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Introduction. Epidemiological studies on medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) have shown that neither a change in stage at diagnosis nor improvement in survival has occurred during the past 30 years. In patients with detectable serum calcitonin and no clinically apparent disease, a careful search for local recurrence, and nodal or distant metastases, should be performed. Conventional imaging modalities will not show any disease until basal serum calcitonin is at least 150 pg/mL. The objective of the study was to present the first experience with labelled glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue [Lys40(Ahx-HYNIC-99mTc/EDDA)NH2]-exendin-4 in the visualisation ofMTC in humans. Material andMethod. Four patients aged 22-74 years (two with sporadic and two with MEN2 syndrome-related disseminated MTC) were enrolled in the study. In all patients, GLP-1 receptor imaging was performed. Results. High-quality images were obtained in all patients. All previously known MTC lesions have been confirmed in GLP-1 scintigraphy. Moreover, one additional liver lesion was detected in sporadic MTC male patient. Conclusions. GLP-1 receptor imaging with [Lys40(Ahx-HYNIC-99mTc/EDDA)NH2]-exendin-4 is able to detect MTC lesions. GLP-1 scintigraphy can serve as a confirmatory test in MTC patients, in whom other imaging procedures are inconsistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic occurred as an unexpected experience affecting all countries around the globe. In addition to the obvious health, economic and political effects, the COVID-19 pandemic triggered immense changes in the social spheres. People and institutions were forced to adjust to the new circumstances, change habits and move most or all of their activity online. In the completely virtual world, pandemic became a fertile ground for the bloom of the conspiracy theories already existing, but struggling for the global attention. The aim of the paper is to present three main conspiracy theories rapidly gaining popularity during the pandemic (the QAnon, anti-vaccination movements and anti-5G movements) and to analyse how they developed since the pandemic had been announced. In particular, the rising activity of the representatives of the movements will be analysed, as well as its acceleration in connection with pandemic and the resulting influence on social and political life. Finally, the paper will try examine whether the rapid development of conspiracy theories within societies has had any relations to the level of trust towards government-made decisions. The thesis being verified hereto is that pandemic accelerated the development of conspiracy theories due to the diminishing level of trust towards governments operating in the most difficult period in recent history. There are variety of reasons for the belief in conspiracy theories and they depend on the specificity of the theory and specificity of group of people it originates from. In general, it can be noted that all kind of conspiracies are developed by either (1) people who actually believe in them and are sharing them with good intentions (to warn other about the dangers hidden behind certain actions or institutions) or (2) malignant individuals whose aim is to discord or discredit an opponent or critic or, alternatively, distract attention from misconduct or lack of competence., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022.)

The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognized that "everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits". As a result, cultural rights have been understood as inseparable from human rights and require protection mechanisms within particular international (including regional) legal systems. The European continent is proud to have developed one of the most effective mechanisms of the human rights protection by establishing the Council of Europe and adopting the European Court of Human Rights. The recent outbreak of the COVID-19 reformulated many concepts of access to human rights and possibilities to enjoy freedoms. Even if access to culture (access to cultural heritage) has been available online for many years, it is the time of globally occurring lockdowns that forced people to stay home and found themselves in a situation when all of a sudden online access to culture became the only way of access to culture. The article aims to analyze the current situation in Europe by asking questions if and how online access to culture is recognized and protected under the Council of Europe's mechanisms with special emphasis on the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in this field., (© The Author(s) 2020.)

Background: Distal radial fractures are one of the most common injuries seen in traumatology. Most are treated conservatively with closed reduction and immobilisation in a plaster cast. However, this method does not always allow for achieving and maintaining normal fracture reduction in unstable fractures. The aim of this study was assess clinical and radiographic outcomes of treatment of distal radial fractures depending on the method used., Material and Methods: A total of 77 postmenopausal female subjects were divided into three subgroups, depending on the treatment methods: 1. closed reduction and immobilisation in a plaster cast; 2. closed reduction and percutaneous fixation with K wires; 3. open reduction and fixation with a locking plate. Follow-up examinations took place at 4 and 12 months post injury and involved measurements of the range of motion in the radiocarpal joint and hand grip strength. The results were classified according to the Mayo Wrist Score. X-ray images were used to mark parameters of radiographic assessment of the distal radius and the results were classified according to the radiographic Lidstrom score., Results: The percentage of excellent and good results was significantly higher in both surgically treated groups (plate: 92.6%, K wires: 88.0%) than in the group treated conservatively (48%)., Conclusion: 1.The percentage of excellent and good results from both surgically treated groups (plate: 92.6%, K wires: 88.0%) was significantly higher than in the group treated conservatively (48%). 2. Open reduction with locking plate fixation of distal radial fractures produces better functional outcomes in the early postoperative period and reduces the risk of development of complex regional pain syndrome.

