1,189 results on '"Toluene toxicity"'
Search Results
2. First Report of Pennella balaenopterae Infestation in a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Carcass Washed Ashore on the Israeli Coastline.
- Author
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Oren, S., Edery, N., Yasur-Landau, D., King, R., Leszkowicz Mazuz, M., Eben Bari, S., and Moss, L.
- Subjects
- *
WHALES , *MARINE mammals , *OIL spills , *COASTS , *BLUBBER , *BRONCHI - Abstract
This case report describes the first identification in Israel of the mesoparasitic copepod Pennella balaenoptera, in the carcass of a marine mammal. A Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) washed ashore on the Israeli coast was autopsied in contiguity to a large oil spill that occurred along Israel's coastline. At the external examination, a large number of Pennella balaenopterae were embedded within the whale's blubber on its ventral and lateral sides. Further toxicological analyses of lung and bronchus samples, revealed the presence of higher-thanacceptable levels of toluene without any evidence of other above-normal petroleum components, suggesting the inhalation of the substance. This paper proposes to consider toluene toxicity as a possible etiological factor affecting the host's immunity and consequently increasing the parasitic pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
3. Simultaneous Exposure to Noise and Toluene Induces Oxidative and Inflammatory Damage in the Heart of Wistar Rats: Therapeutic Potential of Olea europaea L. Leaf Extract.
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Ben Attia T, Nahdi A, Horchani M, Ben Ali R, Ben Jannet H, Galai S, Elmay MV, and Mhamdi A
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- Animals, Male, Molecular Docking Simulation, Noise adverse effects, Disease Models, Animal, Myocardium metabolism, Myocardium pathology, Cardiotoxicity, Plants, Medicinal, Rats, Lipid Peroxidation drug effects, Rats, Wistar, Oxidative Stress drug effects, Toluene toxicity, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Plant Extracts isolation & purification, Plant Leaves, Inflammation Mediators metabolism, Inflammation Mediators blood, Antioxidants pharmacology, Cytokines metabolism, Cytokines blood, Anti-Inflammatory Agents pharmacology, Olea chemistry
- Abstract
Workers in occupational settings often face simultaneous exposure to multiple risk factors, including noise and chemicals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined exposure to noise and toluene on the cardiac health of rats, with a focus on assessing the potential mitigating effects of Olea europaea L. (OLE) leaf extract (40 mg/kg/day). The evaluation involved scrutinizing biochemical and hematological markers, quantifying oxidative stress levels, determining proinflammatory cytokines in the serum, and conducting an in silico Docking studies. Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups-(n = 6/group):-Control-group-(C),-OLE-group-(Rats administered OLE), NT-group (rats co-exposed to noise and toluene), NT-4 group-(rats co-exposed to noise and toluene four weeks after the exposure period), NT + OLE1-group (rats co-exposed to noise and toluene treated with OLE for one week), NT + OLE2-group-(rats co-exposed to noise and toluene treated with OLE for two weeks), NT + OLE3-group-(rats co-exposed to noise and toluene treated with OLE for three weeks), and NT + OLE4-group (rats co-exposed to noise and toluene treated with OLE for four weeks). The results revealed that combined exposure to noise and toluene led to oxidative damage and increased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines. However, OLE treatment attenuated these effects by reducing lipid peroxidation and enhancing catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Additionally, OLE treatment significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokine levels compared to the noise and toluene co-exposed group. The study highlighted the potential of OLE to attenuate the adverse effects of combined exposure to noise and toluene, attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2024
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4. Effects of housing condition on the development and persistence of addictive-like behavior induced by toluene.
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García-Jácome D, Martínez-Mota L, and Páez-Martínez N
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- Animals, Mice, Male, Social Isolation psychology, Motor Activity drug effects, Behavior, Animal drug effects, Toluene toxicity, Housing, Animal, Behavior, Addictive psychology
- Abstract
Environmental factors can modify addictive responses induced by drugs of abuse; however, little is known about the impact of environmental conditions on behavioral responses induced by inhalants. In this study, we analyzed the effects of housing conditions, considering environmental enrichment (EE; n = 10), social isolation (SI; n = 10), and standard housing (STD; n = 10), as positive, negative, and control environments, respectively, on the development and persistence of behavioral sensitization induced by toluene. Mice exposed to air were used as a comparative control groups for each housing condition (EE: n = 11, SI: n = 10 and STD: n = 11). Results showed that a history of toluene exposure induced the development of locomotor sensitization in mice, independent of their housing conditions. However, SI increased the expression of behavioral sensitization to toluene after a drug-free period., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Nayeli Paez-Martinez reports financial support was provided by Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz and Instituto Politécnico Nacional. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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5. Potential Effects of Low-Level Toluene Exposure on the Nervous System of Mothers and Infants.
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Yu SY, Kim SH, Choo JH, Jang S, Kim J, Ahn K, and Hwang SY
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- Humans, Female, Infant, Pregnancy, Adult, Nervous System drug effects, Nervous System embryology, Nervous System metabolism, Nervous System growth & development, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects chemically induced, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects metabolism, Epigenesis, Genetic drug effects, Male, Mothers, Air Pollutants toxicity, Infant, Newborn, Toluene toxicity, Maternal Exposure adverse effects
- Abstract
In day-to-day living, individuals are exposed to various environmentally hazardous substances that have been associated with diverse diseases. Exposure to air pollutants can occur during breathing, posing a considerable risk to those with environmental health vulnerabilities. Among vulnerable individuals, maternal exposure can negatively impact the mother and child in utero. The developing fetus is particularly vulnerable to environmentally hazardous substances, with potentially greater implications. Among air pollutants, toluene is neurotoxic, and its effects have been widely explored. However, the impact of low-level toluene exposure in daily life remains unclear. Herein, we evaluated 194 mothers and infants from the Growing children's health and Evaluation of Environment (GREEN) cohort to determine the possible effects of early-life toluene exposure on the nervous system. Using Omics experiments, the effects of toluene were confirmed based on epigenetic changes and altered mRNA expression. Various epigenetic changes were identified, with upregulated expression potentially contributing to diseases such as glioblastoma and Alzheimer's, and downregulated expression being associated with structural neuronal abnormalities. These findings were detected in both maternal and infant groups, suggesting that maternal exposure to environmental hazardous substances can negatively impact the fetus. Our findings will facilitate the establishment of environmental health policies, including the management of environmentally hazardous substances for vulnerable groups.
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- 2024
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6. Risk assessment of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl benzene, and Xylene (BTEX) in the atmospheric air around the world: A review.
