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Abstract Background Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide that regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and may play a role in uterus function. It is co-expressed with other peptides, such as phoenixin, which can influence sex hormone secretion. Our previous research has confirmed that phoenixin-14 is involved in the development of cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra in dogs. Therefore, based on the similarities and interactions between these neuropeptides, we hypothesized that nesfatin-1 might also regulate the reproductive system in dogs. This study aimed to determine the expression of nesfatin-1 and its interaction with phoenixin-14 in dogs with CEH or pyometra compared to healthy females, and concerning animals’ body condition score (BCS 4–5/9 vs. BCS > 5/9). Results The analysis of nesfatin-1 in the uterus of bitches consisted of qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence assays, and ELISAs. The results showed significantly higher nesfatin-1 encoding gene, nucleobindin-2 mRNA (Nucb2) and nesfatin-1 protein expression in overweight females and those suffering from CEH or pyometra compared to healthy animals. The immunoreactivity of nesfatin-1 was elevated in the uteri of bitches with higher BCS > 5/9. Moreover, nesfatin-1 blood concentrations increased in all examined overweight bitches. In the case of phoenixin signals, we found opposite results, regardless of the female body condition score. Conclusion The etiology of CEH and pyometra are not fully known, although we have expanded the level of knowledge with respect to the possible interaction of nesfatin-1 and phoenixin in female dogs’ uteri. They interact oppositely. With increasing female body weight, the expression of nesfatin-1 in the uterus and its peripheral blood concentration increased. However, for female dogs affected by CEH and pyometra, a decreased level of phoenixin-14, irrespective of their body condition score is characteristic. This knowledge could be crucial in the development of biomarkers for these conditions, which may lead to earlier recognition.

The relevance of the article’s results lies in presenting the actual energy yields of PV panels of various generations and types of installations. The aim of the article is to provide answers about the effective operation of three different photovoltaic systems: a stationary off-grid system operated for several years, a stationary on-grid system, and a system mounted on trackers. A stationary on-grid system was used as the reference system, taking its area and energy yield as the reference point. The assessment was made on the basis of energy and cost efficiency analysis using the comparative method. The obtained results were compared to the results of other PV systems whose parameters were obtained from literature analysis. The analysis showed significant differences in adapting them to different sunlight conditions. The results confirmed the validity of using fixed PV panels (Installation II) in the short term and the advantage of the PV panel tracking system (Installation III) in the long term. The results also confirm that Installation I, despite its eight years of operation time, shows a relatively small decrease in efficiency, which confirms the validity of the long-term operation of the PV installation.

Abstract The genetic background of feline disorders of sex development (DSDs) is poorly understood. We performed comprehensive cytogenetic, molecular, and histological studies of 17 cats with abnormal external genitalia, unusual behavior, or tricolor coats (atypical in males). The DSD phenotype of three cats was associated with sex chromosome abnormalities: X/Y translocation (38,XX SRY+), 37,X/38,XY mosaicism, and XX/XY leukocyte chimerism. The remaining 14 affected cats were classified as XY DSD (SRY-positive). In this group and 38 normal males, we analyzed a priori selected candidate genes (SRY, TAC3, CYP11B1 and LHCGR). Only a previously reported nonpathogenic variant was found in SRY. Moreover, SRY gene copy number was determined, and three variants were observed: 6, 5 (modal), and 4 copies in a single DSD case. The known variants in TAC3 and CYP11B1, responsible for testicular hypoplasia, persistent primary dentition or congenital adrenal hyperplasia, were not found in the study group. Nine novel polymorphisms were identified in the LHCGR gene, one of which, a potentially regulatory indel variant in 5′UTR, was significantly associated (p = 0.0467) with XY DSD. Our report confirmed that abnormalities of sex chromosomes are important causes of feline DSDs. We also showed that the indel variant of LHCGR can be considered a promising marker associated with XY DSD phenotype.

