial ratio of less than 3 dB. During the beam steering, the gain deviation from its maximum value is found to be small: 1.7 dB at $f_{\mathrm {LOW}}$ and 1.4 dB at $f_{\mathrm {HIGH}}$ .

A beam-forming system for a patch antenna is proposed to realize a deeply tilted beam with high-gain, high aperture efficiency, and low sidelobe level. The proposed system uses only one novel metaplate, where the total system height is less than one wavelength. Firstly, a T-shaped metatwin is created as an element for the metaplate. It is revealed that the metatwin can provide a phase shift of more than 450° with change in the metatwin arm length. Based on this, secondly, a simulation is performed where a normally incident plane wave is refracted at a deep angle of 65° using a single metaplate. Thirdly, the incident plane wave is changed to a quasi-spherical wave using a small patch antenna. It is found that a 65° tilted beam is formed by virtue of a newly designed single metaplate. It is also found that a gain of 18.1 dBi is realized with an aperture efficiency of 49% and a maximum side lobe level of −14.6 dB. Fourthly, all simulated results, including the frequency response of the gain and S11, are validated using measured results.

Abstract Purpose Pathological extramural venous invasion (EMVI) is defined as the active invasion of malignant cells into veins beyond the muscularis propria in colorectal cancer. It is associated with poor prognosis and increases the risk of disease recurrence. Specific findings on MRI (termed MRI-EMVI) are reportedly associated with pathological EMVI. In this study, we aimed to identify risk factors for lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis related to rectal cancer and to evaluate whether MRI-EMVI could be a new and useful imaging biomarker to help LLN metastasis diagnosis besides LLN size. Methods We investigated 67 patients who underwent rectal resection and LLN dissection for rectal cancer. We evaluated MRI-EMVI grading score and examined the relationship between MRI-EMVI and LLN metastasis. Results Pathological LLN metastasis was detected in 18 cases (26.9%), and MRI-EMVI was observed in 32 cases (47.8%). Patients were divided into two cohorts, according to LLN metastasis. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that higher risk of LLN metastasis was significantly associated with MRI-EMVI (P = 0.0112) and a short lateral lymph node axis (≥ 5 mm) (P = 0.0002). The positive likelihood ratios of MRI-EMVI alone, LLN size alone, and the combination of both factors were 2.12, 4.84, and 16.33, respectively. Patients negative for both showed better 2-year relapse-free survival compared to other patients (84.4% vs. 62.1%, P = 0.0374). Conclusions MRI-EMVI was a useful imaging biomarker for identifying LLN metastasis in patients with rectal cancer. The combination of MRI-EMVI and LLN size can improve diagnostic accuracy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a myopathy characterized by progressive muscle weakness caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene on the X chromosome. We recently showed that a medium-chain triglyceride-containing ketogenic diet (MCTKD) improves skeletal muscle myopathy in a CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited rat model of DMD. We examined the effects of the MCTKD on transcription profiles in skeletal muscles of the model rats to assess the underlying mechanism of the MCTKD-induced improvement in DMD. DMD rats were fed MCTKD or normal diet (ND) from weaning to 9 months, and wild-type rats were fed with the ND, then tibialis anterior muscles were sampled for mRNA-seq analysis. Pearson correlation heatmaps revealed a one-node transition in the expression profile between DMD and wild-type rats. A total of 10,440, 11,555 and 11,348 genes were expressed in the skeletal muscles of wild-type and ND-fed DMD rats the MCTKD-fed DMD rats, respectively. The MCTKD reduced the number of DMD-specific mRNAs from 1624 to 1350 and increased the number of mRNAs in common with wild-type rats from 9931 to 9998. Among 2660 genes were differentially expressed in response to MCTKD intake, the mRNA expression of 1411 and 1249 of them was respectively increased and decreased. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses suggested that the MCTKD significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix organization and inflammation. This suggestion was consistent with our previous findings that the MCTKD significantly suppressed fibrosis and inflammation in DMD rats. In contrast, the MCTKD significantly increased the mRNA expression of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production pathways, suggesting altered energy metabolism. The decreased and increased mRNA expression of Sln and Atp2a1 respectively suggested that Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activation is involved in the MCTKD-induced improvement of skeletal muscle myopathy in DMD rats. This is the first report to examine transcription profiles in the skeletal muscle of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited DMD model rats and the effect of MCTKD feeding on it.