This study aimed to investigate the level of the eye lens (EL) doses in nuclear medicine in the light of the new International Commission on Radiological Protection limit. In 7 Belgian and 1 Polish hospitals, 45 staff members were monitored for EL (Hp(3)) and whole-body (WB) (Hp(10)) doses using dedicated dosemeters. Weekly measurements were carried out and used to estimate annual doses. Mostly diagnostic procedures involving radionuclides such as (99m)Tc and (18)F were monitored; measurements were also performed for therapeutic procedures. The cumulative doses showed important variation across the participants. The weekly EL and WB doses ranged from 0.02 to 0.27 and 0.03 to 0.17 mSv, respectively; the annual EL and WB doses ranged from 0.6 to 9.3 and 0.9 to 8.0 mSv, respectively. Some correlation was found between the EL and the WB doses. No significant correlation with the manipulated activities was found., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the utility of [Lys40(Ahx-HYNIC-99mTc/EDDA)NH2]-exendin-4 scintigraphy in the management of patients with hypoglycemia, particularly in the detection of occult insulinoma., Materials and Methods: Forty patients with hypoglycemia and increased/confusing results of serum insulin and C-peptide concentration and negative/inconclusive results of other imaging examinations were enrolled in the study. In all patients GLP-1 receptor imaging was performed to localise potential pancreatic lesions., Results: Positive results of GLP-1 scintigraphy were observed in 28 patients. In 18 patients postsurgical histopathological examination confirmed diagnosis of insulinoma. Two patients had contraindications to the surgery, one patient did not want to be operated. One patient, who presented with postprandial hypoglycemia, with positive result of GLP-1 imaging was not qualified for surgery and is in the observational group. Eight patients were lost for follow up, among them 6 patients with positive GLP-1 scintigraphy result. One patient with negative scintigraphy was diagnosed with malignant insulinoma. In two patients with negative scintigraphy Munchausen syndrome was diagnosed (patients were taking insulin). Other seven patients with negative results of 99mTcGLP-1 scintigraphy and postprandial hypoglycemia with C-peptide and insulin levels within the limits of normal ranges are in the observational group. We would like to mention that 99mTc-GLP1-SPECT/CT was also performed in 3 pts with nesidioblastosis (revealing diffuse tracer uptake in two and a focal lesion in one case) and in two patients with malignant insulinoma (with the a focal uptake in the localization of a removed pancreatic headin one case and negative GLP-1 1 scintigraphy in the other patient)., Conclusions: 99mTc-GLP1-SPECT/CT could be helpful examination in the management of patients with hypoglycemia enabling proper localization of the pancreatic lesion and effective surgical treatment. This imaging technique may eliminate the need to perform invasive procedures in case of occult insulinoma.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors expression has been found on many types of cancer cells. In case of benign insulinoma the density of those receptors is even higher than the density of somatostatin receptors. This article presents the results of clinical trials proving the utility of GLP-1 receptors imaging. Scintigraphy or positron emission tomography with the use of GLP-1 analogues labelled with appropriate radioisotopes (111In, 99mTc, 68Ga, 18F or 64Cu) seem to be superior compared with other available techniques in diagnosis of hardly detectable benign insulinoma. While surgery is the only effective therapy for insulinoma patients, therefore proper preoperative localization of the tumor allows sparing operation. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors might become also a target for imaging of other tumors such as gastrinoma, pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), which also were shown to overexpress this type of receptors. However, studies with larger groups of patients are required to prove the clinical usefulness of this indication. Moreover GLP-1 receptor imaging seems to be a potential tool to evaluate pancreatic beta cell mass (BCM). It may be useful in the early diagnosis of beta cell loss in preclinical phases of diabetes. The panceratic beta cells imaging may influence the prophylaxis of diabetes and management of diabetic patients. Presented results of clinical trials prove that glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor imaging might become helpful diagnostic strategy particularly in case of patients with benign insulinoma tumors, but also patients with gastrinoma, pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer and diabetes.

