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Dobro wspólne jest fundamentalnym pojęciem zarówno w prawie kanonicznym, jak i w prawie świeckim. Niemniej jednak sposób postrzegania tego pojęcia na gruncie tych dwóch odmiennych porządków prawnych różni się zasadniczo. W prawie kanonicznym dobro wspólne zazwyczaj odnoszone jest do wspólnoty politycznej i kościelnej. Dobro wspólne Kościoła związane jest z urzeczywistnianiem się wspólnoty Kościoła. Natomiast w prawie polskim dobro wspólne jest wartością i zasadą konstytucyjną, która ma zasadniczy wpływ na charakter państwa oraz relacje państwo-obywatel. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie miejsca i roli dobra wspólnego we współczesnym prawodawstwie kościelnym i państwowym.

Ocena zdolności do wykonywania pracy jest bardzo istotnym elementem w aspekcie powrotu do pracy, np. osób po chorobie lub wypadku oraz osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Ocena ta powinna być przeprowadzona na podstawie znormalizowanych kryteriów. W artykule przedstawiono propozycję narzędzi do oceny funkcjonalnej, dotyczącej możliwości wykonywania wybranych czynności pracy na wielu stanowiskach, na których wymagane są: przyjmowanie zróżnicowanych pozycji ciała, zaangażowanie kończyn górnych, praca precyzyjna i praca powtarzalna.

The most important element that has an impact on the safety of flight includes the helicopter power plant and the transmission shaft assembly. Monitoring with the use of the traditional vibroacoustic techniques does not provide satisfactory results. It is especially difficult to detect spatial resonance couplings, which may result in dangerous and rapid breaking of elements. This article focuses on a specific mechanism for formation and deepening of resonance and effects of resonance couplings of two subassemblies. For their monitoring, the FAM-C method was applied. It uses an on-board generator as a sensor. This is a synchronous method, which enables one to detect the onset of spatial resonance.

Falling out of balance is a very common cause of accidents at work. Older workers are particularly affected by this problem. It turns out that each year nearly 1/3 of people over 65 experience a fall. Particularly vulnerable are, inter alia, people with impaired physical parameters. These unfavourable changes occur along with the progressive aging process and as a result of damage to the locomotor system. Thus, the frequency of falls increases with age, and the effects on health become more severe. The article describes research on people in the 60-67 age group. Their aim was: firstly – to compare selected biomechanical parameters (i.e. parameters of walking, eye-hand coordination, muscle strength and the ability to maintain balance) of people after a fall and people who did not fall, and secondly – to indicate those parameters that may have an influence on a greater tendency to fall. Meanwhile, the differences between the parameters obtained for both studied groups turned out to be small and statistically insignificant.

TRIstructural ISOtropic (TRISO)-particle fuel is nuclear fuel used in high-temperature reactors. During reactor operation, partial damage may occur to the covering layers of this fuel. The authors of the publication propose an ion implantation method as a surrogate for neutron irradiation in the reactor core. This method makes it possible to reflect the damage that can be caused by irradiating samples in the reactor much faster and without having to deal with radioactive material. This paper presents an experiment on the p-TRISO samples, with a focus on the level of damage to the covering layers that could occur after 1, 3 and 5 years of neutron irradiation. The paper presents research conducted on both polished and unpolished p-TRISO fuel samples implanted with ions (Ne+, He+) of appropriate fluence and energy. It is necessary to determine whether the passage of time affects the occurrence of structural changes in p-TRISO fuel layers and, at the same time, whether it contributes to an increase in the probability of damage in the examined fuel material. The result of this work is confirmation that ion implantation is an efficient tool for reflecting irradiation-induced damage in the p-TRISO samples. In addition, the assumption that the sample does not need to be polished to obtain information about damage in the p-TRISO covering layers was confirmed.

The rapid development of e-mobility technology and the systematically increasing number of fully electric or hybrid cars does cause the increase in the number of electromagnetic field sources and electromagnetic emissions in the environment. The article presents the results of the recognition and evaluation of the exposure to electromagnetic field related to the use of fully electric or hybrid passenger cars in the context of literature data and own research.