Objectives: Anastomotic leakage is one of the most severe complications of rectal cancer surgery. A diverting ileostomy was constructed for the purpose of reducing anastomotic failure risk. Outlet obstruction (OO) is one of the complications of diverting stoma that results in a lack of fecal discharge from the stoma. Detailed etiologies and preventive measures for outlet obstruction have not yet been identified. Methods: We studied 125 patients who underwent rectal resection, anastomosis, and elective ileostomy. We evaluated the incidence of outlet obstruction and looked for any relationship between perioperative factors and outlet obstruction. Results: Outlet obstruction was detected in 20 cases (16.0%). Outlet obstruction occurred 9 days after surgery in most cases. Inserting a decompressing tube improved obstructive symptoms in 4 days. Patients were divided into two cohorts according to the occurrence of outlet obstruction. Postoperative hospital stay was longer in the outlet obstruction group (19 vs. 15 days; p = 0.0003). A multivariate analysis identified that younger patients, a postoperative thicker rectus abdominis muscle at the stoma passage and high output syndrome were independent risk factors for outlet obstruction. Conclusions: Younger patients, a postoperative thicker rectus abdominis muscle at stoma passage and high output syndrome were independent risk factors for outlet obstruction.

Polymethoxyflavones are flavonoids that are abundant in citrus fruit peels and have beneficial effects on human health. Previous studies have demonstrated that the polymethoxyflavones, namely sudachitin and nobiletin, ameliorate obesity and diabetes in humans and rodents. Although nobiletin induces lipolysis in adipocytes, lipolytic pathway activation by sudachitin has not been clarified in adipocytes. In this study, the effect of sudachitin on lipolysis was elucidated in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Glycerol release into the medium and activation of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)/hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) pathway was evaluated in 3T3-L1-differentiated adipocytes. Treatment with sudachitin and nobiletin for 24 and 48 h did not induce cytotoxicity at concentrations of up to 50 μM. Sudachitin and nobiletin at concentrations of 30 and 50 μM increased intracellular cAMP and medium glycerol levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Western blotting revealed that sudachitin and nobiletin dose-dependently increased protein levels of phosphorylated PKA substrates and phosphorylated HSL. Sudachitin- and nobiletin-induced glycerol release, phosphorylation of PKA substrates, and HSL phosphorylation were suppressed by pharmacological inhibition of adenylate cyclase and PKA. These findings indicated that sudachitin, similar to nobiletin, exerts anti-obesogenic effects, at least in part through the induction of lipolysis in adipocytes.

Abstract Olanzapine has exhibited efficacy as an antiemetic agent when used with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, dexamethasone, and NK1 receptor antagonists for patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy. In addition, several studies have reported the efficacy or safety of olanzapine in patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy, including carboplatin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin. However, no reports of olanzapine use have focused on patients receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Therefore, we analyzed the safety of antiemetic therapy using olanzapine, palonosetron, aprepitant, and dexamethasone in colorectal cancer patients undergoing oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. This study was a prospective phase II single-institution study of 40 patients (median age 60 years, 23 patients were male). The primary endpoint was the incidence of adverse events, and the exploratory endpoints were the rate of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Almost all patients (90%) had a performance status of 0. All patients received the scheduled antiemetic therapy. The most common adverse event was somnolence (n = 7 patients, 17.5%). All adverse events were grade 1. Thirty-six patients were included in the exploratory analysis of efficacy. No patients experienced vomiting during the first 120 h after chemotherapy, and complete response and complete control were both 86.1%. The rate of total control was 55.6% during the same time period. Olanzapine use with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, dexamethasone, and NK1 receptor antagonists was safe for colorectal cancer patients receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.