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Zahed MA, Salehi S, Khoei MA, Esmaeili P, and Mohajeri L
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- Humans, Risk Assessment methods, Animals, Benzene toxicity, Xylenes toxicity, Xylenes analysis, Toluene toxicity, Toluene analysis, Benzene Derivatives toxicity, Benzene Derivatives analysis, Air Pollutants toxicity, Air Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
Volatile organic compounds, such as BTEX, have been the subject of numerous debates due to their detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Human beings have had a significant role in the emergence of this situation. Even though US EPA, WHO, and other health-related organizations have set standard limits as unhazardous levels, it has been observed that within or even below these limits, constant exposure to these toxic chemicals results in negative consequences as well. According to these facts, various studies have been carried out all over the world - 160 of which are collected within this review article, so that experts and governors may come up with effective solutions to manage and control these toxic chemicals. The outcome of this study will serve the society to evaluate and handle the risks of being exposed to BTEX. In this review article, the attempt was to collect the most accessible studies relevant to risk assessment of BTEX in the atmosphere, and for the article to contain least bias, it was reviewed and re-evaluated by all authors, who are from different institutions and backgrounds, so that the insights of the article remain unbiased. There may be some limitations to consistency or precision in some points due to the original sources, however the attempt was to minimize them as much as possible., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We confirm that all of the authors of this manuscript have no pecuniary or other personal interest, direct or indirect, in any matter that raises or my raise a conflict in this manuscript., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2024
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7. Low-level occupational exposure to BTEX and dyschromatopsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Sohrabi Y, Rahimian F, Soleimani E, and Hassanipour S
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- Humans, Benzene analysis, Benzene toxicity, Benzene Derivatives analysis, Benzene Derivatives toxicity, Color Vision Defects chemically induced, Color Vision Defects epidemiology, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Occupational Exposure analysis, Toluene analysis, Toluene toxicity, Xylenes analysis, Xylenes toxicity
- Abstract
Objectives. The present study aimed to assess whether occupational exposure to low concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) is associated with color vision impairment. Methods. We queried PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and ProQuest as the main databases, as well as gray literature such as Google Scholar. A random-effects model was used to assess relative risk. A funnel plot was created to assess publication bias. Meta-regression analysis was applied to identify variables that explain the between-study variation in the reported risk estimate. Results. An overall standardized mean difference of 0.529 (95% confidence interval [0.269, 0.788]; p < 0.0001) was obtained in the random-effects model, which corresponded to a medium-size effect. Duration and the levels of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene were the significant predictors of the magnitude of the combined risk estimate. Chronic exposure to low levels of BTEX was associated with dyschromatopsia determined by the color confusion index. Conclusions . The impairments can occur even at exposures lower than the occupational exposure limits of BTEX. However, there are several flaws in the determination of workers' exposure, which did not allow to establish how low a level of these chemicals can cause color vision impairment.
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- 2024
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8. The Impact of Environmental Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene Exposure on Blood-Based DNA Methylation Profiles in Pregnant African American Women from Detroit.
- Author
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Straughen JK, Loveless I, Chen Y, Burmeister C, Lamerato L, Lemke LD, O'Leary BF, Reiners JJ, Sperone FG, Levin AM, and Cassidy-Bushrow AE
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Benzene Derivatives analysis, Benzene Derivatives toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Toluene toxicity, Toluene analysis, Xylenes toxicity, Xylenes analysis, Air Pollutants toxicity, Air Pollutants analysis, Benzene analysis, Benzene toxicity, Black or African American genetics, DNA Methylation
- Abstract
African American women in the United States have a high risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. DNA methylation is a potential mechanism by which exposure to BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) may cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. Data are from the Maternal Stress Study, which recruited African American women in the second trimester of pregnancy from February 2009 to June 2010. DNA methylation was measured in archived DNA from venous blood collected in the second trimester. Trimester-specific exposure to airshed BTEX was estimated using maternal self-reported addresses and geospatial models of ambient air pollution developed as part of the Geospatial Determinants of Health Outcomes Consortium. Among the 64 women with exposure and outcome data available, 46 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were associated with BTEX exposure (FDR adjusted p -value < 0.05) using a DMR-based epigenome-wide association study approach. Overall, 89% of DMRs consistently exhibited hypomethylation with increasing BTEX exposure. Biological pathway analysis identified 11 enriched pathways, with the top 3 involving gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor signaling, oxytocin in brain signaling, and the gustation pathway. These findings highlight the potential impact of BTEX on DNA methylation in pregnant women.
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- 2024
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9. Modeling the impact of heat stress on the toxicokinetics of toluene and acetone.
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Marchand A, Ménard J, Brochu P, and Haddad S
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- Humans, Heat-Shock Response, Models, Biological, Solvents toxicity, Toxicokinetics, Acetone toxicity, Toluene toxicity
- Abstract
Many workers can be exposed simultaneously to heat and volatile chemicals. In a controlled human exposure study, it was observed that an increase in ambient temperature was associated with increased blood concentrations for acetone and toluene. Based on the expected changes in physiological parameters that occur with an increase in ambient temperature, we aimed to develop a PBPK model for acetone and toluene that could account for the impact of temperature on the kinetics of these solvents. Changes in temperature-dependent physiological parameters (i.e. blood flows, cardiac output, alveolar ventilation) based on recent measurements in volunteers were introduced in the PBPK models to simulate observed blood concentrations for different temperature exposure conditions. Because initial simulations did not adequately predict solvent kinetics at any temperature, the most sensitive parameter (alveolar ventilation; Qp) was, therefore, optimized on experimental acetone blood concentrations to obtain a relationship with temperature. The new temperature-dependent Qp relationship gave Qp values consistent with the literature and estimated a mean increase of 19% at 30 °C (wet bulb globe temperature) compared to 21 °C. The integration of a new temperature-dependent Qp relationship in the PBPK toluene model yielded adequate simulations of the experimental data for toluene in blood, exhaled air and urine. With further validation with other solvents, the temperature-dependant PBPK model could be a useful tool to better assess the risks of simultaneous exposure to volatile chemicals and heat stress and interpret biomonitoring data in workers as well as in the general population. TRN: NCT02659410, Registration date: January 15, 2016., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2024
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10. Health risk assessment of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene in shoe industry-related workplaces.
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Abouee-Mehrizi A, Soltanpour Z, Mohammadian Y, Sokouti A, and Barzegar S
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- Humans, Xylenes toxicity, Xylenes analysis, Toluene toxicity, Toluene analysis, Shoes, Environmental Monitoring methods, Benzene Derivatives toxicity, Benzene Derivatives analysis, Carcinogens, Workplace, Carcinogenesis, Risk Assessment, Benzene toxicity, Benzene analysis, Air Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) are prevalent pollutants in shoe industry-related workplaces. The aim of this study was to assess exposure to BTEX and their carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks in shoe-industry-related workplaces. This study was carried out at different shoe manufactures, small shoe workshop units, shoe markets, and shoe stores in Tabriz, Iran in 2021. Personal inhalation exposure to BTEX was measured using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1501 method. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks due to inhalation exposure to BTEX were estimated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) method based on Mont Carlo simulation. Results showed that the concentrations of benzene and toluene were higher than the threshold limit value (TLV) in both gluing and non-gluing units of shoe manufactures. The total carcinogenic risk (TCR) due to exposure to benzene and ethyl benzene was considerable in all shoe industry-related workplaces. Also, the hazard index (HI) as a non-carcinogenic index was higher than standard levels in all shoe industry-related workplaces. Therefore, shoe industry-related workers are at cancer and non-cancer risks due to exposure to BTEX. Prevention measures need to be implemented to reduce the concentration of BTEX in shoe industry-related workplaces., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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- 2024
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11. Abuse-like toluene exposure during early adolescence alters subsequent ethanol and cocaine behavioral effects and brain monoamines in male mice.
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Davidson CJ, Hannigan JH, Perrine SA, and Bowen SE
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- Humans, Mice, Animals, Male, Adolescent, Brain, Nucleus Accumbens metabolism, Catecholamines metabolism, Catecholamines pharmacology, Toluene toxicity, Ethanol pharmacology, Cocaine pharmacology
- Abstract
Currently, there is a gap in understanding the neurobiological impact early adolescent toluene exposure has on subsequent actions of other drugs. Adolescent (PND 28-32) male Swiss-Webster mice (N = 210) were exposed to 0, 2000, or 4000 ppm of toluene vapor for 30 min/day for 5 days. Immediately following the last toluene exposure (PND 32; n = 15) or after a short delay (PND 35; n = 15), a subset of subjects' brains was collected for monoamine analysis. Remaining mice were assigned to one of two abstinence periods: a short 4-day (PND 36) or long 12-day (PND 44) delay after toluene exposure. Mice were then subjected to a cumulative dose response assessment of either cocaine (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg; n = 60), ethanol (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 g/kg; n = 60), or saline (5 control injections; n = 60). Toluene concentration-dependently increased locomotor activity during exposure. When later challenged, mice exposed previously to toluene were significantly less active after cocaine (10 and 20 mg/kg) compared to air-exposed controls. Animals were also less active at the highest dose of alcohol (4 g/kg) following prior exposure to 4000 ppm when compared to air-exposed controls. Analysis of monoamines and their metabolites using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal striatum (dSTR), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) revealed subtle effects on monoamine or metabolite levels following cumulative dosing that varied by drug (cocaine and ethanol) and abstinence duration. Our results suggest that early adolescent toluene exposure produces behavioral desensitization to subsequent cocaine-induced locomotor activity with subtle enhancement of ethanol's depressive effects and less clear impacts on levels of monoamines., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Cameron J. Davidson reports financial support was provided by Wayne State University (GRA). Scott E. Bowen reports financial support was provided by Wayne State University (Betty J. Neitzel Award). Shane A. Perrine reports equipment, drugs, or supplies was provided by National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA042057)., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
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- 2024
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12. Repeated toluene and cyclohexane inhalation produces differential effects on HPA and HPT axes in adolescent male rats.