The aim of this study was to identify effective work place intervention strategies for the prevention of low back pain (LBP). The study focused on interventions to two major groups: personal interventions and technical interventions. Data basis were searched for with inclusion criteria: study design based on randomised controlled trial; outcome measures including non-specific LBP occurrence expressed by prevalence or intensity; intervention met the definition of the technical and/or personal (physical exercises, behavioural training, educational) intervention programme. Eighteen papers were selected for full analysis. The diversification of quantitative indicators of differences between control and intervention groups were carried out using Cohen's d index. The results of analysis showed strong differences in effects among intervention strategies, as well as among different cases within similar intervention strategies. LBP severity before intervention and the length of intervention were discussed as potentially influencing factors. The results of the analysis suggest that the most effective strategies for LBP prevention include technical modifications of the workstand and education based on practical training. Behavioural and physical training seems to be of lesser importance. LBP severity before intervention and the time when the measurements of outcome measures take place play an important role in the effectiveness of intervention.

The aim of this paper is to present the differentiation of the situation in regional labour markets in Ukraine in the years 2004–2017. The analyses carried out for this purpose concern the diversity and dynamics of macroeconomic variables, such as labour productivity (measured by GDP per worker), wages, and unemployment rates. Moreover, using panel data from the Statistical Office of Ukraine, the authors estimate the parameters of a set of equations based on increments and levels by means of the system estimator of the generalized Blundell and Bond moments method from 1998. The estimates concern the parameters of equations describing the main determinants of the increase in unemployment rates and wages for the entire Ukrainian economy – both Left – and Right-Bank Ukraine.

Celem przeprowadzenia prezentowanych w artykule badań była ocena wpływu wieku i płci na cechy funkcjonalności powiązane z precyzją i szybkością wykonywania zadań. Badaniami objęto dwie 120-osobowe grupy: młodszą w wieku 20-30 i starszą w przedziale 55-67 lat. Mierzono zmienne opisujące jakość wykonywania czynności precyzyjnych, koordynacji wzrokowo-ruchowej oko-ręka-noga oraz koordynacji wzrokowo-ruchowej w teście krzyżowym. W zmiennych wszystkich testów zanotowano zróżnicowanie wartości zarówno ze względu na wiek, jak i płeć osób badanych. Najmniejsze różnice między kobietami a mężczyznami występują w wartościach zmiennych testu koordynacji oko-ręka-noga. Wyniki wyraźnie wskazują, iż wykonywanie zadań wymagających precyzji i szybkości działania uwarunkowane jest wiekiem, a w przypadku niektórych zmiennych także i płcią.

Procedures are demonstrated which enable a manual determination of the angles between lattice planes and directions from electron backscatter diffraction patterns of unknown phases. The determination of the projection centre is described for cases where it is unknown., A historical tool for crystallographic analysis is provided by the Hilton net, which can be used for manually surveying the crystal lattice as it is manifested by the Kikuchi bands in a gnomonic projection. For a quantitative analysis using the Hilton net, the projection centre as the relative position of the signal source with respect to the detector plane needs to be known. Interplanar angles are accessible with a precision and accuracy which is estimated to be ≤0.3°. Angles between any directions, e.g. zone axes, are directly readable. Finally, for the rare case of an unknown projection-centre position, its determination is demonstrated by adapting an old approach developed for photogrammetric applications. It requires the indexing of four zone axes [uvw]i in a backscattered Kikuchi diffraction pattern of a known phase collected under comparable geometric conditions.

We discuss a refined simulation approach which treats Kikuchi diffraction patterns in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD). The model considers the result of two combined mechanisms: (a) the dynamical diffraction of electrons emitted coherently from point sources in a crystal and (b) diffraction effects on incoherent diffuse intensity distributions. Using suitable parameter settings, the refined simulation model allows to reproduce various thickness- and energy-dependent features which are observed in experimental Kikuchi diffraction patterns. Excess-deficiency features are treated by the effect of gradients in the incoherent background intensity. Based on the analytical two-beam approximation to dynamical electron diffraction, a phenomenological model of excess-deficiency features is derived, which can be used for pattern matching applications. The model allows to approximate the effect of the incident beam geometry as a correction signal for template patterns which can be reprojected from pre-calculated reference data. As an application, we find that the accuracy of fitted projection centre coordinates in EBSD and TKD can be affected by changes in the order of 10-3 - 10-2 if excess-deficiency features are not considered in the theoretical model underlying a best-fit pattern matching approach. Correspondingly, the absolute accuracy of simulation-based EBSD strain determination can suffer from biases of a similar order of magnitude if excess-deficiency effects are neglected in the simulation model.