The radiation generated by the current in an active region (ACT-R), specified by propagation phase constant β, is investigated with special interest in its phase progression (PhasProg). The ACT-R is modeled by circular and square loops, and classified into two types: a right-handed ACT-R with positive β and a left-handed ACT-R with negative β. Firstly, a circular ACT-R of a length of n guided wavelengths is formulated. It is found that, at any depression angle θ, the PhasProg with respect to azimuth angle φ is downward-sloping for the right-handed ACT-R and upward-sloping for the left-handed ACT-R. These PhasProgs have a perfectly linear change of 360n degrees (n = 1, 2) with respect to azimuth angle φ. Secondly, a square ACT-R of a length of n guided wavelengths is formulated. When k0/|β| = 1 with k0 being free-space phase constant, the PhasProg is found to be downward-sloping for the right-handed ACT-R and upward-sloping for the left-handed ACT-R, with a quasi-linear change of 360n degrees (n = 1, 2) with respect to azimuth angle φ. Thirdly, the formulated numerical expressions are compared with simulated results obtained using natural and metaloop antennas, and reasonable agreement between these is observed. Fourthly, a comment is made on a singular phenomenon of the PhasProg for n = 2, with an example where k0/β = 2.

A metaloop antenna (1FD-MetaLPA), made of $C$ -type metaatoms and having a single feed point, $F_{\mathrm {L}}$ ’, is created to radiate a left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) axial beam at a frequency of $f_{\mathrm {LH-1FD}} =2.55$ GHz and a right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) axial beam at a frequency of $f_{\mathrm {RH-1FD}} =3.45$ GHz. It is revealed that the maximum gains at $f_{\mathrm {LH-1FD}}$ and $f_{\mathrm {RH-1FD}}$ are unbalanced. Subsequently, a number of $C$ -type metaatoms are replaced by $N$ -type metaatoms. The replacement generates a balanced gain of 7.1 dBi with an LHCP gain bandwidth of 7.7% and an RHCP gain bandwidth of 8.3%. The radiation efficiency under the balanced gain is 75% at $f_{\mathrm {LH-1FD}}$ and 29% at $f_{\mathrm {RH-1FD}}$ . Next, a large metaloop antenna that radiates a conical beam and has a feed point, $F_{\mathrm {O}}$ , is concentrically added to the outside of the gain-balanced 1FD-MetaLPA. This antenna system is designated as the MetaLPA-plus. It is found that the MetaLPA-plus radiates an LHCP tilted beam at $f_{\mathrm {LH-1FD}}$ and an RHCP tilted beam at $f_{\mathrm {RH-1FD}}$ . The angle of depression (tilt angle) using equal amplitude excitation is $\theta _{\mathrm {max}} = 20^{\circ }$ at $f_{\mathrm {LH-1FD}}$ and $\theta _{\mathrm {max}} = 15^{\circ }$ at $f_{\mathrm {RH-1FD}}$ . These tilted CP radiation beams are rotated around the antenna axis with change in the excitation phases at points $F_{\mathrm {L}}$ ’ and $F_{\mathrm {O}}$ . During the beam-steering, the gain for an LHCP wave is nearly constant, with a value between 5 dBi and 6.5 dBi. This also holds true for an RHCP wave.

A metacurl antenna made of C-type metaatoms (forming a C-type metaline), called the C-metacurl antenna, is investigated. The investigation reveals that the gain for a left-handed circularly polarized wave, LHCP gain, has a maximum value at frequency fLH and the gain for a right-handed circularly polarized wave, RHCP gain, has a maximum value at different frequency fRH, where the maximum LHCP gain is smaller than the maximum RHCP gain. Subsequently, a different metaatom that forms the unit cell of an N-type metaline, called the N-type metaatom, is investigated. It is found that the radiation from the N-type metaatom is LHCP. This infers that the maximum LHCP gain for the C-metacurl antenna will increase when some C-type metaatoms are replaced by N-type metaatoms. Based on this inference, a novel metacurl antenna composed of C-type metaatoms and N-type metaatoms, called the compound metacurl antenna, is analyzed. The analysis reveals that replacement with an appropriate number of N-type metaatoms increases the maximum LHCP gain, resulting in a balancing of LHCP gain and RHCP gain. The antenna characteristics under such a gain-balanced situation, including the radiation pattern, axial ratio, and input characteristic (VSWR), are also discussed.

