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nos encontramos ante una pandemia del COVID-19, que no solamente ha creado una nueva normalidad que ha transformado nuestra sociedad, en la forma en que nos relacionados los unos con los otros. La imposición y la obligación de vacunarse contra el virus que ocasiona la enfermedad nos ha hecho preguntarnos si existe un derecho a no vacunarse y en qué circunstancias el Estado puede obligarnos o no a vacunarnos. Y si dicha vacunación va en contra de nuestros derechos y en qué casos constituye una violación a nuestra dignidad humana. Debemos responder estas y otras interrogantes: ¿Es ético no vacunarse contra el COVID-19? ¿La vacuna debe ser obligatoria?, ¿La autonomía del individuo está por encima de la colectividad ¿se violan los derechos y garantías al vacunarse en forma obligada?, son solo algunas delas preguntas que trataremos de darle respuesta

This article highlights the fundamental aspects of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) on poly-hydroxyl stationary phases to analyze non-derivatized mono- and disaccharides, including commonly consumed carbohydrates like glucose, fructose, sucrose, and lactose. The evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) is utilized as an alternative to an MS detector, and the separation system’s selectivity allows the separation of anomers of monosaccharides. The study also includes a rapid method for determining isomaltulose (Palatinose), which was validated and applied to food supplement samples available in the Czech market, even those with high protein content. Additionally, isomaltulose was separated from sucrose in just 13 min.

No presente trabalho apresenta-se uma experiência docente desenvolvida na província do Huambo da república de Angola, relativa aos seminários de capacitação para a realização dos concursos de matemática, cujo objectivo é compreender a necessidade de preparar os professores didáctica e metodologicamente, de modo a servir de base para a materialização dos objectivos do concurso nacional “Olimpíadas de Matemática”. Os resultados obtidos nos seminários realizados e a análise dos principais problemas que podem interferir no êxito da realização dos concursos de matemática na província do Huambo, permitiram aos autores deste trabalho propor desafios e as mudanças necessárias para melhorar o desempenho da província nos concursos de matemática, que incidem sobretudo na superação constante dos professores para conduzirem satisfatoriamente o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da Matemática, de maneira general, e dos concursos de matemática de maneira particular. A sistematização teórica e a análise de documentos constituem os métodos fundamentais empregues no processo investigativo.

Introducción: durante los tres primeros años de vida, las funciones bucofaríngeas se atribuyen a factores genéticos y ambientales. Objetivo: caracterizar las funciones bucofaríngeas en el segundo y tercer año de vida, en niños del municipio de Santa Clara, provincia Villa Clara. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo, en el período de octubre de 2014 a junio de 2017. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por todos los niños nacidos en el Hospital Universitario Ginecobstétrico «Mariana Grajales» de Santa Clara, en abril y mayo de 2013, pertenecientes a cualquier área de salud de dicho municipio. La muestra estuvo integrada por 64 niños que fueron examinados a los 18, 24, 30 y 36 meses de edad. Para la recolección de los datos se aplicó el método de observación; la información obtenida se procesó y se sometió a pruebas estadísticas. Resultados: las funciones bucofaríngeas, excepto la fonatoria, sufrieron un deterioro progresivo según aumentó la edad de los niños observados; así mismo, aparecieron hábitos de respiración bucal y deglución con protracción exagerada. Conclusiones: se produjeron importantes cambios en las funciones bucofaríngeas en el segundo y tercer año de vida, en los niños integrantes de la cohorte estudiada.

Fundamento: el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad, se caracteriza por patrón persistente de hiperactividad, impulsividad, desatención. Las relaciones entre los infantes y sus cuidadores primarios suelen marcarse por el conflicto, lo que repercute en la adaptación, afrontamiento y calidad de vida de sus cuidadores. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de la implementación de un programa de intervención educativa en la adaptación, afrontamiento, calidad de vida y satisfacción de los cuidadores primarios de infantes con déficit de atención e hiperactividad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio mixto de tipo triangulación concomitante, pre-experimental (cuantitativo) y fenomenológico (cualitativo), en el Policlínico Chiqui Gómez Lubián de Santa Clara, de 2016 a 2020. De un universo de 51 cuidadores primarios pertenecientes a las áreas de salud del municipio, se seleccionó una muestra de 21 por muestreo homogéneo. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos histórico – lógico, analítico sintético, sistematización, inductivo – deductivo, abstracción y sistémico estructural. Del nivel empírico escalas autoadministrables y entrevista abierta. Resultados: se elevó capacidad de afrontamiento y adaptación de cuidadores primarios, con predominio de mediana capacidad antes de la intervención y alta luego de la intervención. Los cuidadores primarios incrementaron su índice de calidad de vida de predominio de nivel medio a alto, lo que produjo cambios significativos con valores asintóticos inferiores a 0,05. Conclusiones: los resultados de la implementación del programa de intervención educativa a cuidadores primarios de infantes con déficit de atención e hiperactividad, se avaluaron de favorables, ya que permitió la mejora de su adaptación, afrontamiento, calidad de vida y satisfacción.