The aim of Chapter 6 is to provide possible scenarios of the pandemic propagation in Poland and Ukraine depending on the actions taken by the government aiming to introduce restrictions on socio-economic life, the so-called lockdown. The scenario analysis was based on an extended version of the SIR (Susceptible–Infected–Removed) model. In the first scenario (A), the lockdown is to be lifted when the proportion of infected individuals falls below 50% of the actual proportion on day 275 of the epidemic. In scenario B restrictions are to be lifted gradually over a month, and in the final scenario (C) all restrictions are to be lifted on a specific day in 2021. In addition, each scenario includes variants without vaccination and with a vaccination programme. The results of the scenario analysis indicate that, both in Poland and in Ukraine, the best results in terms of the number of deaths and the number of people infected at the peak of the epidemic can be achieved in Scenario A with vaccination. In Poland, the proportion of deaths in this scenario varies between 3.0-4.1‰ of the population, and the proportion of infected individuals during the peak is about 1.2%. In Ukraine, on the other hand, under scenario A, the proportion of deaths varies between 2.8-3.7‰ and the proportion of infected individuals during the peak is 1.35-1.4%. Both in Poland and in Ukraine, the highest proportion of deaths would be observed in scenarios C and B without vaccination programmes, respectively 7.5-7.9‰ for Poland and 8.1-8.2‰ for Ukraine. According to these scenarios, at the peak of the epidemic 3.7-3.8% of the population would be infected in Poland and 4.4-4.7% in Ukraine.

Chapter 5 aims to assess the effects of an epidemic on economic growth. The analysis is conducted using an epidemiological-economic model that combines the SIR (Susceptible-Infectious/Infected-Recovered/Removed) epidemiological model proposed by Kermack and McKendrick in 1927 with the neoclassical model of economic growth proposed by Solow in 1956. Multiple potential scenarios of an epidemic were adopted. In the scenarios in which the government has no access to a vaccine, it was assumed that the government reduces the intensity of social and economic activity gradually or abruptly. The scenarios with vaccination are divided into those with slow and those with rapid progress in immunization coverage of the population; in both cases the government imposes restrictions on social and economic activity. The results of the analyses conducted indicate that an economy without access to a vaccine is affected by production drops reaching over a three-year period 6.7% to 9.8%, if severe restrictions are imposed on social and economic activity, or 2.2% to 3.5%, if mild restrictions are imposed. A slow pace of progress in immunization coverage combined with severe restrictions will lead to accumulated drops in production by about 5.4 to about 8.1% while mild restrictions lead to accumulated drops in production by about 2.0-3.2%. A rapid pace of progress in immunization coverage of the population reduces accumulated drops in production to about 4.6-6.6%, if severe restrictions are imposed or to 1.9-2.9%, if a liberal approach is adopted. Scenario analyses demonstrate that the early administration of a vaccine significantly reduces the accumulated drop in production. Both accumulated production drops and the depth of recession are milder in mature economies.

Cu2MnSnS4 (CMTS) is acknowledged as an alternative to traditional semiconductors. The structure and microstructure of synthetic CMTS depend on, among other things, the types of sulfur sources used. Traditionally obtained CMTS mostly has a tetragonal structure. In this study, the effect of using thiourea (Tu) or Na2S as a sulfur source on the product structure was compared using hydrothermal synthesis at 190 °C for 7 days (ethylene glycol with water in the presence of poly(vinylpyrollidone) was used as a solvent). When Tu was used, CMTS precipitated in the form of concentric microspheres, 1–1.5 µm in size, consisting of hexagonal (in the cores) and tetragonal (the rims) forms. Most probably, the rapidly formed hexagonal nucleus was later surrounded by a slower-forming rim with a tetragonal structure. In contrast, when Na2S was used as a precursor, microspheres were not formed and a fine crystalline material with a homogeneous tetragonal structure was obtained. This allowed for the choice of micromorphology and product structure during synthesis.

A new software is presented for the determination of crystal lattice parameters from the positions and widths of Kikuchi bands in a diffraction pattern. Starting with a single wide‐angle Kikuchi pattern of arbitrary resolution and unknown phase, the traces of all visibly diffracting lattice planes are manually derived from four initial Kikuchi band traces via an intuitive graphical user interface. A single Kikuchi bandwidth is then used as reference to scale all reciprocal lattice point distances. Kikuchi band detection, via a filtered Funk transformation, and simultaneous display of the band intensity profile helps users to select band positions and widths. Bandwidths are calculated using the first derivative of the band profiles as excess‐deficiency effects have minimal influence. From the reciprocal lattice, the metrics of possible Bravais lattice types are derived for all crystal systems. The measured lattice parameters achieve a precision of, New software and algorithms for the accurate measurement of crystal lattice parameters from Kikuchi bands in a diffraction pattern are presented. image