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a increase in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The term "maskne" was coined to describe acne caused by long-term wearing of a mask. It is a type of mechanical acne caused by the pressure and friction of the mask material against the skin. Although it’s prevalance is not well known, the maskne problem is becoming more and more significant. Aim of study The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence and factors affecting the occurrence of mask acne. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic among 148 residents of Poland. The results were obtained thanks to a self-conducted questionnaire distributed in both electronic and traditional form. Results In total, 148 participants took part in the study. 106 (71.6%) were women and 42 (28.4%) were men, with the dominant age group being 26-40, 70 (47.3%). Most participants wore a mask seven days a week, 62 (41.9%), four to eight hours a day, 70 (47.3%). Surgical masks were the most frequently used masks – 60 (40.5%). Ninety (60.8%) participants had no prior facial skin disease. Only 58 (39.2%) of participants had prior facial skin lesions. Of these, acne vulgaris was the most common, 48 (82.8%), followed by rosacea, 6 (10.4%), and psoriasis, 4 (6.8%). Fifty-three people (35.8%) who had facial acne before the pandemic said their acne got worse. Conclusions This study showed a significant association between the worsening of existing acne and frequent and long-term use of face masks. Therefore, certain measures should be taken to prevent the formation of new acne or the aggravation of existing acne while maintaining protection with face masks, especially for those working in the healthcare sector.

Testosterone levels in men appear to be prognostic of a number of disease outcomes, including severe COVID-19 disease. Testosterone levels naturally decline with age and are lower in individuals with a number of comorbidities and chronic conditions. Low testosterone may therefore be both a cause and a consequence of illness, including COVID-19 disease. The present project examines whether preexisting conditions for severe COVID-19 disease were themselves related to serum-free testosterone levels in men who had not been infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. A clinical risk score for severe COVID-19 disease was computed based on the results of previously published meta-analyses and cohort studies, and relationships between this score and testosterone levels were tested in 142 men ages 19 to 82 years. Greater burden of preexisting conditions for severe COVID-19 disease was related to lower testosterone levels among men younger than 40 years of age. In older men, the decrease in testosterone that accompanies aging attenuated the effect of the clinical risk score on free testosterone levels. Given that older age itself is a predictor of COVID-19 disease severity, these results together suggest that the presence of preexisting conditions may confound the relationship between testosterone levels and COVID-19 disease outcomes in men. Future research examining relationships among testosterone and outcomes related to infectious and chronic diseases should consider potential confounds, such as the role of preexisting conditions.

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is a well-known congenital defect in dogs, characterized by abnormal communication between the oral and nasal cavities. Its incidence rate is high and affects all dog breeds. The etiology of CLP is thought to be multifactorial, caused by both genetic and environmental factors. In this study, four puppies out of seven from a single litter of Staffordshire Bull Terrier dogs with craniofacial abnormalities were anatomically and genetically examined. Classical anatomical preparation, dyed-latex-injection of the arterial vessels, and cone-beam computed tomography were used. The puppies showed variations in their observable abnormalities: three of them had a complete cleft of the palate on both sides, while one puppy had a cleft on the right side only. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal diploid chromosome number (2n = 78,XX or 78,XY) in the studied animals. Known genomic variants of CLP were examined in the ADAMTS20, DLX6, and MYH3 genes, but no mutations were identified. Further studies are needed to identify the breed-specific genetic variants associated with canine CLP.

Abstract Background There is variability in individual response to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy in tennis elbow treatment. Genetic variation, especially within genes encoding growth factors may influence the observed inter-individual differences. The purpose of this study was to identify polymorphic variants of the platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide gene (PDGFB) that determine an improved individual response to PRP therapy in tennis elbow patients. Methods This prospective cohort study was designed in accordance with STROBE and MIBO guidelines. A cohort of 107 patients (132 elbows, 25 bilateral) was studied, including 65 females (77 elbows) and 42 males (55 elbows), aged 24–64 years (median 46.00 ± 5.50), with lateral elbow tendinopathy treated with autologous PRP injection. The effectiveness of PRP therapy was recorded in all subjects at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 52 weeks after PRP injection using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), quick version of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score (QDASH) and Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE). In order to determine the PDGFB variants with the best response to PRP therapy, patient reported outcome measures were compared between individual genotypes within studied polymorphic variants (rs2285099, rs2285097, rs2247128, rs5757572, rs1800817 and rs7289325). The influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms on blood and PRP parameters, including the concentration of PDGF-AB and PDGF-BB proteins was also analyzed. Results Our analysis identified genetic variants of the PDGFB gene that lead to a better response to PRP therapy. The TT (rs2285099) and CC (rs2285097) homozygotes had higher concentration of platelets in whole blood than carriers of other genotypes (p = 0.018) and showed significantly (p