Radiation in the normal direction for a metaloop antenna is discussed. First, the radiation field generated from an N-type current distributed along a loop, EN, is investigated. The investigation clarifies the behavior of the unbalance between the left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) component of EN at frequency f(-) and the right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) component of EN at frequency f(+), where the loop circumference at these frequencies is one guided wavelength. Secondly, the radiation field generated from a C-type current, EC, is investigated. The second investigation, when combined with the first investigation, leads to an inference that balanced radiation (and hence balanced gain) will be obtained when the N-type current over a certain region of the loop is replaced with a C-type current. Thirdly, to check this inference, a radiation field generated from a composite of the N-type and C-type currents, ENC, is formulated. Using this formulation, the ratio of the gain for an LHCP wave to the gain for an RHCP wave, Gr, is derived. Fourthly, a metaloop antenna simulation model that has a balanced gain is created using practical N-type and C-type metaatoms that realize the composite current. Finally, a metaloop antenna is fabricated on the basis of the antenna simulation model. Measurements confirm that the fabricated metaloop antenna has a balanced gain in the normal direction. As supplementary data, the radiation pattern and VSWR of the fabricated metaloop antenna are also presented, together with the radiation efficiency and some comments.

Summary: Background: Anatomical liver resections guided by a demarcation line after portal staining or inflow clamping of the target area have been established as essential methods for curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and have subsequently been applied to other malignancies. However, laparoscopic anatomical liver resection (LALR) procedures are very difficult to reproduce, and the confirmation of demarcation of the hepatic segment on a monitor is also challenging. Recently, indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging has been used to identify hepatic tumors and segmental boundaries during hepatectomy. Herein, we describe LALR using ICG fluorescence imaging. Methods: Three patients underwent pure LALR using ICG fluorescence imaging at our institute. One patient underwent anatomical partial liver resection for HCC, another underwent segmentectomy 3 for metastatic liver cancer, and the third underwent right anterior sectionectomy for HCC. To visualize hepatic perfusion and the demarcation line by negative staining using an optical imaging system, 2.5 mg ICG was injected intravenously during surgery following clamping or closure of the proximal Glissonean pedicles. Results: For all three cases, ICG fluorescent imaging clearly delineated the demarcation lines and allowed identification of intersegmental planes to some extent because the tumor-bearing hepatic region became non-fluorescing parenchyma during parenchymal transection. This allowed surgeons to recognize the direction and guide the transection of the liver parenchyma when performing LALR. Conclusion: LALR using ICG fluorescence imaging is a feasible procedure for resection of the tumor-bearing hepatic region and facilitates visualization of the demarcation line and identification of the boundaries of the hepatic sections. Keywords: Anatomical liver resection, Fluorescence imaging, Indocyanine green, Laparoscopic hepatectomy, Laparoscopic liver resection

Obesity, a known risk factor for various types of cancer, reduces the number and function of cytotoxic immune cells in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). However, the impact of obesity on CD4+ T cells remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the impact of obesity on CD4+ T cells in the TIME. A tumor-bearing obese mouse model was established by feeding with 45% high-fat diet (HFD), followed by inoculation with a colon cancer cell line MC38. Tumor growth was significantly accelerated compared to that in mice fed a control diet. Tumor CD4+ T cells showed a significant reduction in number and an increased expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1), and decreased CD107a expression and cytokine such as IFN-γ and TNF-α production, indicating dysfunction. We further established CD4+ T cell-depleted HFD-fed model mice, which showed reduced tumor infiltration, increased PD-1 expression in CD8+ T cells, and obesity-induced acceleration of tumor growth in a CD4+ T cell-dependent manner. These findings suggest that the reduced number and dysfunction of CD4+ T cells due to obesity led to a decreased anti-tumor response of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to ultimately accelerate the progression of colorectal cancer. Our findings may elucidate the pathogenesis for poor outcomes of colorectal cancer associated with obesity.