Fundamento: el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) es una perturbación del desarrollo neurológico frecuente en edades pediátricas. Afecta el comportamiento infantil y las relaciones con sus cuidadores primarios. Objetivo: diseñar acciones de intervención educativa en la comunidad para cuidadores primarios de infantes con TDAH. Métodos: se realizó un estudio mixto de tipo triangulación concomitante, en el Policlínico Universitario “Chiqui Gómez Lubián” de Santa Clara, de 2016 a 2019. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: analítico-sintético, sistematización, inductivo–deductivo, modelación y sistémico-estructural; empíricos: escalas autoadministrables, entrevista abierta y cuestionario a expertos. Resultados: se constató un predominio de mediana capacidad de afrontamiento y adaptación en los cuidadores primarios. Las dimensiones más afectadas de calidad de vida fueron las emociones y conductas, descanso y sueño, y la preparación recibida para brindar cuidados a su familiar. Se diseñó un programa de intervención educativa en la comunidad, basado en la integración del modelo de la adaptación de Callista Roy y el sistema de apoyo educativo de Dorothea Orem; estructurado en cinco temas, con medios de enseñanza conformados con la aplicación de tecnologías educativas. Conclusiones: el programa fue valorado como muy adecuado por los expertos por su contribución a la adaptación, afrontamiento, calidad de vida y satisfacción de cuidadores primarios de infantes con TDAH, en modos adaptativos, con un enfoque grupal, interdisciplinario y sistémico.

Introducción: en el año 2004, Callista Roy diseñó una escala para medir el proceso de afrontamiento y adaptación, la cual ha sido validada en diferentes contextos. Hasta el momento, no se han encontrado evidencias sobre la aplicación y validación de esta escala en el contexto cubano a cuidadores primarios.Objetivo: establecer la validez de constructo de la escala de medición del proceso de afrontamiento y adaptación de Callista Roy en cuidadores primarios.Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el Policlínico Universitario «Chiqui Gómez Lubián», de enero de 2018 a junio de 2019. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por cuidadores primarios de infantes con déficit de atención e hiperactividad que asistieron a la consulta multidisciplinaria del policlínico, y por profesionales de la salud como expertos. La selección de la muestra de cuidadores primarios se realizó por muestreo homogéneo, y la de expertos, en base a criterios.Resultados: el 100 % de los cuidadores primarios seleccionados respondieron que entendían los 47 ítems; su consistencia interna por alfa de Cronbach alcanzó resultados superiores a 0,9. La validez de contenido alcanzó un índice total de la escala de 0,97, lo que significa una categoría de mucho.Conclusiones: se estableció la validez de constructo de la escala de medición del proceso de afrontamiento y adaptación de Callista Roy en cuidadores primarios, se evidenció la facial lingüística, a partir de la comprensión de los ítems, de contenido según los criterios de Moriyama, y de consistencia interna por alfa de Cronbach.

Videos of animal behavior are used to quantify researcher-defined behaviors of interest to study neural function, gene mutations, and pharmacological therapies. Behaviors of interest are often scored manually, which is time-consuming, limited to few behaviors, and variable across researchers. We created DeepEthogram: software that uses supervised machine learning to convert raw video pixels into an ethogram, the behaviors of interest present in each video frame. DeepEthogram is designed to be general-purpose and applicable across species, behaviors, and video-recording hardware. It uses convolutional neural networks to compute motion, extract features from motion and images, and classify features into behaviors. Behaviors are classified with above 90% accuracy on single frames in videos of mice and flies, matching expert-level human performance. DeepEthogram accurately predicts rare behaviors, requires little training data, and generalizes across subjects. A graphical interface allows beginning-to-end analysis without end-user programming. DeepEthogram’s rapid, automatic, and reproducible labeling of researcher-defined behaviors of interest may accelerate and enhance supervised behavior analysis. Code is available at: https://github.com/jbohnslav/deepethogram.

