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The use of mobile devices such as smartphones still increases over last years. Smartphone hardware capabilities are comparable with average personal computers. Thanks to the increasing computing power, their application is focused on more and more sophisticated and complex tasks. These includes among others augmented reality (AR) applications, which support precise GNSS localization and use signals from such devices like accelerometer or gyrocsope. They are able to create interactive, immersive real-time visualisation of any kind. The article presents a prototype Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) Application for visualization of the building facades. It allows to support the original look of the building with the additional information from database. Software of this kind, can be used for overviewing, inspecting or work planning carried out on the facade of the building. As a part of the test, a prototype of the MAR application for Android has been prepared. Rest of the solution components have been presented in form of a concept, implementation of which is planned in near future. Basic technical assumptions are already developed, but details may change. The paper mentions also some important AR problems, especially positioning in urban environment and accurate registration of digital objects in the real world.

The aim of this research was to produce a new methodology for a special river bottom hazard mapping for the stability purposes of the biggest Polish water power plant: Włocławek. During the operation period of the water power plant, an engineering-geological issue in the form of pothole formation on the Wisła River bed in the gravel-sand alluvium was observed. This was caused by increased fluvial erosion resulting from a reduced water level behind the power plant, along with frequent changes in the water flow rates and water levels caused by the varying technological and economic operation needs of the power plant. Data for the research were obtained by way of a 4-year geodetic/bathymetric monitoring of the river bed implemented using integrated GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), RTS (Robotized Total Station) and SBES (Single Beam Echo Sounder) methods. The result is a customized river bottom hazard map which takes into account a high, medium, and low risk levels of the potholes for the water power plant structure. This map was used to redevelop the river bed by filling. The findings show that high hazard is related to 5% of potholes (capacity of 4308 m3), medium with 38% of potholes (capacity of 36,455 m3), and low hazard with 57% of potholes (capacity of 54,396 m3). Since the construction of the dam, changes due to erosion identified by the monitoring have concerned approximately 405,252 m3 of the bottom, which corresponds to 130 Olympic-size pools. This implies enormous changes, while a possible solution could be the construction of additional cascades on the Wisła River.

One of the most important factors that influences the performance of geomorphologic parameters on urban lakes is the water level. It fluctuates periodically, causing shoreline changes. It is especially significant for typical environmental studies like bathymetric surveys, morphometric parameters calculation, sediment depth changes, thermal structure, water quality monitoring, etc. In most reservoirs, it can be obtained from digitized historical maps or plans or directly measured using the instruments such as: geodetic total station, GNSS receivers, UAV with different sensors, satellite and aerial photos, terrestrial and airborne light detection and ranging, or others. Today one of the most popular measuring platforms, increasingly applied in many applications is UAV. Unmanned aerial system can be a cheap, easy to use, on-demand technology for gathering remote sensing data. Our study presents a reliable methodology for shallow lake shoreline investigation with the use of a low-cost fixed-wing UAV system. The research was implemented on a small, eutrophic urban inland reservoir located in the northern part of Poland—Lake Suskie. The geodetic TS, and RTK/GNSS measurements, hydroacoustic soundings and experimental aerial mapping were conducted by the authors in 2012–2015. The article specifically describes the UAV system used for experimental measurements, the obtained results and the accuracy analysis. Final conclusions demonstrate that even a low-cost fixed-wing UAV can provide an excellent tool for accurately surveying a shallow lake shoreline and generate valuable geoinformation data collected definitely faster than when traditional geodetic methods are employed.

The authors describe the rules for the use of qualitative research methods and optimization in conjunction with GIS tools to assess and optimize the pedestrian communication. Research was carried out on a part of the urban space, which is characterized by large and visible population trends. The analysis that was carried out resulted in creating cartographic imaging of the pedestrian communication system state in the urban space, its consistency and to provide directions for its modernization. The simplest example of a system that resembles the behaviour of ants is the system of pedestrian communication. This system has the features of self-organization, a permanent and flexible response to changes in a short period of time. Therefore, it is a perfect example of the system that can be optimized with the use of the so-called ant algorithms. The aim of this paper is to present the applicability of methods based on ant systems, which can be used for searching the optimum agent passage routes according to the imposed selection criteria. The communication function is one of the most important functions of urbanized areas. Communication routes define the city plan and undoubtedly influence spatial perception and usefulness, introduce movement into space and at the same time enable learning about space. Because of the rising urbanization level and accumulation of spatial functions, communication organization is an important task, often determining spatial usefulness. The problem of communication organization results, among others, from the rising number of space users, which requires the adaptation of the communication infrastructure to their needs.