The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, and obesity can cause type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Intake of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) containing medium-chain fatty acids reduces body fat and insulin resistance in rodents and humans. This study aimed to determine how the timing of MCT consumption affects obesity and metabolic dysfunction induced in mice by a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHSD). Mice received an HFHSD with or without MCT (M-HFHSD) during either the active or rest phase for 9 weeks. Significant reduction in body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT) weight, and adipocyte size in epididymal WAT (eWAT) and improved insulin sensitivity in mice fed with M-HFHSD during the active but not the rest phase were observed. The consumption of M-HFHSD during both active and rest phases increased glucose tolerance. Phosphorylated Akt was more abundant in the gastrocnemius muscles and eWAT of M-HFHSD-fed mice than in those fed HFHSD during the active phase. The mRNA and protein expression of lipogenic genes increased in the eWAT of mice fed M-HFHSD compared with those fed HFHSD. Feeding with M-HFHSD during the active phase significantly increased the abundance of phosphorylated Ser563 and 660 of hormone-sensitive lipase and its upstream protein kinase A in eWAT. These results indicated that the timing of consumption modulates the effects of MCT on eWAT hypertrophy and glucose and lipid metabolism in mice.

A two-arm metaspiral antenna is presented, where the feeding voltage sources are expressed using excitation amplitude r and deviation angle δ. This excitation is decomposed into the odd mode and even mode components. The odd mode component forms a circularly polarized (CP) axial beam and the even mode component forms a CP conical beam, whose maximum intensity is off the antenna axis. Superimposing the conical beam onto the axial beam forms a reduced radiation region in the elevation plane. The reduced radiation region is used for minimizing transmission in a particular φFBD direction or the rejection of interference signals from the φFBD direction. This paper presents a formula that estimates the azimuth angle of the reduced radiation region. The formula features the excitation mode ratio, m, and the mode phase difference, ΔΦ. The formulated azimuth angle is validated by showing good agreement with the simulated azimuth angle obtained by searching for a null over the 3D radiation pattern. The formula is simple and hence supersedes the time-consuming 3D null search.

Avian uncoupling protein (avUCP), sharing 71-73% amino acid homology with both UCP2 and UCP3, is one of the mitochondrial anion carrier proteins. Its precise physiological roles in the cell remain elusive. A confusing aspect of these UCP variants (namely, UCP2, UCP3 and avUCP), is that their expression is enhanced in response to fasting ; that is, in response to basal metabolic state in which such energy expenditure would be expected to be depressed. In this study, we examined progressive alterations in the expression of genes encoding for mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, not only UCP but also avian adenine nucleotide translocator (avANT), in the skeletal muscle tissue of fasted chickens. The expression of avUCP gene was markedly enhanced after 12h of fasting and then diminished slightly but remained elevated after 96h of fasting compared to time 0 levels. In contrast, avANT was up-regulated only after 24h of fasting but continued to be further increased after 96h. Taken together, these results demonstrate that transcription of each of the mitochondrial anion carriers, avUCP and avANT, is independently up-regulated during fasting periods, implying different control mechanisms and consequences of each in metabolic adaptations involved in prolonged fasting.

Background. Unloading stress induces skeletal muscle atrophy. We have reported that Cbl-b ubiquitin ligase is a master regulator of unloading-associated muscle atrophy. The present study was designed to elucidate whether dietary soy glycinin protein prevents denervation-mediated muscle atrophy, based on the presence of inhibitory peptides against Cbl-b ubiquitin ligase in soy glycinin protein. Methods. Mice were fed either 20% casein diet, 20% soy protein isolate diet, 10% glycinin diet containing 10% casein, or 20% glycinin diet. One week later, the right sciatic nerve was cut. The wet weight, cross sectional area (CSA), IGF-1 signaling, and atrogene expression in hindlimb muscles were examined at 1, 3, 3.5, or 4 days after denervation. Results. 20% soy glycinin diet significantly prevented denervation-induced decreases in muscle wet weight and myofiber CSA. Furthermore, dietary soy protein inhibited denervation-induced ubiquitination and degradation of IRS-1 in tibialis anterior muscle. Dietary soy glycinin partially suppressed the denervation-mediated expression of atrogenes, such as MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, through the protection of IGF-1 signaling estimated by phosphorylation of Akt-1. Conclusions. Soy glycinin contains a functional inhibitory sequence against muscle-atrophy-associated ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b. Dietary soy glycinin protein significantly prevented muscle atrophy after denervation in mice.