El tabaquismo constituye uno de los flagelos que padece la sociedad contemporánea y los niños no se encuentran exentos ante este riesgo, hecho que se convierte en punto de partida para realizar esta investigación basada en los criterios de educación para la salud y particularmente, en la educación antitabáquica. El objetivo de la investigación busca analizar los conocimientos y los comportamientos obtenidos por un grupo seleccionado de escolares de cuarto grado en grupos de riesgo ante el tabaquismo permitiendo medir los cambios mediante los índices ponderados para su evaluación. Se aplicaron diferentes métodos e instrumentos de nivel empírico como el análisis de documentos, la observación, el análisis de los productos de la actividad, la prueba pedagógica en la etapa inicial y final, donde se organizaron y sistematizaron las fuentes de información en función del objeto de estudio. El análisis y discusión de los resultados en la etapa inicial y final se expresó a través del control y evaluación cuantitativa de las variables en orden con el propósito de garantizar la validez de los resultados, además se analizaron los criterios cualitativos logrados sobre la educación antitabáquica.

This work is an experience based on the use of Information and Communication Technologies. The problem of how to use technologies for the development of the teaching-learning process of Algebra is detected and a didactic conception of the use of technologies is proposed to contribute to the initial formation of Mathematics teachers. Different methods of the theoretical empirical level and the statistical level were used, as well as the systematization in the solution of exercises with intelligent systems. Reference is made to the theoretical considerations in the experience and an assessment of compliance with the proposed purposes, which had as its essence the interrelation between computer skills with the use of technologies for the teaching-learning process of Algebra and the objectives to be achieved.

This paper presents a rapid HPLC method for the separation of isomaltulose (also known as Palatinose) from other common edible carbohydrates such as sucrose, glucose, and maltodextrins, which are commonly present in food and dietary supplements. This method was applied to determine isomaltulose in selected food supplements for special diets and athletic performance. Due to the selectivity of the separation system, this method can also be used for rapid profiling analysis of mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides in food.

El presente estudio muestra los primeros resultados de un proyecto de registro y relevamiento de sitios con arte rupestre ubicados en la cuenca de Atacama. Estos fueron clasificados en cuatro categorías asociadas a procesos de Desarrollo Locales y Regionales: a) Pictografías y petroglifos arcaicos pre tardíos con diseños geométricos y camélidos naturalísticos (v.gr. Tulán-67). b) Petroglifos muebles arcaicos tardíos con camélidos naturalísticos vinculados con el proceso de domesticación (v.gr. Puripica-1 y Kalina- 1) c) Pictografías y petroglifos con diseños de camélidos naturalísticos y escasa presencia humana, del patrón pastoralista, correspondiente a la fase Formativa Antigua (v. gr. Tulán -60 y Taira) d) Petroglifos de diversos estadios agropastoralistas vinculados con el tráfico caravanero, predominantemente post formativo (v. gr. Quebrada de Tambores 1 y 2).

A female patient, 60 years of age, was presented to our hospital with chest pain and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). She was transferred to the Coronary Care Unit and amiodarone perfusion restored basal rhythm in atrial fibrillation. She has not sign of heart failure. A transtoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was performed and an one mitral mass was found at atrioventricular junction with displacement of the posterior mitral leaflet A transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) demonstrated a mass at atrioventricular junction level with severe mitral regurgitation. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) confirmed the mass and anterolateral papillary muscle was thickening and hypertrophied with hyperenhancement consistent with fibrosis. Moreover, T2-weighted imaging demonstrated hyperintense mass with respect to the surrounding myocardium in relation of inflammatory mass. She had saddle nose by destruction of the septum, bilateral hearing loss, sinusitis and scleritis and renal involvement as well. This patient was diagnosed of Wegener's Granulomatosis (WG) and she was treated with methylprednisolone during 3 days, continued with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide. An 8 days later echocardiogram did not find the mass. However, the patient developed symptomatology of heart failure and in the context of severe mitral regurgitation, mitral valve replacement was decided in multi-disciplinary Cardiology-Cardiothoracic meeting. "