We investigated changes in the spatial distribution of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in the deep, mesotrophic Lake Hańcza. The raw data collection, supported by global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning, was conducted on 79 sampling points. A geostatistical method (kriging) was applied in spatial interpolation. Despite the relatively small area of the lake (3.04 km2), compact shape (shore development index of 2.04) and low horizontal exchange of water (retention time 11.4 years), chemical gradients in the surface waters were found. The largest variation concerns the main biogenic element – phosphorus. The average value was 0.032 at the extreme values of 0.019 to 0.265 mg L−1 (coefficient of variation 87%). Smaller differences are related to nitrogen compounds (0.452–1.424 mg L−1 with an average value of 0.583 mg L−1, the coefficient of variation 20%). The parts of the lake which are fed with tributaries are the richest in phosphorus. The water quality of the oligo-mesotrophic Lake Hańcza has been deteriorating in recent years. Our results indicate that inferences about trends in the evolution of examined lake trophic status should be based on an analysis of the data, taking into account the local variation in water chemistry.

Modern laser scanning methods and photogrammetric techniques provide tools for rapid data acquisition and semi-automated 3D scene construction. The common access to measuring sensors allow building digital representation of scanned objects relatively easy. This enables the construction of photorealistic building models and complex GIS/BIM models. Recently, increasing number of government departments and local councils trying to use 3D models as part of their planning, development, promotion strategy can be observed. To date, there is no universal, low-cost methodology that will allow visualizing changes of building facades using the Internet. The article presents a study which explored the possibilities of building a web application to visualize the changes in the buildings with the use of 3D models. It allows to integrate current three-dimensional models with those based on historical data. An interactive web application presenting the spatio-temporal changes of buildings in two study areas was presented (campus of the University of Warmia and Mazury and the Old Town of Olsztyn). The proposed architecture is low-cost and easy to implement. The content displayed on the map is determined by the timeline slider, which allows presenting changes in the building facades over time. Each building has its own attributes, some of which also have one or more 3D models. In the end, the potential stages of the system's development were presented, including the possibility of participating volunteers in the process of obtaining historical data and using the Augmented Reality to present 3D models of the buildings directly in the field.

Unfortunately the first name of the third author the small letter has been used instead to be capitalized. The name should be read.

Most of the inland lakes do not have up-to-datebathymetry. However, a significant progress in surveyingtechnologies creates a possibility to quickly and accuratelydescribe the underwater environment. Modern geodeticand global positioning techniques integrated with hydroacousticsystems provide a great opportunity to study thebottom shape with high resolution. Our study presentsa reliable methodology for investigation of bathymetryand morphometric parameters with the use of GNSS positioningtechniques and single beam echosounder. Theresearch was implemented on the deepest, glacial reservoirin the central part of European Depression - LakeHancza. Direct hydroacoustic and geodetic measurementscompleted by sediment study were conducted by the authorsin 2010-2013. After performing a field survey the DigitalElevation Model was constructed and the new bathymetricmap and morphometric card were elaborated. Themaximum depth was confirmed to be 105.55 m. The finalconclusions show that the available bathymetric data andmorphometric parameters of lakes are highly dependenton the research methodology used, the precision and accuracyof measurement techniques, proper water level determination,digital elevation model and bathymetric mapelaboration processes.

Since almost 40 % of the world’s largest lakes have not yet been studied, their volumes are therefore approximated (SHIKLOMANOV and RODDA 2003). The most challenging situation is with smaller reservoirs and inland lakes. Due to high costs and time required for acquiring bathymetric data some inland reservoirs have not been investigated. There are some probes to estimate certain morphometric parameters using existing, publicly available datasets (HOLLISTER and MILSTEAD 2010 ;H OLLISTER et al. 2011).