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Soberanes-Chávez P, de Gortari P, García-Luna C, and Cruz SL
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- Rats, Male, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Toluene toxicity, Pituitary-Adrenal System metabolism, Hypothalamus metabolism, Body Weight, RNA, Messenger, Solvents toxicity, Corticosterone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone genetics, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone metabolism
- Abstract
Misused volatile solvents typically contain toluene (TOL) as the main psychoactive ingredient. Cyclohexane (CHX) can also be present and is considered a safer alternative. Solvent misuse often occurs at early stages of life, leading to permanent neurobehavioral impairment and growth retardation. However, a comprehensive examination of the effects of TOL and CHX on stress regulation and energy balance is lacking. Here, we compared the effect of a binge-pattern exposure to TOL or CHX (4,000 or 8,000 ppm) on body weight, food intake, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes in male adolescent Wistar rats. At 8,000 ppm, TOL decreased body weight gain without affecting food intake. In addition, TOL and CHX altered the HPA and HPT axes' function in a solvent- and concentration-dependent manner. The highest TOL concentration produced HPA axis hyperactivation in animals not subjected to stress, which was evidenced by increased corticotropin-releasing-factor (CRF) release from the median eminence (ME), elevated adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone serum levels, and decreased CRF mRNA levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). TOL (8,000 ppm) also increased triiodothyronine (T
3 ) serum levels, decreased pro-thyrotropin-releasing-hormone (pro-TRH) mRNA transcription in the PVN, pro-TRH content in the ME, and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. CHX did not affect the HPA axis. We propose that the increased HPT axis activity induced by TOL can be related to the impaired body weight gain associated with inhalant misuse. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the effects of the misused solvents TOL and CHX., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
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13. Can some food/medicinal plants directly affect porcine ovarian granulosa cells and mitigate the toxic effect of toluene?
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Sirotkin AV, Macejková M, Tarko A, Fabova Z, and Harrath AH
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- Female, Swine, Animals, Cell Proliferation, Cells, Cultured, Granulosa Cells, Progesterone pharmacology, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Apoptosis, Toluene toxicity, Plants, Medicinal
- Abstract
The action of buckwheat, rooibos and vitex on healthy female reproductive systems, as well as their ability to mitigate the reproductive toxicity of environmental contaminant toluene have not yet been examined. We analysed the influence of toluene (0, 10, 100 or 1000 ng/mL) with and without these plant extracts (10 μg/mL) on cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Cell viability, proliferation (PCNA accumulation), apoptosis (accumulation of bax) and release of progesterone (P) and oestradiol (E) were measured. Toluene reduced ovarian cell viability and proliferation, increased apoptosis and suppressed E but not P release. Plant extracts, given alone, were also able to directly suppress some ovarian cell functions. The addition of buckwheat promoted toluene action on cell viability, proliferation and P release, but it did not modify other toluene effects. Rooibos mitigated toluene action on cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis but promoted its action on P and E. The addition of vitex mitigated all the tested toluene effects. These observations: (1) demonstrate the direct toxic influence of toluene on ovarian cells, (2) demonstrate the ability of food/medicinal plants to either promote or mitigate toluene effects and (3) suggest that vitex could be a natural protector against the suppressive effect of toluene on female reproduction., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2023
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14. Hematotoxicity induced by simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene in New Zealand white rabbits: Synergistic and antagonistic effects.
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Abouee-Mehrizi A, Rasoulzadeh Y, Solali S, Esmaeilizadeh H, Iraji Z, and Mesgari-Abbasi M
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- Rabbits, Animals, Toluene toxicity, Noise
- Abstract
Exposure to numerous pollutants is prevalent in workplaces. Examination of combined exposure to different harmful physical factors and chemicals has offered new insights into toxicology in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the hematological alterations caused by exposure to noise and toluene. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were exposed to 1000 ± 50 ppm toluene and/or 100 ± 5 dB noise for 14 consecutive days. Exposure to noise and toluene changed a number of parameters of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), and platelets on different days after the exposure. Simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene increased WBC, and exposure to noise and toluene alone decreased RBC. Exposure to noise and toluene alone increased basophile, monocyte, and neutrophil counts. The coefficient of variation of red blood cell distribution width (RDW-CV) and the standard deviation of red blood cell distribution width (RDW-SD) significantly increased after co-exposure to noise and toluene. Platelet levels increased in the noise-exposed and the co-exposed groups and decreased in the toluene-exposed group. Furthermore, co-exposure to noise and toluene induced dissimilar synergistic and antagonistic effects on the hematological indices. According to the results of this study, simultaneous exposure to toluene and noise can aggravate some hematotoxic effects compared to exposure to noise or toluene alone. The results also demonstrated the vital role of the modulatory mechanisms of the body in controlling the detrimental effects of stressors.
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- 2023
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15. Recommendation for an occupational exposure limit for toluene.
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Rooseboom M, Kocabas NA, North C, Radcliffe RJ, and Segal L
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- Animals, Humans, Threshold Limit Values, Toluene toxicity, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Occupational Exposure analysis
- Abstract
The Lower Olefins and Aromatics (LOA) REACH Consortium, which includes toluene registrants in the EU, established a Working Group (WG) to conduct a review of the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for toluene. The review focussed on CNS and neuro-behavioural toxicity, ototoxicity, effects on colour vision, reproductive and developmental effects, as safety signals for these effects were identified. The WG also examined the need for a skin notation and/or a short-term exposure limit (STEL). The WG critically reviewed and discussed the strengths and weaknesses of the available published information describing the effects of toluene in animals and humans, to assess its adequacy as a potential point of departure for the establishment of an OEL for toluene and to derive an OEL. As a result, the WG recommendation for a toluene OEL is 20 ppm 8-h TWA, with a 15-min STEL of 100 ppm and a skin notation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Martijn Rooseboom is employed by Shell including stock ownership but was totally free to design and conduct the research and express his own scientific opinion without any obligation to either Shell or CEFIC. He is a member of the Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety (DECOS) of the Health Council of the Netherlands. Colin M. North is an employee of BASF Corporation and owns shares of publicly traded companies involved in the manufacture, use, or sale of toluene. Neslihan Aygun Kocabas is an employee of TotalEnergies and owns shares of a publicly traded company involved in the manufacture, use, or sale of toluene. Richard James Radcliffe is an employee of Penman Consulting Ltd (Wantage UK), who manage and provide scientific support to the Lower Olefins and Aromatics (LOA) REACH Consortium, which includes toluene registrants in the EU. Lawrence Segal is a freelance contractor to Penman Consulting BVBA (Brussels Belgium), who manage and provide scientific support to the Lower Olefins and Aromatics (LOA) REACH Consortium, which includes toluene registrants in the EU. He is a member of the Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL) Committee., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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16. Short- and long-term effects of chronic toluene exposure on spatial memory in adolescent and adult male Wistar rats.
