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Yes-associated protein (YAP) has been shown to positively regulate p53 family members and to be negatively regulated by the AKT proto-oncogene product in promoting apoptosis. On the basis of this function and its location at 11q22.2, a site of frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in breast cancer, we investigated whether YAP is a tumor suppressor in breast. Examination of tumors by immunohistochemistry demonstrated significant loss of YAP protein. LOH analysis revealed that protein loss correlates with specific deletion of the YAP gene locus. Functionally, short hairpin RNA knockdown of YAP in breast cell lines suppressed anoikis, increased migration and invasiveness, inhibited the response to taxol and enhanced tumor growth in nude mice. This is the first report indicating YAP as a tumor suppressor, revealing its decreased expression in breast cancer as well as demonstrating the functional implications of YAP loss in several aspects of cancer signaling.Cell Death and Differentiation (2008) 15, 1752–1759; doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.108; published online 11 July 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tissue-specific translation elongation factor eEF1A2 is a potential oncogene that is overexpressed in human ovarian cancer. eEF1A2 is highly similar (98%) to the near-ubiquitously expressed eEF1A1 (formerly known as EF1-alpha) making analysis with commercial antibodies difficult. We wanted to establish the expression pattern of eEF1A2 in ovarian cancer of defined histological subtypes at both the RNA and protein level, and to establish the mechanism for the overexpression of eEF1A2 in tumours. We show that while overexpression of eEF1A2 is seen at both the RNA and protein level in up to 75% of clear cell carcinomas, it occurs at a lower frequency in other histological subtypes. The copy number at the EEF1A2 locus does not correlate with expression level of the gene, no functional mutations were found, and the gene is unmethylated in both normal and tumour DNA, showing that overexpression is not dependent on genetic or epigenetic modifications at the EEF1A2 locus. We suggest that the cause of overexpression of eEF1A2 may be the inappropriate expression of a trans-acting factor. The oncogenicity of eEF1A2 may be related either to its role in protein synthesis or to potential non-canonical functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores that changing attitudes to archaeology in Salford, England which was discussed at the 133rd Summer Meeting of the Royal Archaeological Institute in 1987. From about 1820 to 1870 there was a passion for Natural History, which reflected by the establishment of the Manchester Society for the Promotion of Natural History in 1822 and its replacement by other groups. "Palatine Notebook" and "Old South-East Lancashire" were the independently edited monthly periodicals. The archaeological contributions in the publications were reports of chance finds and descriptions of lost objects. Changes in attitudes are due to better funding, more professional workers and encouragement by local authorities and private bodies.

The article discusses a study which investigated the effectiveness of a rehabilitation service to prevent falls in the community in reducing the rate of falls in people who call an emergency ambulance after a fall. The randomised controlled trial involved eligible adults aged over 60 who lived at home or in residential care. The researchers found that the incidence of falls per year was 3.46 in the intervention group and 7.68 in the control group. It was concluded that a community based falls prevention service increased levels of activity.