The main problem that Tomasz Nowak discusses in this article concerns the boundaries of language and speech as set by both social sciences and the humanities and mathematics and natural sciences. His special focus is the fusion of semiotics and biology known as biosemiotics. Nowak argues that bio-communicative skills of human and non-human animals are divided by a gap which is both quantitative and qualitative. However, phylogenetic pre-adaptations and (pre)ontogenetic dispositions of human and non-human animals are, on the one hand, communicatively discreet, and, on the other, cognitively and behaviorally continual. The results of empirical studies cited and examined by Nowak support the idea that there are bio-communicative traits specific to humans.

Abstract Background Spexin (SPX) is a peptide hormone that regulates body weight, adipose tissue metabolism, and food intake. Hypothesis Serum SPX concentration correlates with body condition score (BCS) and markers of obesity in dogs. Animals Fifty‐seven dogs of varying body condition assessed using a 5‐point BCS. Methods Prospective, nonblinded, observational cohort study. Serum SPX concentration was measured using commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA) in dogs with varying BCS. Spexin mRNA and protein expression were detected using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining. Results Serum SPX concentration was lower in dogs with BCS4 (8.56 +/‐ 2.86) and BCS5 (6.7 +/‐ 2.12) compared to BCS2 (11.96 +/‐ 2.23) and BCS3 (10.51 +/‐ 2.19; BCS2 vs BCS5, P

The aim of the study was phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains isolated from diseased pigs in Poland and comparison of the SpaA (Surface protective antigen A) sequence of wild-type strains with the sequence of the R32E11 vaccine strain. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was assessed using the broth microdilution method. Resistance genes, virulence genes, and serotype determinants were detected using PCR. The gyrA and spaA amplicons were sequenced to determine nonsynonymous mutations. The E. rhusiopathiae isolates (n = 14) represented serotypes 1b (42.8%), 2 (21.4%), 5 (14.3%), 6 (7.1%), 8 (7.1%), and N (7.1%). All strains were susceptible to β-lactams, macrolides and florfenicol. One isolate showed resistance to lincosamides and tiamulin, and most strains were resistant to tetracycline and enrofloxacin. High MIC values of gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim/sulfadiazine, and rifampicin were recorded for all isolates. Phenotypic resistance was correlated with the presence of the tetM, int-Tn, lasE, and lnuB genes. Resistance to enrofloxacin was due to a mutation in the gyrA gene. All strains contained the spaA gene and several other genes putatively involved in pathogenesis (nanH.1, nanH.2, intl, sub, hlyA, fbpA, ERH_1356, cpsA, algI, rspA and rspB) Seven variants of the SpaA protein were found in the tested strains, and a relationship between the structure of SpaA and the serotype was noted. E. rhusiopathiae strains occurring in pigs in Poland are diverse in terms of serotype and SpaA variant and differ antigenically from the R32E11 vaccine strain. Beta-lactam antibiotics, macrolides, or phenicols should be the first choice for treatment of swine erysipelas in Poland. However, due to the small number of tested strains, this conclusion should be approached with caution.

The article presents some experience concerning technical and economical effectiveness arising from operation of an example of real photovoltaic micro installation. The main goal is to draw attention not only to its benefits, but also to the existing problems, that generate additional costs.