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Pochkhidze N, Zhvania M, Japaridze N, Tizabi Y, Lobzhanidze G, and Lordkipanidze T
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- Rats, Male, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Time, Cognition, Maze Learning, Spatial Memory, Toluene toxicity
- Abstract
Addiction to toluene-containing volatile inhalants is of significant medical and social concern, particularly among youth. These concerns are underscored by the fact that the majority of adult abusers of toluene started as teenagers. Surprisingly, however, the lasting effects of chronic toluene exposure, especially in various age groups, have not been well investigated. Recently, we reported that adolescent and adult male Wistar rats show differential responses to chronic toluene exposure in recognition memory tasks. Since different cognitive functions may be differentially affected by drugs of abuse, we used the same model to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of chronic toluene on spatial learning and memory using Morris water maze. Daily exposure to toluene (2000 ppm) for 40 days (5 min/day) resulted in age-dependent behavioral changes. For example, only adolescent animals showed a decrease in time and distance travelled to find the hidden platform 24 h after the last toluene exposure. In contrast, only adult rats exhibited a decrease in acquisition time and distance travelled at 90 days' post toluene exposure. Our data provide further support for the contention that age-dependent responses should be taken into consideration in interventional attempts to overcome specific detrimental consequences of chronic toluene exposure., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
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- 2023
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17. Evaluation of joint toxicity of BTEX mixtures using sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
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Eom H, Kim S, and Oh SE
- Subjects
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Toluene toxicity, Benzene toxicity, Sulfur, Bacteria, Oxidation-Reduction, Xylenes toxicity, Benzene Derivatives toxicity
- Abstract
Benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), and xylenes (X) are petrochemicals vital in various industrial and commercial processing but identified as priority pollutants due to their high toxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the toxicological nature of BTEX mixtures under controlled laboratory aquatic conditions using sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB). Results from individual BTEX tests demonstrated that the order of toxicity among BTEX was X ≥ E > T > B. Comparisons of dose-effect curves for BTEX suggest that the biochemical mode of action of B in SOB was different from those of T, E, and X. Toxicological interactions of BTEX in mixtures were studied using concentration addition (CA), independent action (IA), and combination index (CI)-isobologram models. The CI model approximated the actual toxicity of BTEX mixtures better than the CA and IA models. In most cases, BTEX induced synergistic interactions in mixtures. However, in some B-containing mixtures, antagonism was observed at low effective levels. The effective level (fa)-CI plots and polygonograms illustrate that synergistic interactions of BTEX became stronger with an increase in effective levels. In addition, ternary and quaternary mixtures were found to provoke stronger synergism than binary mixtures. The present study suggests that the CI-isobologram model is a suitable means to evaluate diverse toxicological interactions of contaminants in mixtures., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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18. Mixture and individual effects of benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde in zebrafish (Danio rerio) development: Metabolomics, epigenetics, and behavioral approaches.
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Chatterjee N, Kim C, Im J, Kim S, and Choi J
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- Animals, Toluene toxicity, Formaldehyde toxicity, Epigenesis, Genetic, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Zebrafish metabolism, Benzene
- Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential hazards of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the development of zebrafish. To this end, zebrafish embryos were exposed in two different windows, either alone or in a mixture with VOCs (benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde) [EW1: 4 ± 2 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 24 hpf and EW2: 24 ± 2 hpf to 48 hpf]. Alterations in global DNA methylation and related gene expression, behavioral responses, and stress-related gene expression were observed. In addition to these endpoints, non-targeted NMR-based global metabolomics followed by pathway analysis showed significant changes in the metabolism of various amino acids during VOC exposure. Regardless of the analyzed endpoints, toluene was the most toxic chemical when exposed individually and possibly played the most pivotal role in the mixture treatment conditions. In conclusion, our data show that exposure to VOCs at embryonic developmental stages causes physiological perturbations and adverse outcomes at later life stages., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2023
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19. Quercetin can affect porcine ovarian cell functions and to mitigate some of the effects of the environmental contaminant toluene.
- Author
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Tarko A, Štochmaľová A, Harrath AH, Kotwica J, Baláži A, and Sirotkin AV
- Subjects
- Female, Swine, Animals, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I metabolism, Toluene toxicity, Toluene metabolism, Cells, Cultured, Granulosa Cells, Cell Proliferation, Testosterone metabolism, Apoptosis, Progesterone pharmacology, Quercetin pharmacology
- Abstract
The present in vitro experiments aimed to examine the effects of the plant polyphenol quercetin and the environmental contaminant toluene on basic ovarian cell functions, including the ability of quercetin to be a natural protector against the adverse effects of toluene. The influence of toluene, quercetin, and their combination on proliferation (accumulation of PCNA), apoptosis (accumulation of bax) and release of progesterone, testosterone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI) by cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells was investigated. Toluene stimulated cell proliferation and inhibited progesterone, IGF-I and testosterone release but did not affect apoptosis. Quercetin, when administered alone, inhibited cell proliferation, apoptosis, IGF-I and testosterone release and stimulated progesterone output. When administered in combination with toluene, quercetin mitigated toluene's effects on proliferation and on progesterone release and induced toluene to exhibit a pro-apoptotic effect. These observations demonstrate the direct effects of both quercetin and toluene on basic ovarian functions and a protective effect of quercetin against the effects of toluene. Therefore, quercetin-containing plants could be regulators of porcine reproduction and natural protectors against the adverse effects of the environmental contaminant toluene., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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20. Exposure to Crude Oil-Related Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Lung Function Decline in a Longitudinal Panel of Children.
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Noh SR, Kim JA, Cheong HK, Ha M, Jee YK, Park MS, Choi KH, Kim H, Cho SI, Choi K, and Paek D
- Subjects
- Child, Humans, Benzene analysis, Benzene Derivatives toxicity, Benzene Derivatives analysis, Xylenes toxicity, Xylenes analysis, Toluene toxicity, Toluene analysis, Lung, Environmental Monitoring methods, Volatile Organic Compounds toxicity, Volatile Organic Compounds analysis, Petroleum, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Air Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
Background: Children in the affected area were exposed to large amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the Hebei Spirit oil spill accident., Objectives: We investigated the lung function loss from the exposure to VOCs in a longitudinal panel of 224 children 1, 3, and 5 years after the VOC exposure event., Methods: Atmospheric estimated concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene for 4 days immediately after the accident were calculated for each village (n = 83) using a modeling technique. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV
1 ) as an indicator of airway status was measured 1, 3, and 5 years after the exposure in 224 children 4~9 years of age at the exposure to the oil spill. Multiple linear regression and linear mixed models were used to evaluate the associations, with adjustment for smoking and second-hand smoke at home., Results: Among the TVOCs (geometric mean: 1319.5 mg/m3 ·4 d), xylene (9.4), toluene (8.5), ethylbenzene (5.2), and benzene (2.0) were dominant in the order of air concentration level. In 224 children, percent predicted FEV1 (ppFEV1 ), adjusted for smoking and second-hand smoke at home, was 100.7% after 1 year, 96.2% after 3 years, and 94.6% after 5 years, and the loss over the period was significant ( p < 0.0001). After 1 and 3 years, TVOCs, xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were significantly associated with ppFEV1 . After 5 years, the associations were not significant. Throughout the 5 years' repeated measurements in the panel, TVOCs, xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were significantly associated with ppFEV1 ., Conclusions: Exposure to VOCs from the oil spill resulted in lung function loss among children, which remained significant up to 5 years after the exposure.- Published
- 2022
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21. Short- and long-term effects of chronic toluene exposure on recognition memory in adolescent and adult male Wistar rats.