This dissertation concerns the method of obtaining the in situ local composite reinforcements (LCR – Locally Composite Reinforcement) of the TiC–FeMn type in steel castings. The reinforcing phase – titanium carbide (TiC) was obtained by placing the pressed substrates of the synthesis of TiC in the form of compacts into a mold cavity. The basic problem connected with fabricating TiC local composite reinforcements is the phenomenon of fragmentation. In order to reduce this phenomenon, a moderator composed of Hadfield steel at 70 and 90% by weight was introduced to the initial mixture of the TiC substrate powder. As a result, homogenous and dimensionally stable composite reinforcements of the austenite matrix were obtained and examined by analyzing their macrostructure, microstructure, structure, hardness, and wear resistance. An investigation of the phase analysis and microstructure confirmed the presence of the TiC phase in the structure of the composite zones. The hardness of the composite reinforcement ranged from 550 HV to 800 HV30 depending on the proportion between the percentage of the moderator and the content of the pure substrates of the synthesis reaction of the TiC.

The flow stress and work-hardening of rapidly solidified, (RS), and conventionally cast, (IM), AM60 magnesium alloy has been investigated under conditions of uniaxial tension and compression at 4 K, 78 K and 298 K. Rapid solidification combined with plastic consolidation through hot extrusion permit to obtain the alloy with reduced grain size and refined intermetallic particles, which otherwise precipitate in the form of large aggregates in commercial alloys. RS alloy exhibit higher strength and better ductility than IM material. Enhancement of mechanical properties of RS alloy is discussed in terms of the features of material's microstructure. The analysis of work-hardening reveals that independently of deformation temperature and deformation mode, RS alloy shows a lower capacity of defects storage in the substructure. This behaviour is attributed to reduced non-basal slip and forest hardening and enhanced recovery of basal dislocations at grain boundaries in fine-grained RS alloy. Grain boundary sliding does not play an important role in the deformation process. Fracture of the alloys is particle-stimulated and occurs by nucleation and growth of voids around second phase particles. Refining particles by rapid solidification lead to the better ductility of RS alloy irrespective of deformation temperature.

The aim of the study is to determine the spatial differentiation of wages and their selected determinants in the Ukrainian regions within 2004—2016. Based on data of the Ukrainian statistical office (the State Statistics Service of Ukraine), panel regression methods (OLS and GMM with individual and random effects) were used.It follows from the deliberations that the Ukrainian economy developed very rapidly to the global financial crisis and the Ukrainian-Russian gas conflict (2008and2009). Labor productivity increased, unemployment fell, which translated into increased wages in all Ukrainian regions. Then, also due to the political and military conflict after Euro-Maidan (2013 and 2014), GDP, labour productivity and wages decreased, while unemployment increased (especially in the Donbas). This, in turn, leads to the economic emigration of inhabitants and the gradual depopulation of Ukraine.

A coordinate change of conjugation twin boundaries in Ni-Mn-Sn single crystals is studied with scanning electron microscopy. During mechanical training, the so-called orthogonal shear process initiates variant reorientation leading to the replacement of the main with conjugation type I twin boundaries. The experimental data demonstrate that highly organized redistribution of adjacent variants, in the neighboring areas, is then critical for the removal of conjugation boundaries by coordinated secondary twinning. In addition, a more complex variant reorientation mechanism is uncovered and it is found to allow for transitioning between non-conjugate twin systems. The proposed mechanism appears consistent with the orientation relationship between austenite and martensite, which is controlled by a shear deformation and martensite crystallography leading to an equal distribution of martensitic variants. This contribution complements the existing theory of martensite crystallography providing direct evidence for the general nature of the orthogonal shear process as a first step in variant reorganization during mechanical training of martensite.

This article is devoted to observation results of gear wheel wear of two different types of helicopter transmission: reduction gear of Mi-2 helicopter engine as well as accessory gearbox (AGB) of Mi-24 helicopter using proprietary FAM-C and FDM-A methods. The substantial sensitivity and complementarity of the observed phenomena was established – it is possible to simultaneously observe a given pair of a gear wheel and also other mechanical points, such as, e.g. the worn out bearing of the main shaft of helicopter rotor. The authors based their deliberations on the results of laboratory tests and complex tests on helicopters during their operation. The article is addressed at subsequent destruction stages of a gear wheel in helicopter transmission. The authors paid high attention to the observed wear due to the so-called structural resonance observed in some helicopters, where the worn out bearing of helicopter rotor results in the destruction of the pair of gear wheels. The gear wheel equalizes its frequency of free vibrations with the damaged rolling bearing in the line of rotation axis. Due to this, occurs the synchronous acceleration and deceleration of rotational speed of the wheel under consideration, which leads to material fatigue wear at the root of two teeth. Such wear may contribute to gear teeth breakage and helicopter crash.