This study examined the toxicity of six Gambierdiscus species (Gambierdiscus belizeanus, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri, Gambierdiscus ribotype 2 and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri) using a human erythrocyte lysis assay. In all, 56 isolates were tested. The results showed certain species were significantly more toxic than others. Depending on the species, hemolytic activity consistently increased by ∼7-40% from log phase growth to late log - early stationary growth phase and then declined in mid-stationary growth phase. Increasing growth temperatures from 20 to 31 °C for clones of G. caribaeus showed only a slight increase in hemolytic activity between 20 and 27 °C. Hemolytic activity in the G. carolinianus isolates from different regions grown over the same 20-31 °C range remained constant. These data suggest that growth temperature is not a significant factor in modulating the inter-isolate and interspecific differences in hemolytic activity. The hemolytic activity of various isolates measured repeatedly over a 2 year period remained constant, consistent with the hemolytic compounds being constitutively produced and under strong genetic control. Depending on species, greater than 60-90% of the total hemolytic activity was initially associated with the cell membranes but diffused into solution over a 24 h assay incubation period at 4 °C. These findings suggest that hemolytic compounds produced by Gambierdiscus isolates were held in membrane bound vesicles as reported for brevetoxins produced by Karenia brevis. Gambierdiscus isolates obtained from other parts of the world exhibited hemolytic activities comparable to those found in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico confirming the range of toxicities is similar among Gambierdiscus species worldwide. Experiments using specific inhibitors of the MTX pathway and purified MTX, Gambierdiscus whole cell extracts, and hydrophilic cell extracts containing MTX, were consistent with MTX as the primary hemolytic compound produced by Gambierdiscus species. While the results from inhibition studies require validation by LC-MS analysis, the available data strongly suggest differences in hemolytic activity observed in this study reflect maitotoxicity., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Harmful blooms formed by species of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium have caused massive fish kills and substantial economic losses in the Pacific Ocean. Recently, prominent blooms of Cochlodinium have occurred in central and southern California (2004-2008), and Cochlodinium cells are now routinely observed in microscopical analysis of algal assemblages from Californian coastal waters. The first documented economic loss due to a Cochlodinium bloom in California occurred in Monterey Bay and resulted in the mortality of commercially farmed abalone. Increasing occurrences of Cochlodinium blooms, the fact that these cells preserve poorly using standard techniques, and the difficulty of identifying preserved specimens using morphological criteria make Cochlodinium species prime candidates for the development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) approach. The 18S rDNA gene sequenced from Cochlodinium cells obtained from California coastal waters, as well as GenBank sequences of Cochlodinium, were used to design and test a Molecular Beacon(®) approach. The qPCR method developed in this study is species specific, sensitive for the detection of C. fulvescens that has given rise to the recent blooms in the eastern Pacific Ocean, and spans a dynamic abundance range of seven orders of magnitude. Initial application of the method to archived field samples collected during blooms in Monterey Bay revealed no statistically significant correlations between gene copy number and environmental parameters. However, the onset of Cochlodinium blooms in central California was consistent with previously reported findings of correlations to decreased surface temperature and increased inputs of nitrogenous nutrients., (© 2012 Phycological Society of America.)

Due to slow rates of molecular evolution, DNA sequences used to identify and build phylogenies of algal species involved in harmful algal blooms (HABs) are generally invariant at the intraspecific level. This means that it is unknown whether HAB events result from the growth of a single clone, a few dominant clones, or multiple clones. This is true despite the fact that several physiological and demographic traits, as well as toxicity, are known to vary across clones. We generated AFLP fingerprints from a set of 6 clonal isolates, taken from a bloom of Prymnesium parvum at a striped bass mariculture facility. This new haptophyte bloom was recently implicated in fish kills at several sites in the United States. The AFLP fragments were highly reproducible and showed that all isolates were distinguishable due to abundant AFLPs unique to single isolates. These results demonstrate that blooms can be genetically diverse outbreaks and indicate that AFLP can be a powerful molecular tool for characterizing and monitoring this diversity.

The new pigment "moraxanthin" was found in natural samples from a fish mortality site in the Inland Bays of Delaware, USA. Pure cultures of the species, tentatively named Chattonella cf. verruculosa, and natural samples contained this pigment as a dominant carotenoid. The pigment, obtained from a 10 L culture of C. cf. verruculosa, was isolated and harvested by HPLC and its structure determined from MS and 1D- and 2D-NMR. The data identified this pigment as a new acylated form of vaucheriaxanthin called moraxanthin after the berry like algal cell. Its presence in pure cultures and in natural bloom samples indicates that moraxanthin is specific to C. cf. verruculosa and can be used as a marker of its presence when HPLC is used to analyze natural blooms samples.

The karlotoxins are a family of amphidinol-like compounds that play roles in avoiding predation and in prey capture for the toxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum. The first member of the toxin group to be reported was KmTx 1 (1), and here we report an additional five new members of this family (3-7) from the same strain. Of these additional compounds, KmTx 3 (3) differs from KmTx 1 (1) in having one less methylene group in the saturated portion of its lipophilic arm. In addition, 64-E-chloro-KmTx 3 (4) and 10-O-sulfo-KmTx 3 (5) were identified. Likewise, 65-E-chloro-KmTx 1 (6) and 10-O-sulfo-KmTx 1 (7) were also isolated. Comparison of the hemolytic activities of the newly isolated compounds to that of KmTx 1 shows that potency correlates positively with the length of the lipophilic arm and is disrupted by sulfonation of the polyol arm.