Escherichia coli infections (including APEC) in broiler chickens are not only a health and economic problem of the flock, but also a significant health threat to poultry meat consumers. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of the phytobiotic composition on E. coli in broiler chickens were previously described. However, most of the data were related to the reference strains (for both in vitro and in vivo models). Based on the previous studies in human and animals, E. coli strains seem to be multidrug resistance. This, in turn, makes it necessary to develop effective alternative methods of treating this type of infection already at the stage of poultry production. In the present study, the antibacterial activity against various strains of E. coli (including APEC) was assessed for two innovative phytobiotics mixtures: H1, containing thymol, menthol, linalool, trans-anethole, methyl salicylate, 1,8-cineol, and p-cymene; H2, in addition to compounds from H1, containing terpinen-4-ol and γ-terpinene. The unique mixtures of phytobiotics used in the experiment were effective against various strains of E. coli, also against APEC, isolated from broiler chickens from traditional industrial breeding, as well as against those showing colistin resistance. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for these unique mixtures were: For H1 1:512 for APEC and non-APEC E. coli strains isolated from day old chicks (DOCs), 1:512 for non-APEC, and 1:1024 for non-APEC isolated from broilers sample. For mixture H2, MIC for APEC from both type of samples (DOCs and broilers) was 1:1024 and for non-APEC (DOCs and broilers) was 1:512. The results suggest that phytobiotic compositions used in this study can be successfully used as a natural alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of E. coli infections in broiler chickens. The promising results may be a crucial point for further analyses in broiler flocks exposed to E. coli infections and where it is necessary to reduce the level of antibiotics or completely eliminate them, thus reducing the risk of foodborne infections.

Avian reovirus (ARV) is a cause of infections of broiler and turkey flocks, as well as waterfowl birds. This case report describes a reovirus detection in a fattening goose flock. GRV-infected geese suffer from severe arthritis, tenosynovitis, pericarditis, depressed growth, or runting-stunting syndrome (RSS), malabsorption syndrome, and respiratory and enteric diseases. GRV (goose reovirus) caused pathological lesions in various organs and joints, especially in the liver and spleen. GRV infection causes splenic necrosis, which induces immunosuppression, predisposing geese to infection with other pathogens, which could worsen the disease and lead to death. Our results showed that GRV was detected via RT-PCR and isolated in SPF (Specific Pathogen Free) embryos. This is the first report of the involvement of reovirus in arthritis, and the generalized infection of young geese in Poland, resulting in pathological changes in internal organs and sudden death. This study also provides new information about the GRV, a disease that is little known and underestimated.

This article deals with to the selected issues of design and characteristics of the operation atypical of electricity networks used on ships. The presented analysis and an attempt of re- design is based on the case study.

Salmonella spp. is the most frequent cause of foodborne diseases, and the increasing occurrence of MDR strains is an additional and increasing problem. We collected Salmonella spp. strains isolated from meat (poultry and pork) and analysed their antibiotic susceptibility profiles and the occurrence of resistance genes. To determine the susceptibility profiles and identify MDR strains, we used two MIC methods (MICRONAUT and VITEC2 Compact) and 25 antibiotics. Phenotypic tests showed that 53.84% strains were MDR. Finally, molecular analysis strains revealed the presence of blaSHV, blaPSE-1, blaTEM, but not blaCTX-M genes. Moreover, several genes were associated with resistance to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluorochinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. This suggests that further research on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in foodborne strains is needed, especially from a One Health perspective.

Background: The identification of natural antibacterial agents from various sources that can act effectively against disease-causing foodborne bacteria is one of the major concerns throughout the world. In the present study, a unique phytobiotics mixture containing thymol, menthol, linalool, trans-anethole, methyl salicylate, 1,8-cineole, and p-cymene was evaluated for antibacterial activity against selected strains of Salmonella spp. Results: The phytobiotics mixture was effective against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Kentucky. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of this unique mixture for these three pathogens were 1:256. Among these three strains, one S. Kentucky presented the most extensive resistance profiles to 18 antibiotics belonging to 5 classes of antibiotics. One of S. Typhimurium presents extensive resistance profiles to 14 antibiotics belonging to 5 classes of antibiotics. Conclusions: The results suggest that the phytobiotics mixture used in the experiment can be used as a strong natural antibacterial agent against Gram-negative foodborne pathogens such as S. Typhimurium, S. Kentucky, and S. Enteritidis. This is a preliminary analysis of the effectiveness of a phytobiotic product in an in vitro model, which may be the starting point for further studies, including in vivo animal models.