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Zhvania MG, Pochkhidze N, Dashniani M, Tizabi Y, Japaridze N, Burjanadze M, and Chilachava L
- Subjects
- Animals, Rats, Male, Rats, Wistar, Memory Disorders chemically induced, Recognition, Psychology, Motor Activity, Toluene toxicity
- Abstract
Abuse of toluene-containing volatile inhalants, particularly among youth, is of significant medical and social concern worldwide. Teenagers constitute the most abundant users of toluene and the majority of adult abusers of toluene started as teenagers. Although the euphoric and neurotoxic effects of acute toluene have been widely studied, lasting effects of chronic toluene exposure, especially in various age groups, have not been well investigated. In this study, we used adolescent and adult male Wistar rats to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of chronic toluene on various behaviors including cognitive function. Daily exposure to toluene (2000 ppm) for 40 days (5 min/day) resulted in age-dependent behavioral impairments. Specifically, adolescent animals showed recognition memory impairment the day after the last exposure, which had normalized by day 90 post- exposure, whereas such impairment in adult animals was still evident at day 90 post-exposure. Our data suggest that age-dependent responses should be taken into consideration in interventional attempts to overcome specific detrimental consequences of chronic toluene exposure., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2022
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22. Tribulus terrestris can suppress the adverse effect of toluene on bovine and equine ovarian granulosa cells.
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Fabová Z, Tarko A, Harrath AH, Alwasel S, Kotwica J, and Sirotkin AV
- Subjects
- Cattle, Horses, Animals, Female, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I pharmacology, Toluene toxicity, Oxytocin pharmacology, Cell Proliferation, Granulosa Cells, Progesterone pharmacology, Apoptosis, Prostaglandins F, Cells, Cultured, Mammals, Tribulus
- Abstract
Influence of oil-related product toluene and herbal remedy puncturevine Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) on female reproduction is known. Yet, mechanisms of their action on ovaries in different species and potential protective effect of TT against adverse toluene action remain to be established. We studied the effect of toluene, TT, and their combination on ovarian granulosa cells from two mammalian species (cows and horses). Viability, markers of proliferation (PCNA) and apoptosis (bax), steroid hormones, IGF-I, oxytocin, and prostaglandin F (PGF) release were analyzed by trypan blue exclusion test, quantitative immunocytochemistry, and EIA/ELISA. Toluene suppressed all analyzed parameters. In both species, TT stimulated proliferation and reduced progesterone, oxytocin, and PGF. In horses, TT inhibited testosterone and IGF-I. In both species, TT supported toluene effect on viability, steroids, IGF-I, and PGF, and inverted its action on apoptosis. In cows, TT promoted toluene effect on proliferation. In horses, TT supported toluene effect on oxytocin but suppressed its influence on proliferation. In both species, toluene induced inhibitory action of TT on viability, steroids, IGF-I, and PGF, and prevented its stimulatory action on proliferation. In cows, toluene supported inhibitory action of TT on oxytocin and prevented its stimulatory action on apoptosis. In horses, toluene induced stimulatory effect of TT on apoptosis. Our results indicate potential toxic toluene effect on farm animal ovaries, applicability of TT as a biostimulator of farm animal reproduction and as a protector against the adverse influence of toluene on female reproduction., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2022
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23. Evaluation of potential human health risks from exposure to volatile organic compounds in contaminated urban groundwater in the Sava river aquifer, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Bulatović S, Ilić M, Šolević Knudsen T, Milić J, Pucarević M, Jovančićević B, and Vrvić MM
- Subjects
- Adult, Benzene analysis, Benzene toxicity, Benzene Derivatives, Child, Gasoline analysis, Humans, Rivers, Serbia, Toluene analysis, Toluene toxicity, Water analysis, Xylenes analysis, Xylenes toxicity, Environmental Pollutants analysis, Groundwater, Petroleum analysis, Volatile Organic Compounds analysis, Volatile Organic Compounds toxicity
- Abstract
The oil pollutant in the Sava River aquifer in the residential area of Belgrade, Serbia was investigated in order to analyze the extent, origin and spatial distribution of the pollution, with the aim to estimate potential human health risks from exposure to the compounds detected. Analytical methods indicated that the dominant compounds in this oil pollutant were gasoline range organic compounds. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) were identified as compounds of concern and quantified by headspace gas chromatography. The concentrations of benzene measured at all sampling points were higher than the remediation value while the maximum concentrations of BTEX quantified were among the highest concentrations of these compounds reported in the petroleum-contaminated aquifers in the world. The assessment of the human health risks from exposure to BTEX-covered industrial scenario for adult receptors and residential scenario for adult receptors and children. The exposure routes analyzed were dermal contact with and ingestion of contaminated water, considering both cancer and non-cancer effects. The analysis of the lifetime incremental cancer risk indicated the potential for adverse health effects for human exposure at the investigated location, and because of that it was interpreted as an unacceptable risk level or risks of high priority which required immediate consideration for remedial measures at this location. A complete set of mitigation measures was proposed including: groundwater decontamination treatment, installation of filters for tap water, development of the system for monitoring of BTEX in the groundwater and development of the emergency response capacities at this location., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)
- Published
- 2022
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24. Human exposure to BTEX emitted from a typical e-waste recycling industrial park: External and internal exposure levels, sources, and probabilistic risk implications.
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Liu R, Ma S, Chen D, Li G, Yu Y, Fan R, and An T
- Subjects
- Benzene metabolism, Benzene Derivatives analysis, Benzene Derivatives toxicity, Environmental Monitoring methods, Humans, Toluene analysis, Toluene toxicity, Xylenes analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Electronic Waste, Occupational Exposure analysis
- Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) can be released during extensive activities associated with the disposal of electronic waste (e-waste), which might pose deleterious health effects on workers. In this study, pollution profiles of BTEX in air and their urinary excretive profiles in occupational workers were investigated in a typical e-waste recycling industrial park. The results showed that the workers in the park were generally exposed to high levels of BTEX. The median levels of urinary metabolites were approximately 6-orders of magnitude higher than those of unmetabolized BTEX, indicating that pollutants efficiently metabolize at those occupational levels. The analytes presented differential profiles in external and internal exposure. Among the metabolites, significant correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between N-acetyl-S-benzyl-L-cysteine (S-BMA) concentration and atmospheric individual BTEX derived from the e-waste recycling area, suggesting that S-BMA is a potential marker for BTEX exposure to e-waste occupational workers. Notably, 95.2 % of all the workers showed a cumulative carcinogenic risk induced by BTEX exposure via inhalation, with 99.9 % of the carcinogenic risk distribution based on concentration of benzene metabolite (N-acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine) exceeding 1.0E-6. This study holds potential in providing valuable inferences for the development of remediation strategies focusing on BTEX exposure reduction to protect workers' health at e-waste recycling industries., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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25. Association between exposure to a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene (BTEXS) and small airways function: A cross-sectional study.
