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Agradecimentos: The authors are grateful for: all the participants for their engagement in this investigation; Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S for providing the samples of whey protein; and New Milen for providing the samples of maltodextrin. The investigation was funded by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES/Brazil), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/Brazil), and the Ministry of Education (MEC/Brazil). Grant number: 309455/2013-8 Abstract: The purpose of study was to analyze the effects of a combined whey protein (WP) and RT intervention on cellular health in pre-conditioned older women. The protocol is a randomized controlled clinical trial with a sample of seventy older women, divided into 3 groups: WP-placebo (WP-PLA, n = 24), placebo-WP (PLA-WP, n = 23), and placebo-placebo (PLA-PLA, n = 23). Each group drank 35 g of product (placebo or WP) pre- and post- training. The RT program was carried out over 12 weeks (3x/week; 3 × 8-12 repetitions maximum). Total body water (TBW), intra (ICW) and extracellular (ECW) water, resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (PhA) assessed by bioimpedance spectroscopy. Lean soft tissue (LST) was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; and food consumption was assessed by means of the average of two 24-hour recalls. ANCOVA for repeated measures was applied for comparisons, with baseline scores used as covariates. A group by time interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for LST, ICW and the ECW/ICW ratio. There was a time effect (P < 0.05) for TBW, Xc, and PhA. A reduction (P < 0.05) in R was found only in the WP-PLA and PLA-WP groups.Whey protein supplementation (pre- or post-) combined with RT promoted an increase in ICW and LST, and also a reduction in ECW/ICW ratio in pre-conditioned older women. Regardless of the supplementation intake, the RT regimen improved PhA in older adult women. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03247192 CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES Fechado

Overweight among older adults has increased considerably, and resistance training (RT) is a very attractive intervention strategy for positive changes associated with its practice. The aim was to evaluate the impact of nutritional status on body composition and muscle strength of older women in a RT program. Forty-eight older women were divided into three groups: eutrophic (EUT, BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (OVE, BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2) and obese (OBE, BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2). RT was performed for 12 weeks, one set of 10 to 15 repetitions, eight exercises, three weekly sessions. Body composition assessments (muscle mass, fat mass and trunk fat), strength and muscle quality were performed. Interaction for muscle mass in EUT had significant effect (+ 4.0%) when compared to OVE (+ 1.4%) and OBE (+ 1.4%). Time effect was observed for muscle strength (EUT = + 10.6%, OVE = + 7.5% and OBE = + 11.0%), muscle quality (EUT = + 6.1%, OVE = + 6.3% and OBE = + 9.8%), trunk fat (EUT = - 3.3%, OVE = - 0.7% and OBE = - 0.7%) and fat mass (EUT = - 3.0%, OVE = - 1.5% and OBE = - 0.5%). The results suggest that RT is effective for improving strength, muscle quality, muscle mass, trunk fat and fat mass of older women, but nutritional status may be determinant in muscle mass changes. Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto do estado nutricional na composição corporal e força muscular de idosas inseridas em um programa de treinamento com pesos (TP). Quarenta e oito idosas foram divididas em três grupos: eutróficas (EUT, IMC ? 24,9 kg/m²), sobrepeso (SOB, IMC entre 25,0 e 29,9 kg/m²) e obesas (OBE, IMC ? 30,0 kg/m2). O TP foi realizado por 12 semanas, uma série de 10 a 15 repetições, oito exercícios, três sessões semanais. Avaliações da composição corporal (massa muscular, massa gorda e gordura de tronco), força e qualidade muscular foi realizado. Interação foi encontrada para a massa muscular onde o grupo EUT apresentaram efeito significativo (+ 4,0%) quando comparado ao SOB (+ 1,4%) e OBE (+ 1,4%). Efeito do tempo foi observado para a força muscular (EUT = + 10,6%, SOB = + 7,5% e OBE = + 11,0%), qualidade muscular (EUT = + 6,1%, SOB = + 6,3% e OBE = + 9,8%), gordura de tronco (EUT = - 3,3%, SOB = - 0,7% e OBE = - 0,7%) e massa gorda (EUT = - 3,0%, SOB = - 1,5% e OBE = - 0,5%). Os resultados sugerem que o TP é efetivo para a melhora da força, qualidade muscular, massa muscular, gordura de tronco e massa gorda de mulheres idosas, porém o estado nutricional pode ser determinante nas modificações da massa muscular.