Starch is an inexpensive, easily accessible, and widespread natural polymer. Due to its properties and availability, this polysaccharide is an attractive precursor for sustainable products. Considering its exploitation in adhesives and coatings, the major drawback of starch is its high affinity towards water. This study aims to explain the influence of the silane-starch coating on the hydrophobic properties of paper. The analysis of the organosilicon modified starch properties showed an enhanced hydrophobic behavior, suggesting higher durability for the coatings. Molecules of silanes with short aliphatic carbon chains were easily embedded in the starch structure. Longer side chains of silanes were primarily localized on the surface of the starch structure. The best hydrophobic properties were obtained for the paper coated with the composition based on starch and methyltrimethoxysilane. This coating also improved the bursting resistance and compressive strength of the tested paper. A static contact angle higher than 115° was achieved. PDA analysis confirmed the examined material exhibited high barrier properties towards water. The results extend the knowledge of the interaction of silane compositions in the presence of starch.

The article presents the results of laboratory experiments on several linguistic hypotheses. The experiments were checked for their epistemological control of the psychological reality of the world description that they offer. The article refers to the psycholinguistic experiments that aim to define the explanatory adequacy of the semantic models that simulate the implementation of the representative function of the language. The two themes: philological (linguistic) and cognitive (neurolinguistic and psycholinguistic) are combined in the article.

Investor relations play a significant role in increasing a company's value and may contribute to improving its image in the business environment. It is the transparency and reliability of the information provided that affects the trust and willingness of investors to identify with a given company. The purpose of the article is to show the role of investor relations among companies in Poland. An overview of publications in Polish and English was conducted. The essence, goals and the instruments of investor relations were the focus of the study. Only the companies that engage in new technological solutions used by investor relations, e.g. videoconferences, conference calls, teleconferences, Facebook, and Twitter, are successful in the modern capital market. Moreover, a survey was conducted among Polish individual investors. Its results demonstrated what preferences and requirements Polish investors have with regard to information. Moreover, the analysis of the investors' responses also showed the degree to which Polish stock exchange companies are involved in the communication through new technologies.

Introduction: Malnutrition is still a serious clinical problem, which has negative consequences. It not only prolongs hospitalisation, but also delays recovery. The diagnosis of malnutrition is as important as any other medical diagnosis. Aim of the study: To assess the usefulness of a hospital nutrition support team, as a separate unit, to diagnose and treat malnutrition. Material and methods: Data from 5 years were retrospectively collected. We analysed the number of patients each year and the number of days of artificial nutrition (enteral and parenteral) covered by the National Health Fund. During the first 2.5 years, the nutrition support team functioned as a part of surgical department, and for the next 2.5 years it was a separate unit. Results: The activity of the hospital nutrition support team, as a separate unit, has significantly increased the number of nutritional procedures, enteral in particular. In the first half of the year 2014, the number of parenteral nutrition days was 64, and the number of enteral nutrition days was 215. However, in the next 6 months, when the team functioned as a separate unit, the number of days was 185 and 1,511, respectively, despite a similar number of hospitalised patients. The activity of a separate nutrition support unit resulted in a significant, more than 7-fold increase in the number of days of the enteral nutrition (1,032 vs. 7,479; p < 0.001). The increase in the number of days of parenteral nutrition was also significant (999 vs. 1,412; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Establishing a hospital nutrition support team significantly increased the number of days of both enteral and parenteral nutrition in malnourished patients. The activity of the team is cost-effective and profitable for the hospital.

Voids in polymer matrix composites are one of the most common manufacturing defects, which may influence the mechanical properties and structural behavior of the final parts made of composites by various manufacturing methods. Therefore, numerous non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques were developed and applied for quality control and in-service testing of such structures. In this paper, the authors analyzed various alternatives to the reference technique, X-ray computed tomography (XCT) NDT, which is used for industrial testing of composite disks having defects in the form of the lower density areas. Different candidates, namely: vibration-based testing, infrared thermography, vibro-thermography, as well as ultrasonic testing were analyzed in terms of their sensitivity and technical feasibility. The quality of the results, the complexity of the testing procedure, time and labor consumption, and the cost of the equipment were analyzed and compared with the reference technique. Based on the conducted research the authors finally proposed a hybrid approach to quality control, using a combination of two NDT techniques–infrared thermography (for initial scanning and detection of near-surface defects) and ultrasonic testing (for a more detailed analysis of products that pass the first testing procedure). It allowed for replacing the costly XCT diagnostics with a much cheaper, but almost equally effective, alternative.