- Author
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Liao Q, Du R, Ma R, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Ji P, Xiao M, Cui Y, Xing X, Liu L, Dang S, Deng Q, and Xiao Y
- Subjects
- Benzene Derivatives toxicity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Styrene toxicity, Toluene toxicity, Benzene toxicity, Xylenes toxicity
- Abstract
Background: Lung is one of the primary target organs of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene (BTEXS). Small airways dysfunction (SAD) might be a sensitive indicator of early chronic respiratory disease. Here, we explored the relationships between exposure to BTEXS and small airways function, and identified the priority control pollutants in BTEXS mixtures., Methods: 635 petrochemical workers were recruited. Standard spirometry testing was conducted by physicians. The cumulative exposure dose (CED) of BTEXS for each worker was estimated. The peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25∼75%), and the expiratory flow rate found at 25%, 50%, and 75% of the remaining exhaled vital capacity (MEF25%, MEF50%, and MEF75%) were measured. SAD was also evaluated based on measured parameters. The associations between exposure to BTEXS individuals or mixtures and small airways function were evaluated using generalized linear regression models (GLMs) and quantile g-computation models (qgcomp). Meanwhile, the weights of each homolog in the association were estimated., Results: The median CED of BTEXS are 9.624, 19.306, 24.479, 28.210, and 46.781 mg/m
3 ·years, respectively. A unit increase in ln-transformed styrene CED was associated with a decrease in FEF25∼75% and MEF50% based on GLMs. One quartile increased in BTEXS mixtures (ln-transformed) was significantly associated with a 0.325-standard deviation (SD) [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.464, -0.185] decline in FEF25∼75%, a 0.529-SD (95%CI: -0.691, -0.366) decline in MEF25%, a 0.176-SD (95%CI: -0.335, -0.017) decline in MEF75%, and increase in the risk of abnormal of SAD [risk ratios (95%CI): 1.520 (95%CI: 1.143, 2.020)]. Benzene and styrene were the major chemicals in BTEXS for predicting the overall risk of SAD., Conclusion: Our novel findings demonstrate the significant association between exposure to BTEXS mixture and small airways function decline and the potential roles of key homologs (benzene and styrene) in SAD., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
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26. Acute exposure to abuse-like concentrations of toluene induces inflammation in mouse lungs and brain.
- Author
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Svenson DW, Davidson CJ, Thakur C, and Bowen SE
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain, Inflammation chemically induced, Lung, Male, Mice, Gliosis, Toluene toxicity
- Abstract
Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon commonly abused by young adolescents for its central nervous system depressant effects. Although toluene's pharmacological effects at high concentrations are relatively well-known, few studies have assessed toluene's effects on lung and brain tissues. The present study characterized the pathological effects of acute inhaled toluene exposure in the lungs and brains of male Swiss-Webster mice (N = 68). Using a static vapor exposure chamber, mice (PND 28) received a single 30-min toluene administration (0, 1000, 2000, or 4000 ppm). Lung and brain tissues were extracted 24-h post-exposure. Histology results revealed significant changes in the morphology of lung tissue (e.g., irregular cellular architecture) with the 2000- and 4000-ppm exposures expressing greater signs of pathology than control 0-ppm exposure. Markers of immune system activity (F4/80 and Ly-6G) and cellular proliferation (Ki-67) in the lung revealed no significant differences. Additionally, brain tissues were analyzed for changes of astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]) and oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase [GPx]). GFAP showed increased astrogliosis in the striatum with 2000-ppm toluene showing significantly higher expression than control (p < 0.05) and a marginal effect in the hippocampus. No other markers showed significant changes. The increased signs of inflammation and cellular damage suggest that exposure to a single high concentration of toluene, typical of abuse, is capable of producing pathology in both lung and brain tissue., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2022
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27. Biological degradation of toluene by indigenous bacteria Acinetobacter junii CH005 isolated from petroleum contaminated sites in India
- Author
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Ajay Kumar, Pardeep Singh, P.K. Mishra, Vipin Kumar Singh, Dhanesh Tiwary, Rishikesh Singh, and Anwesha Borthakur
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Toluene toxicity ,Ecology ,biology ,Chemistry ,Acinetobacter junii ,010501 environmental sciences ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,Biodegradation ,Contamination ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Toluene ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,030104 developmental biology ,Biofilter ,Degradation (geology) ,Bacteria ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Energy (miscellaneous) ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
The bacterium Acinetobacter junii was isolated from petroleum-contaminated site in India and tested for its efficiency in degradation of toluene under aerobic condition. Within pH range 4–9, the optimum pH for toluene biodegradation was found to be 7.5. With increase in time, there was enhancement in degradation of toluene. Pure culture of Acinetobacter junii was able to degrade 69, 73 and 80% of 150, 100, and 50 ppm toluene, respectively, within 72 h at 37 °C. Simultaneous growth and degradation of toluene by the bacterium indicated the utilization of toluene as carbon source. After 72 h of treatment, toluene biodegradation was nearly stable. Scanning electron microscopic characterization of bacterial cells treated with toluene revealed the changes in surface morphology. Some of the cylindrical cells of bacterium got transformed into ovoid and spherical shape to escape the toluene toxicity. Degradation intermediates were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The major intermediate compounds identified after toluene degradation by bacteria were 1-isopropenyl-4-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene; 1,3-Cyclohexadiene; 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl); 4-methoxycarbonyl-4-butanolide; and vinyl (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoate, which are less-toxic in nature. The degradation of toluene into non-toxic intermediate compounds as well as the growth in the presence of toluene presents the suitability of Acinetobacter junii in biofiltration of toluene-containing petroleum waste.
- Published
- 2018
28. Estimation of hazardous concentration of toluene in the terrestrial ecosystem through the species sensitivity distribution approach
- Author
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Do Kyung Kim, Lia Kim, Rongxue Cui, Youn-Joo An, Jieun Lee, and Yooeun Chae
- Subjects
Flammable liquid ,Toluene toxicity ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,General Medicine ,Toxicology ,Risk Assessment ,Pollution ,Toluene ,Soil ,Sensitivity distribution ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Hazardous waste ,Environmental chemistry ,Toxicity Tests ,Humans ,Soil Pollutants ,Environmental science ,Bioassay ,Terrestrial ecosystem ,Ecosystem ,Environmental risk assessment - Abstract
Toluene is a highly flammable and commonly used industrial chemical with severe health consequences on humans upon exposure and ingestion. In this study, multispecies bioassays were conducted using a species sensitivity distribution approach to determine acute and chronic hazardous concentrations of toluene in soil. Acute and chronic toluene toxicity tests were conducted with seven soil species from four taxonomic groups. The results from the toxicity tests were used to estimate the acute and chronic HC5 (hazardous concentration for 5 % of species) of toluene in the terrestrial environment at 58.9 (5.4–639.6) mg kg−1 and 2.2 (0.2–19.8) mg kg−1, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the hazardous concentration of toluene in soil by conducting a battery of bioassays. These values can be used as references for the environmental risk assessment of chemical accidents involving toluene and estimating its impact on soil to protect the terrestrial environment.