Background and Purpose: Hydrogen magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS) is nowadays one of the basic tools for noninvasive brain metabolism assessment. The study focuses on the important problem of the influence of hormone fluctuation during the menstrual cycle on brain metabolism, assessed by 1HMRS for clinical diagnostics., Material and Methods: In 11 healthy regularly menstruating women, 1HMRS was performed at the start (phase I), in the middle (phase II) and at the end (phase III) of the menstrual cycle. The relative concentration ratios of 12 brain metabolites in every woman in all cycle phases were examined, in 6 different volumes of interest (VOIs). Finally, statistically significant differences in relative metabolite ratios between the phases examined in given locations were sought., Results: Statistically significant relations between menstrual cycle phases and relative ratios of 4 metabolites - Lac/Cr, NAA/Cr, Glx1/Cr and Glx2/Cr - in different brain locations were found. In all locations, mean NAA/Cr ratios were greater in phase I compared to the other phases. A similar relationship was found for Glx1/Cr ratio in one location (left occipital lobe). For Lac/Cr and Glx2/Cr ratios, a higher mean ratio value was obtained in phase II compared to phases I and III in the right occipital lobe and left basal ganglia, respectively., Conclusions: Menstrual cycle phase should be considered in planning a date and interpretation of 1HMRS examination, performed for the verification of a disease manifesting as brain metabolite disturbances in the 1HMRS spectrum.

Purpose: The objective of this article is to present a new method for the diagnosis of insulinoma with the use of [Lys(40)(Ahx-HYNIC-(99m)Tc/EDDA)NH2]-exendin-4., Methods: Studies were performed in 11 patients with negative results of all available non-isotopic diagnostic methods (8 with symptoms of insulinoma, 2 with malignant insulinoma and 1 with nesidioblastosis). In all patients glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor imaging (whole-body and single photon emission computed tomography/CT examinations) after the injection of 740 MBq of the tracer was performed., Results: Both sensitivity and specificity of GLP-1 receptor imaging were assessed to be 100 % in patients with benign insulinoma. In all eight cases with suspicion of insulinoma a focal uptake in the pancreas was found. In six patients surgical excision of the tumour was performed (type G1 tumours were confirmed histopathologically). In one patient surgical treatment is planned. One patient was disqualified from surgery. In one case with malignant insulinoma pathological accumulation of the tracer was found only in the region of local recurrence. The GLP-1 study was negative in the other malignant insulinoma patient. In one case with suspicion of nesidioblastosis, a focal accumulation of the tracer was observed and histopathology revealed coexistence of insulinoma and nesidioblastosis., Conclusion: [Lys(40)(Ahx-HYNIC-(99m)Tc/EDDA)NH2]-exendin-4 seems to be a promising diagnostic tool in the localization of small insulinoma tumours, but requires verification in a larger series of patients.

This chapter describes the possibility of using peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) as neoadjuvant treatment. PRRT is acknowledged to be a palliative treatment. Recently it has been reported that tumor size decrease followed by surgical intervention might be achieved in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) treated with somatostatin analogs labeled with beta emitters. Such outcome of therapy has been described in a relatively small group of patients. In those patients, the treatment enabled total or partial excision of the tumor, also with liver metastases. Reduction of tumor dimensions or total excision of the tumor corresponded with prolongation of overall survival. The discussed papers on this subject differ in details of treatment (utilization of various isotopes, total activity of the isotope, or combination with radiosensitizing chemotherapy). The chapter presents a brief review of recently published manuscripts.

Introduction. Epidemiological studies on medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) have shown that neither a change in stage at diagnosis nor improvement in survival has occurred during the past 30 years. In patients with detectable serum calcitonin and no clinically apparent disease, a careful search for local recurrence, and nodal or distant metastases, should be performed. Conventional imaging modalities will not show any disease until basal serum calcitonin is at least 150 pg/mL. The objective of the study was to present the first experience with labelled glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue [Lys(40)(Ahx-HYNIC-(99m)Tc/EDDA)NH2]-exendin-4 in the visualisation of MTC in humans. Material and Method. Four patients aged 22-74 years (two with sporadic and two with MEN2 syndrome-related disseminated MTC) were enrolled in the study. In all patients, GLP-1 receptor imaging was performed. Results. High-quality images were obtained in all patients. All previously known MTC lesions have been confirmed in GLP-1 scintigraphy. Moreover, one additional liver lesion was detected in sporadic MTC male patient. Conclusions. GLP-1 receptor imaging with [Lys(40)(Ahx-HYNIC-(99m)Tc/EDDA)NH2]-exendin-4 is able to detect MTC lesions. GLP-1 scintigraphy can serve as a confirmatory test in MTC patients, in whom other imaging procedures are inconsistent.