This article aims at demonstrating the feasibility of modern deep learning techniques for the real-time detection of non-stationary objects in point clouds obtained from 3-D light detecting and ranging (LiDAR) sensors. The motion segmentation task is considered in the application context of automotive Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), where we often need to distinguish between the static parts of the environment with respect to which we localize the vehicle, and non-stationary objects that should not be included in the map for localization. Non-stationary objects do not provide repeatable readouts, because they can be in motion, like vehicles and pedestrians, or because they do not have a rigid, stable surface, like trees and lawns. The proposed approach exploits images synthesized from the received intensity data yielded by the modern LiDARs along with the usual range measurements. We demonstrate that non-stationary objects can be detected using neural network models trained with 2-D grayscale images in the supervised or unsupervised training process. This concept makes it possible to alleviate the lack of large datasets of 3-D laser scans with point-wise annotations for non-stationary objects. The point clouds are filtered using the corresponding intensity images with labeled pixels. Finally, we demonstrate that the detection of non-stationary objects using our approach improves the localization results and map consistency in a laser-based SLAM system.

Background: Globally, Salmonella enterica is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in humans. Food of animal origin is obligatorily tested for the presence of this pathogen. Unfortunately, in meat and meat products, this is often hampered by the presence of background microbiota, which may present as false-positive Salmonella. Methods: For the identification of Salmonella spp. from meat samples of beef, pork, and poultry, the authorized detection method is PN-EN ISO 6579-1:2017-04 with the White–Kauffmann–Le Minor scheme, two biochemical tests: API 20E and VITEK II, and a real-time PCR-based technique. Results: Out of 42 presumptive strains of Salmonella, 83.3% Salmonella enterica spp. enterica, 14.3% Citrobacter braakii, and 12.4% Proteus mirabilis were detected from 180 meat samples. Conclusions: Presumptive strains of Salmonella should be identified based on genotypic properties such as DNA-based methods. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. from miscellaneous meat sorts: beef, pork, and poultry.

The article is a case study of a chimpanzee bonobo – Kanzi. The author of the paper aims at providing a comparison of formal (mathematical) and empirical (linguistic, psychological, biological) results of research on the grammar of human and non -human language or codes. The content of the paper focuses on the issues relating to the power of grammatical combinations. The author seeks to answer the question: What differentiates human and animal communication?

The meaning of the term high-quality endoscopy is gradually widening and consists of multiple elements. The highest possible quality of colonoscopies constitutes the basis of anticancer protective action by the identification and treatment of early precancerous lesions. Data from randomised trials demonstrate that only top quality endoscopy has a protective value against colon cancer morbidity. On the other hand, data coming from medical centres which do not meet high standards confirm the lack of protective anticancer value of low-quality colonoscopies and an increased rate of interval cancers. The fundamental indicators of high standards are: caecal intubation rate, adenoma detection rate, colonoscopy withdrawal time and bowel preparation. These parameters are gradually widened to include other factors such as: proximal colon polyp detection rate, retrieval rate of removed polyps, sedation practice and many others. One of the biggest challenges we have to face is the effort to perform endoscopic visual assessment of polyps in vivo. The principal aim of this action is to reduce the number of redundant histopathological tests and in general to reduce histopathology workload for very low-risk lesions, especially polyps ≤5 mm in diameter, this being the so called “resect and discard” strategy. One of useful tools is the assessment of the pattern of colonic crypt outlets, known as the pit pattern. The combination of the pit pattern and the Paris polyp classification determine high-risk lesions well in terms of advanced histology and technical problems with safe removal. Lesions originally found as unresectable should be reassessed and resected endoscopically in experienced expert centres.