- Published
- 2021
29. TOLUENE-INDUCED ACUTE LUNG INJURY: CASE REPORT
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Ryan Lee and Dominic Valentino
- Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Toluene toxicity ,Respiratory distress ,business.industry ,Acute kidney injury ,Lung injury ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Chemical pneumonitis ,Respiratory failure ,Anesthesia ,Hyperchloremic acidosis ,medicine ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Pneumonitis - Abstract
TOPIC: Critical Care TYPE: Medical Student/Resident Case Reports INTRODUCTION: Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used as a solvent in industrial and commercial products including paints, adhesives, ink, and rubber. It is occasionally used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties. While mostly known for producing neurologic effects, here we report a case of toluene induced acute lung injury. CASE PRESENTATION: A 61-year-old female with a medical history of alcohol abuse, depression, congestive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction presented with one week of weakness and shortness of breath. She had been seen twice in the week prior having tested negative for SARS-COV2. In the emergency department, O2 saturation was 70% with respiratory distress on room air requiring high flow nasal cannula support. Labs were notable for a potassium of 2.7 mmol/L, acute kidney injury, elevated transaminases, lactate of 2.8 mmol/L and leukocyte count of 9800/nL. CT showed diffuse bilateral ground glass opacities involving the lung parenchyma concerning for atypical including viral pneumonia. Upon admission to the ICU she developed worsening hypoxia and respiratory failure requiring intubation.A discussion with the patient's husband revealed she had a history of glue sniffing. She had recently been decreasing her alcohol intake and substituting this with an increased frequency of sniffing both permanent markers and modeling glue. This raised suspicion for chemical pneumonitis secondary to toluene induced acute lung injury. DISCUSSION: Toluene is a highly lipophilic molecule readily inhaled via the lungs and distributed widely throughout the body producing side effects like ethanol intoxication via interfering mainly with GABA receptors. Neurologic manifestations range from euphoria and hallucinations to cognitive dysfunction and ataxia with chronic use. It specifically causes renal tubular acidosis typically manifesting as a normal anion gap hyperchloremic acidosis with hypokalemia. It can also cause hepatic injury and cardiac automaticity and conduction abnormalities.Acute lung injury secondary to toluene has been described but less frequently reported. Toxicity can result in Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS) from acute or chronic exposure to various chemical irritants. All hydrocarbons, including toluene, can cause chemical pneumonitis by direct contact with the pulmonary parenchyma and destroying alveolar and capillary membranes resulting in vascular permeability and edema. Symptoms may include cough, wheezing, respiratory distress, and hypoxia. Bilateral interstitial infiltrates may be delayed for several hours after the development of pneumonitis. There is no specific antidote for toluene toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment for toluene and many chemical induced pneumonitides consists of supportive care, supplemental oxygen, bronchodilators, inhaled and systemic glucocorticoids and may require intubation and admission to an ICU in severe cases. REFERENCE #1: Camara-Lemarroy CR, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Monreal-Robles R, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JG. Acute toluene intoxication–clinical presentation, management and prognosis: a prospective observational study. BMC Emerg Med. 2015;15:19. Published 2015 Aug 18. doi:10.1186/s12873-015-0039-0 REFERENCE #2: Alberts WM, do Pico GA. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome. Chest. 1996;109(6):1618-1626. doi:10.1378/chest.109.6.1618 REFERENCE #3: Tormoehlen LM, Tekulve KJ, Nanagas KA. Hydrocarbon toxicity: A review. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014;52(5):479-489. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.923904 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Ryan Lee, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Dominic Valentino, source=Web Response
- Published
- 2021
30. A novel preclinical model of environment-like combined benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) exposure: Behavioral and neurochemical findings.
- Author
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Davidson CJ, Svenson DW, Hannigan JH, Perrine SA, and Bowen SE
- Subjects
- Animals, Benzene analysis, Benzene toxicity, Benzene Derivatives analysis, Benzene Derivatives toxicity, Male, Mice, Toluene toxicity, Air Pollutants, Xylenes analysis, Xylenes toxicity
- Abstract
Environmental exposure to toxicants is a major health issue and a leading risk factor for premature mortality worldwide, including environmental exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), specifically Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX). While exposure to these compounds individually has shown behavioral and neurochemical effects, this investigation examined the impact of exposure to combined BTEX using a preclinical model. Male Swiss Webster mice were exposed to BTEX vapors designed to approximate environmental levels in urban communities. Animals were exposed to one of four treatment conditions: a 0-ppm (air control), two BTEX groups representing levels of environmental-like exposure, and a fourth group modeling occupational-like exposure. These exposures were conducted in 1.5-h sessions, 2 sessions/day, 5 days/week, for 3 weeks. Effects on coordination (i.e., rotarod and inverted screen test), learning and memory (i.e., Y-maze), and locomotor behavior (i.e., movement during exposure) were assessed during and after exposure. Monoamine levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens were assessed immediately following exposure. Effects of BTEX exposure were found on the variance of locomotor activity but not in other behavioral or neurochemical assessments. These results indicate that the combination of inhaled BTEX at environmentally representative concentrations has demonstrable, albeit subtle, effects on behavior., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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31. Occupational health hazards and wide spectrum of genetic damage by the organic solvent fumes at the workplace: A critical appraisal.
- Author
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Verma N, Pandit S, Gupta PK, Kumar S, Kumar A, Giri SK, Yadav G, and Priya K
- Subjects
- Gases, Gasoline toxicity, Humans, Solvents toxicity, Toluene toxicity, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Health
- Abstract
Long-term exposure to organic solvents is known to affect human health posing serious occupational hazards. Organic solvents are genotoxic, and they can cause genetic changes in the exposed employees' somatic or germ cells. Chemicals such as benzene, toluene, and gasoline induce an excessive amount of genotoxicity results either in genetic polymorphism or culminates in deleterious mutations when concentration crosses the threshold limits. The impact of genotoxicity is directly related to the time of exposure, types, and quantum of solvent. Genotoxicity affects almost all the physiological systems, but the most vulnerable ones are the nervous system, reproductive system, and blood circulatory system. Based on the available literature report, we propose to evaluate the outcomes of such chemicals on the exposed humans at the workplace. Attempts would be made to ascertain if the long-term exposure makes a person resistant to such chemicals. This may seem to be a far-fetched idea but has not been studied. The health prospect of this study is envisaged to complement the already existing data facilitating a deeper understanding of the genotoxicity across the population. This would also demonstrate if it correlates with the demographic profile of the population and contributes to comorbidity and epidemiology., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2022
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32. Blood serum levels of selected biomarkers of oxidative stress among printing workers occupationally exposed to low-levels of toluene and xylene.
- Author
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Dehghan Haghighi J, Hormozi M, and Payandeh A
- Subjects
- Antioxidants analysis, Biomarkers, Humans, Oxidative Stress, Printing, Three-Dimensional, Serum chemistry, Solvents analysis, Superoxide Dismutase, Toluene toxicity, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Occupational Exposure analysis, Xylenes analysis
- Abstract
Printing workers (PWs) are exposed to a mixture of solvents, yet the health risks associated with such exposuer are unknown. This study aimed to compare the serum levels of selected biomarkers of oxidative stress among occupationally exposed PWs to low-level of toluene and xylenes and unexposed controls. Associations between levels of such biomarkers and occupational exposures to toluene and xylene were also investigated. Urinary levels of hippuric acid (HA) and methyl hippuric acids (MHAs) as exposure biomarkers of toluene and xylenes, respectively, and serum levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were measured among the 84 subjects, comprising 44 PWs and 40 unexposed subjects. Mean concentrations of urinary HA and MHAs of PWs showed a significant increase compared with the unexposed controls. Although levels of urinary biomarkers of exposure to toluene (HA) and xylenes (MHAs) were well below the biological exposure indices (BEIs; ACGHI), PWs presented significantly increased serum levels of MDA, and significantly decreased serum activities of SOD and GPx compared to the unexposed controls. However, for serum TAC and CAT activity, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. Correlation analyses indicated that urinary levels of HA and MHAs were positively correlated with MDA levels and negatively correlated with GPx and SOD. Our study suggested that the alterations evidenced in serum levels of MDA, SOD, and GPx could be involved in the oxidative stress caused by co-exposure to low levels of toluene and xylene. Further investigation is needed to clarify the effect of low-level occupational exposure to solvents among PWs.
- Published
- 2022
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33. Toxicopathological changes induced by combined exposure to noise and toluene in New Zealand White rabbits.
- Author
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Abouee-Mehrizi A, Rasoulzadeh Y, Kazemi T, Mehdipour A, and Mesgari-Abbasi M
- Subjects
- Animals, Apoptosis, Cytokines, Rabbits, bcl-2-Associated X Protein, Toluene metabolism, Toluene toxicity, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha genetics
- Abstract
Noise and toluene can have significant adverse effects on different systems in the human body, but little is known about their combination. The aim of this study was to see how their combined action reflects on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), body weight, and pathological changes in the heart, lung, stomach, and spleen tissues. To do that we exposed New Zealand rabbits to 1000 mg/L toluene and 100 dB of white noise in a chamber specifically designed for the purpose over two consecutive weeks. Serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in tissues were determined with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Noise and toluene changed TNF-α and IL-1β serum levels on different days following the end of exposure and significantly increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the lung and spleen. In addition, they induced different pathological changes in the heart, lung, spleen, and stomach tissues. This study has confirmed that exposure to noise and toluene can induce a range of toxicopathological changes, probably by inducing inflammatory pathways and apoptosis, but their combined effects look weaker than those of its components, although histopathological findings suggest the opposite., (© 2022 Amirreza Abouee-Mehrizi, Yahya Rasoulzadeh, Tohid Kazemi, Ahmad Mehdipour, Mehran Mesgari-Abbasi, published by Sciendo.)