Background: Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) is a useful tool in the assessment of GEP-NET (gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor) patients. The choice of appropriate settings of image reconstruction parameters is crucial in interpretation of these images. The aim of the study was to investigate how the GEP NET lesion signal to noise ratio (TCS/TCB) depends on different reconstruction settings for Flash 3D software (Siemens)., Methods: SRS results of 76 randomly selected patients with confirmed GEP-NET were analyzed. For SPECT studies the data were acquired using standard clinical settings 3-4 h after the injection of 740 MBq 99mTc-[EDDA/HYNIC] octreotate. To obtain final images the OSEM 3D Flash reconstruction with different settings and FBP reconstruction were used. First, the TCS/TCB ratio in voxels was analyzed for different combinations of the number of subsets and the number of iterations of the OSEM 3D Flash reconstruction. Secondly, the same ratio was analyzed for different parameters of the Gaussian filter (with FWHM = 2-4 times greater from the pixel size). Also the influence of scatter correction on the TCS/TCB ratio was investigated., Results: With increasing number of subsets and iterations, the increase of TCS/TCB ratio was observed. With increasing settings of Gauss [FWHM coefficient] filter, the decrease of TCS/TCB ratio was reported. The use of scatter correction slightly decreases the values of this ratio., Conclusions: OSEM algorithm provides a meaningfully better reconstruction of the SRS SPECT study as compared to the FBP technique. A high number of subsets improves image quality (images are smoother). Increasing number of iterations gives a better contrast and the shapes of lesions and organs are sharper. The choice of reconstruction parameters is a compromise between image qualitative appearance and its quantitative accuracy and should not be modified when comparing multiple studies of the same patient.

Material and Methods: Within the group of 47 patients treated with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), four patients were chosen: three with inoperable tumors without liver metastases and one with two lesions in the pancreas and metastases., Results: In all patients, after PRRT, the changes in the sum of the longest diameters of tumors were between -1% and -21%, resulting in stable disease reported [strict Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)]. But the measurements of tumor volume and attenuation in computed tomography and the tumor to nontumor ratio in somatostatin receptor scintigraphy resulted in different response assessments., Conclusions: The RECIST standard may be not sufficient to properly assess the therapy response in patients with neuroendocrine tumors., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: PRRT is a known tool in the management of patients with disseminated and inoperable NETs. The aim of study was to assess the effectiveness of the repeated cycles of PRRT in patients with disseminated and inoperable NETs., Material and Methods: Eighty nine patients were included in the PRRT. Among them 16 patients (18%) were qualified for a repeated PRRT cycle due to progression of the disease. In one of the patients qualified for the repeated cycle, PRRT was used as neoadjuvant therapy. The results and side-effects of the repeated cycles of PRRT were analyzed., Results: Disease stabilization was observed in 10 patients 6 months after the repeated PRRT cycle and in 5 patients after 12 and 18 months. Ten of the patients who had received repeated PRRT cycles died. In the case of neoadjuvant therapy, further reduction of the tumor size was observed, enabling qualification for surgery. Clinically significant reduction in the mean values of morphological parameters was not observed. Only after 12 and 18 months the mean values of creatinine levels were higher than the normal range (only in 2 patients)., Conclusions: The repeated cycles of PRRT did not cause a clinically significant increase of the toxicity of PRRT. The changes in kidney and blood morphology parameters were transient. The repeated cycles of PRRT enabled stabilization of the disease., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Neuroendocrine tumours (NET) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms of diffuse neuroendocrine cells. Surgery is the main aim in the treatment of NETs, which becomes impossible in the case of large tumours or infiltration into other tissues and/or important blood vessels. Neoadjuvant therapy might be helpful in decreasing NET size also, leading us to the point where a tumour, previously considered inoperable, becomes operable. The aim of the study was to assess the usage of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) as a neoadjuvant treatment, enabling surgical intervention in primary inoperable NET., Methods: Among 47 patients treated with PRRT, 6 patients were chosen with large, inoperable tumours, for whom enabling of complete surgical excision of the lesions might offer the prospect for a cure. Response to the therapy was assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST)., Results: The mean tumour size decreased from 6.9 (min. 3.1 cm, max. 9.6 cm) before therapy to 5.4 cm (min. 3.1 cm, max. 9.5 cm) after the treatment. According to RECIST, stabilization of the disease was observed in four and partial responses in two patients. In two patients, reduction of the tumour size enabled surgical intervention., Conclusion: (1) PRRT might be considered a neoadjuvant therapy in primary inoperable NETs. (2) According to RECIST, stabilization of the disease was observed in the majority of patients. (3) We suggest that not only tumour diameter changes, but also tumour volume and contrast enhancement changes in computed tomography should be taken into consideration in assessment of the response to the therapy. (4) Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy is an important tool for qualification of the radioisotope therapy and also for the assessment of the response to PRRT.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and toxicity of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with the use of the high affinity somatostatin receptor subtype 2 analogue, (90)Y labelled Tyr3-octreotate, ((90)Y-DOTATATE) in neuroendocrine tumours (NETs)., Material and Methods: 46 patients with disseminated or non-operable NET were enrolled in this study. The (90)Y-DOTATATE therapeutic activity was calculated per total body surface area up to a total of 7.4 GBq/m(2) administered in three to five cycles, repeated every four to nine weeks. Before and after the therapy, blood tests for haematology, kidney and liver function, and chromogranin A were performed., Results: Out of 46 (90)Y-DOTATATE treated patients, one died before completing the therapy and 16 died after completing the therapy, among them one due to myocardial infarction. After 12 month follow-up, stabilisation of disease was observed in 47%, partial remission in 31%, and progression in 9% of the 45 patients who completed the therapy. Five patients died before completion of 12 months of follow-up. One of the patients died due to myocardial infarction. In one case, the information after 12 months is incomplete. The progression free survival was 37.4 months. During 12 months follow-up, transient decrease of PLT, WBC and haemoglobin values was observed. A transient increase of creatinine level (within normal ranges) and decrease of GFR values were found., Conclusions: NETs (90)Y-DOTATATE therapy results in symptomatic relief and tumour mass reduction. The mild critical organ toxicity does not limit the PRRT of NETs.