Assessment of the entire surface of the mucosa of the diagnosed area is one of the key factors for high quality endoscopy. This is not obtainable without special preparation for endoscopy. Nationwide educational actions dedicated to informing patients how to prepare the bowel for colonoscopy have resulted in increased rate of detected pathological structures, clinically silent precancerous lesions in particular. Special pharmacological products for adequate colon preparation are available. Endoscopists are required to assess how well the colon was prepared for the procedure and include this information in their endoscopy report. The results of such efforts are already demonstrated by the decrease in the rate of colon cancer incidence and, most importantly, mortality. However, a similar effort is lacking as regards adequate preparation for gastroscopy despite it being the most common endoscopic examination. Generally, the required preparation for upper digestive tract endoscopy is limited to fasting for four to six hours before the procedure. Assessment of mucosa visibility is not required as an integral part of the gastroscopy report. This may be the reason for the low rate of early detection of gastric cancer and the high incidence of interval gastric cancer. Detection of advanced cancer results in low 5-year survival rates, with treatment mostly relying on extensive surgery. There are many publications available on premedication with simple mucolytic and anti-foaming agents for the detection of early precancerous lesions in the stomach, the bulk of them from the Far East, where gastric preparation for upper endoscopy is a routine procedure.

Testicular or ovotesticular disorders of sex development (DSD) in individuals with female karyotype (XX) lacking the SRY gene has been observed in several mammalian species, including dogs. A genetic background for this abnormality has been extensively sought, and the region harboring the SOX9 gene has often been considered key in canine DSD. Three types of polymorphism have been studied in this region to date: a) copy number variation (CNV) in a region about 400 kb upstream of SOX9, named CNVR1; b) duplication of SOX9; and c) insertion of a single G-nucleotide (rs852549625) approximately 2.2 Mb upstream of SOX9. The aim of this study was thus to comprehensively analyze these polymorphisms in a large multibreed case-control cohort containing 45 XX DSD dogs, representing 23 breeds. The control set contained 57 fertile females. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to study CNVR1 and the duplication of SOX9. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to visualize copy numbers on a cellular level. The Sanger sequencing approach was performed to analyze the region harboring the G-insertion. We confirmed that CNVR1 is highly polymorphic and that copy numbers varied between 0 and 7 in the case and control cohorts. Interestingly, the number of copies was significantly higher (P = 0.038) in XX DSD dogs (mean = 2.7) than in the control females (mean = 2.0) but not in all studied breeds. Duplication of the SOX9 gene was noted only in a single XX DSD dog (an American Bully), which had three copies of SOX9. Distribution of the G-nucleotide insertion was similar in the XX DSD (frequency 0.20) and control (frequency 0.14) cohorts. Concluding, our study showed that CNVR1, located upstream of SOX9, is associated with the XX DSD phenotype, though in a breed-specific manner. Duplication of the SOX9 gene is a rare cause of this disorder in dogs. Moreover, we did not observe any association of G-insertion with the DSD phenotype. We assume that the genetic background of XX DSD can be different in certain breeds.

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra are the most frequently diagnosed uterine diseases affecting bitches of different ages. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has been classified in females as a potential regulator of many endometrial changes during the estrous cycle or may be involved in pathological disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of TGF-β1, -β2 and -β3 in the endometrium of bitches suffering from CEH or a CEH–pyometra complex compared to clinically healthy females (control group; CG). A significantly increased level of TGF-β1 mRNA expression was observed in the endometrium with CEH–pyometra compared to CEH and CG. Protein production of TGF-β1 was identified only in the endometrium of bitches with CEH–pyometra. An increase in TGF-β3 mRNA expression was observed in all the studied groups compared to CG. The expression of TGF-β2 mRNA was significantly higher in CEH and lower in CEH–pyometra uteri. The results indicate the presence of TGF-β cytokines in canine endometrial tissues affected by proliferative and degenerative changes. However, among all TGF-β isoforms, TGF-β1 could potentially be a key factor involved in the regulation of the endometrium in bitches with CEH–pyometra complex.

In recent years, there have been very dynamic changes in both pork production and pig breeding technology around the world. The general trend of increasing the efficiency of pig production, with reduced employment, requires optimisation and a comprehensive approach to herd management. One of the most important elements on the way to achieving this goal is to maintain animal welfare and health. The health of the pigs on the farm is also a key aspect in production economics. The need to maintain a high health status of pig herds by eliminating the frequency of different disease units and reducing the need for antimicrobial substances is part of a broadly understood high potential herd management strategy. Thanks to the use of sensors (cameras, microphones, accelerometers, or radio-frequency identification transponders), the images, sounds, movements, and vital signs of animals are combined through algorithms and analysed for non-invasive monitoring of animals, which allows for early detection of diseases, improves their welfare, and increases the productivity of breeding. Automated, innovative early warning systems based on continuous monitoring of specific physiological (e.g., body temperature) and behavioural parameters can provide an alternative to direct diagnosis and visual assessment by the veterinarian or the herd keeper.

Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie opisu kategorii "zwierzęcej" w ludzkim mózgu, umyśle i języku. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań językowych, psycholingwistycznych i neurolingwistycznych.

The article is a reconnaissance. The author of the paper aims at providing a comparison of mathematical and empirical results of research on the evolution of language. The content of the paper focuses on issues relating to the emergence of language. The author seeks to answer the question: What differentiates human and animal communication?

Good nutritional status of the patient is very often key to successful medical intervention. For patients capable of safe and efficient swallowing, the modification of diet or introduction of oral nutritional supplements is sufficient. In patients with swallowing disorders, regardless of their aetiology, artificial nutrition access is required. In the case of long-term nutritional therapy, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) insertion is considered the gold standard. The procedure of inserting a PEG feeding tube is not difficult to perform and is widely used. As any invasive medical procedure, PEG tube insertion involves the risk of complications. Typical complications that may follow this common procedure include dislodgement, dysfunction, skin infection in the area of PEG catheter placement and aspiration of gastric contents. A rare or rather rarely diagnosed complication that may result from PEG tube placement is the migration of the internal bumper under the gastric mucosa, or even deeper. This can result in the covering of the internal bumper with granulation tissue and gradual loss of its functionality. Correct prevention and treatment allows to keep the catheter functionality and protect against other serious, often life-threatening, complications such as extensive phlegmon infection of the anterior abdominal wall. The best prophylaxis is the education of caregivers providing long-term care of the PEG outside of hospital. Early recognition of the complication allows for preservative treatment and maintenance of a fully functional nutrition access. In the case of extensive and deep migration and the site being fully covered with mucosa, PEG removal and insertion of a new one is often necessary. In some cases, it is possible to use the existing, mature PEG canal with well-defined edges; however, in the case of severe infection a new PEG tube is inserted at another site.

Which Model of Grammar is Psychologically Real? Selected Models of Linguistic on the Background of Experimental Results The article is reconnaissance. The author seeks to answer the question: which model of grammar is psychologically real? The content of the paper focuses on issues relating to the hypothesis of grammar: phrase structures grammar and dependency grammar. In close relationship with the analyzed problem author make some experiments. On this basis, the author draws own conclusions. Key words: hypothesis linguistic, psychological reality, epistemological control, laboratory experiment

The authors analyze topography changes related to the construction and operation of the Bełchatów Brown Coal Open Mine and Power Plant, one of Europe’s larger open-pit mines, situated in central Poland. In order to achieve this, a DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is prepared, based on archival materials from the pre-investment period. Source materials include German topographical maps, issued in 1944 by the Supreme High Command of the German Army (Oberkommando des Heeres/Generalstab). The second model of the same area is prepared based on DEM data included in the Topographical Database available by CODGiK (Main Centre of Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation). The preparation of two terrain models from different periods make it possible to evaluate the changes in the morphometry. Both models are compared using ArcGIS (ESRI) tools. The comparative analysis of the models allows for observing topography changes resulting from anthropogenic transformations related to the construction of the Brown Coal Open Mine Bełchatów and Power Plant complex.

About proposals for the classifications of the units of human speech – polemically The article is a reconnaissance. First, the author discusses with the authors of the classification of language and speech. Second, the author formulates own proposals in question of quality and quantity of units of human speech. The author distinguishes between units who perform functions: representative (propositional) and communication (text) and analyzes it based on different linguistic programs. Key words: speech unit, metalinguistics, sentence, text

On the limits of verbalization, that is “what” and “to what extent” can be expressed in language? An attempt to formulate the problem The article is a type of reconnaissance. The author aims at providing a description of the limits of language, including the structure and meaning, focusing particularly on the issues relating to the limitations of speech. The author seeks the answer the following question: what and to what extent can be said? In close relationship with the analyzed problem author explicates selection features of the verbs of speaking. On this basis, the author creates a classification of sentences. Key words: linguistics, epistemology, verbalization, limit