[1] Independent data from the Gulf of Mexico are used to develop and test the hypothesis that the same sequence of physical and ecological events each year allows the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis to become dominant. A phosphorus-rich nutrient supply initiates phytoplankton succession, once deposition events of Saharan iron-rich dust allow Trichodesmium blooms to utilize ubiquitous dissolved nitrogen gas within otherwise nitrogen-poor sea water. They and the co-occurring K. brevis are positioned within the bottom Ekman layers, as a consequence of their similar diel vertical migration patterns on the middle shelf. Upon onshore upwelling of these near-bottom seed populations to CDOM-rich surface waters of coastal regions, light-inhibition of the small red tide of ~1 ug chl l(-1) of ichthytoxic K. brevis is alleviated. Thence, dead fish serve as a supplementary nutrient source, yielding large, self-shaded red tides of ~10 ug chl l(-1). The source of phosphorus is mainly of fossil origin off west Florida, where past nutrient additions from the eutrophied Lake Okeechobee had minimal impact. In contrast, the P-sources are of mainly anthropogenic origin off Texas, since both the nutrient loadings of Mississippi River and the spatial extent of the downstream red tides have increased over the last 100 years. During the past century and particularly within the last decade, previously cryptic Karenia spp. have caused toxic red tides in similar coastal habitats of other western boundary currents off Japan, China, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa, downstream of the Gobi, Simpson, Great Western, and Kalahari Deserts, in a global response to both desertification and eutrophication.

Ten fish mortality events, involving primarily Atlantic menhaden, occurred from early July through September 2000 in several bays and creeks in Delaware, USA. Two events involved large mortalities estimated at 1-2.5 million fish in Bald Eagle Creek, Rehoboth Bay. Samples from Indian Inlet (Bethany Beach), open to the Atlantic, as well as from an enclosed area of massive fish kills at nearby Bald Eagle Creek and Torque Canal were collected and sent to our laboratory for analysis. Microscopic examination of samples from the fish kill site revealed the presence of a single-cell Raphidophyte alga Chattonella cf. verruculosa at a maximum density of 1.04 x 10(7) cells/L. Naturally occurring brevetoxins were also detected in the bloom samples. Besides the Chattonella species, no other known brevetoxin-producing phytoplankton were present. Chromatographic, immunochemical, and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the presence of brevetoxin PbTx-2, and PbTx-3 and -9 were confirmed by chromatographic and immunochemical analyses. This is the first confirmed report in the United States of brevetoxins associated with an indigenous bloom in temperate Atlantic estuarine waters and of C. cf. verruculosa as a resident toxic organism implicated in fish kills in this area. The bloom of Chattonella continued throughout September and eventually declined in October. By the end of October C. cf. verruculosa was no longer seen, nor was toxin measurable in the surface waters. The results affirm that to avoid deleterious impacts on human and ecosystem health, increased monitoring is needed for brevetoxins and organism(s) producing them, even in areas previously thought to be unaffected.

Polyether marine toxins are responsible for the seafood intoxication phenomena known as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (due to brevetoxins), ciguatera (due to ciguatoxin), and diarrheic shellfish poisoning (due to okadaic acid). Using traditional techniques of hapten (pure toxin) conjugation to protein to create complete antigen, animal immunization and antibody isolation, and specific antibody subpopulation purification, discriminating antibodies have been isolated that detect brevetoxins and ciguatoxin, but not okadaic acid, in a dose-dependent fashion. Using microorganic chemistry and purified toxins, a unique set of tools has been created for the study of polyether ladder toxin accumulation; depuration; and specific site localization in tissues, food sources, and clinical samples. Developed test protocols can detect toxin in dinoflagellate cells, in extracts from food sources, in seawater and culture media, and in human serum samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protocols developed for eventual collaborative testing have been successful in limited applications within the laboratory (correlation coefficient of 0.92 excluding 2 outliers), and alternative formats are being developed to optimize the basic test for use in research laboratories, regulatory laboratories, and field inspections.

Extracts from six clones of Ptychodiscus brevis (formerly known as Gymnodinium breve) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for the presence of brevetoxins PbTx-1, PbTx-2, and PbTx-3. Analyses indicated a wide clonal variability of the three toxin fractions in logarithmic phase cultures when normalized on a per cell basis. It appears that a much wider variability exists in toxin content for different P. brevis clones than exists in replicate extraction of multiple cultures of the diploid clone originally isolated by Wilson.