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) in patients with non-functioning neuroendocrine pancreatic tumours (NFPNTs) and to compare survival rates in patients with NFPNTs and in patients with other neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) treated using radiolabelled somatostatin analogue in our Department. We would like to analyze factors potentially determining the effectiveness of the therapy and also to assess the myelo- and nephrotoxicity., Material and Methods: Fourteen patients with disseminated disease and/or inoperable NFPNT were qualified to PRRT based on positive SRS (somatostatin receptor scintigraphy). There were 5 men and 9 women, with Karnofsky's index>70%., Results: In the whole group of patients, partial response was observed in 21.4%, stabilization of the disease in 42.9%, and progression of the disease in 35.7% of patients. Mean observation time was 19±13 months, mean time to progression was 12±9 months, and mean time to death was 16±9 months. Six patients died--four of them due to progression of the disease, two due to myocardial infarction. After PRRT we did not observe clinically significant haemotoxicity and/or nephrotoxicity., Conclusions: 1. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy may be a safe and effective treatment option in patients with NFPNTs, leading to stabilization or regression of the disease in the majority of patients. 2. There is no statistically significant difference in survival rate between patients with NFPNTs and NETs of other localization treated with PRRT.

Background: The effective radioiodine treatment of patients with DTC is possible only after raising the TSH value over 30 μUI/ml. This effect might be obtained by either endogenous or exogenous stimulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in (131)I biokinetics of selected regions of interest (ROIs) in cases of endogenous and exogenous stimulation., Material and Methods: Two groups of 50 patients were enrolled in the study. All patients were treated with 3.7 GBq of ¹³¹I; the first group after thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW), the second group after rhTSH administration (rhTSH). On the basis of post-treatment images, the uptake ratios over selected ROIs (thyroid remnants, mediastinum, liver, stomach, abdomen, and whole-body) were compared between groups., Results: In the case of uptake over the whole-body and the liver, statistically significant higher values were received for the THW group. For the remaining regions, the differences between groups were statistically insignificant, but uptake ratios in the rhTSH group were generally numerically lower compared to the THW group., Conclusions: The revealed difference in radioiodine biokinetics after thyroid hormone withdrawal or administration of recombinant human TSH may influence many important aspects of patients with DTC treatment, such as the choice of proper therapeutic scheme, the cost of therapy, and the dose assessment.

Fusion consists in a combination of images obtained using different diagnostic techniques, usually functional (SPECT, PET) and structural (CT, MR) imaging. It may be performed as a software fusion of images obtained not the same time by different devices or as a hardware fusion of images obtained the same time using as a hybrid system enabling both the functional and structural imaging (SPECT/CT, PET/CT). Fusion enables precise anatomical location of lesions detected by SPECT, functional verification of lesions found by CT. It is a useful tool in the assessment of effectiveness and dosimetry for radioisotopic therapy. Additionally fusion of functional and structural examinations reduces diagnostic difficulties appearing in independent interpretation. In spite of inconveniences resulting from technical aspects of software fusion (positioning differences, spontaneous movements of internal organs) it is more and more commonly used in clinical practice in centers not possessing hybrid systems.