- Published
- 2022
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34. Neurotoxicity induced by toluene: In silico and in vivo evidences of mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Soares MV, Mesadri J, Gonçalves DF, Cordeiro LM, Franzen da Silva A, Obetine Baptista FB, Wagner R, Dalla Corte CL, Soares FAA, and Ávila DS
- Subjects
- Animals, Caenorhabditis elegans, Dopaminergic Neurons metabolism, Mitochondria, Dopamine metabolism, Toluene metabolism, Toluene toxicity
- Abstract
Toluene is an air pollutant widely used as an organic solvent in industrial production and emitted by fossil fuel combustion, in addition to being used as a drug of abuse. Its toxic effects in the central nervous system have not been well established, and how and which neurons are affected remains unknown. Hence, this study aimed to fill this gap by investigating three central questions: 1) How does toluene induce neurotoxicity? 2) Which neurons are affected? And 3) What are the long-term effects induced by airborne exposure to toluene? To this end, a Caenorhabditis elegans model was employed, in which worms at the fourth larval stage were exposed to toluene in the air for 24 h in a vapor chamber to simulate four exposure scenarios. After the concentration-response curve analysis, we chose scenarios 3 (E3: 792 ppm) and 4 (E4: 1094 ppm) for the following experiments. The assays were performed 1, 48, or 96 h after removal from the exposure environments, and an irreversible reduction in neuron fluorescence and morphologic alterations were observed in different neurons of exposed worms, particularly in the dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, a significant impairment in a dopaminergic-dependent behavior was also associated with negative effects in healthspan endpoints, and we also noted that mitochondria may be involved in toluene-induced neurotoxicity since lower adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels and mitochondrial viability were observed. In addition, a reduction of electron transport chain activity was evidenced using ex vivo protocols, which were reinforced by in silico and in vitro analysis, demonstrating toluene action in the mitochondrial complexes. Based on these findings model, it is plausible that toluene neurotoxicity can be initiated by complex I inhibition, triggering a mitochondrial dysfunction that may lead to irreversible dopaminergic neuronal death, thus impairing neurobehavioral signaling., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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35. The protective effect of Buffalo’s milk against toluene induced-nephrotoxicity in rats
- Author
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Massumeh Ahmadizadeh, Kambiz Ahmadi Angali, Ali Khodadadi, and Maryam Afravy
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Glutathione reductase ,010501 environmental sciences ,Kidney ,01 natural sciences ,Nephrotoxicity ,Toxicology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,010608 biotechnology ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Blood urea nitrogen ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Creatinine ,Toluene toxicity ,business.industry ,Malondialdehyde ,Buffalo’s milk ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Nephrology ,Rat ,Original Article ,Antioxidant enzymes ,business ,Corn oil ,Toluene - Abstract
Background: Toluene is widely used in different activities of industrial, commercial and household applications. It can cause damage to the human body. Buffalos’ milk has a good nutritive value. Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the negative effects of toluene on kidney tissues and to investigate the protective effects of buffalo’s milk against toluene-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male Wistar rats (180-220 g weight) were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 5). Animals in groups I to IV received oral gavage 1 mL distilled water (DH2O) and groups V to VIII received oral gavage 1 mL buffalo’s milk. Ten minutes later, animals were received toluene (i.p) at doses of 300 mg/kg (groups I and V), 600 mg/kg (groups of II and VI), and 900 mg/kg (groups of III and VII), respectively. The animals in groups IV (control) and VIII were injected vehicle (corn oil) only. The experiment repeated for seven consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, animals were killed with overdose of sodium pentobarbital. Blood samples were analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). One part of the kidney tissues were excised for measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Another parts were excised for histopatholgical examination. Results: Administration of toluene to male rats produced dose-dependent damage in the kidney. This was noted by elevation of BUN, Cr and MDA levels. In contrast, diminished the CAT, GR and SOD enzyme activities in rats treated with toluene when compared to those in control animals. Histopathological manifestations were also observed in dose related manner in toluene-treated rats. Buffalo’s milk had no effect on the biochemical parameters and kidney morphology when compared to those in control. However, it was able to prevent rat kidney against toluene toxicity. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that toluene damages kidney tissue and is a nephrotoxic substance. Buffalo’s milk was able to prevent the renal damage as an antioxidant and a nephroprotective agent.
- Published
- 2016
36. Degradation of cyclic diguanosine monophosphate by a hybrid two-component protein protects Azoarcus sp. strain CIB from toluene toxicity
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Caroline S. Harwood, Claudine Baraquet, Eduardo Díaz, Zaira Martín-Moldes, María Teresa Zamarro, and Blas Blázquez
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Toluene toxicity ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Autophosphorylation ,Biofilm ,Azoarcus ,Membrane Proteins ,Biological Sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,03 medical and health sciences ,Response regulator ,030104 developmental biology ,Bacterial Proteins ,Biochemistry ,Second messenger system ,biology.protein ,Diguanylate cyclase ,Signal transduction ,Cyclic GMP ,Bacteria ,Toluene - Abstract
Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that controls diverse functions in bacteria, including transitions from planktonic to biofilm lifestyles, virulence, motility, and cell cycle. Here we describe TolR, a hybrid two-component system (HTCS), from the β-proteobacterium Azoarcus sp. strain CIB that degrades c-di-GMP in response to aromatic hydrocarbons, including toluene. This response protects cells from toluene toxicity during anaerobic growth. Whereas wild-type cells tolerated a sudden exposure to a toxic concentration of toluene, a tolR mutant strain or a strain overexpressing a diguanylate cyclase gene lost viability upon toluene shock. TolR comprises an N-terminal aromatic hydrocarbon-sensing Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain, followed by an autokinase domain, a response regulator domain, and a C-terminal c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) domain. Autophosphorylation of TolR in response to toluene exposure initiated an intramolecular phosphotransfer to the response regulator domain that resulted in c-di-GMP degradation. The TolR protein was engineered as a functional sensor histidine kinase (TolRSK) and an independent response regulator (TolRRR). This classic two-component system (CTCS) operated less efficiently than TolR, suggesting that TolR was evolved as a HTCS to optimize signal transduction. Our results suggest that TolR enables Azoarcus sp. CIB to adapt to toxic aromatic hydrocarbons under anaerobic conditions by modulating cellular levels of c-di-GMP. This is an additional role for c-di-GMP in bacterial physiology.
- Published
- 2016
37. Crinum jagus (J. Thomps. Dandy): Antioxidant and protective properties as a medicinal plant on toluene-induced oxidative stress damages in liver and kidney of rats.
- Author
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Salihu M, Batiha GE, Kasozi KI, Zouganelis GD, Sharkawi SMZ, Ahmed EI, Usman IM, Nalugo H, Ochieng JJ, Ssengendo I, Okeniran OS, Pius T, Kimanje KR, Kegoye ES, Kenganzi R, and Ssempijja F
- Abstract
Crinum jagus ( C. jagus ; J. Thomps.) Dandy (Liliaceae) is a pantropical plant known for its medicinal values and pharmacological properties. The study assessed the protective effects and changes in oxidative stress indices due to C. jagus leaf extracts on the toluene-induced liver and kidney injuries in rats. The study was conducted on 8-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 80), weighing 243.3 ± 1.42 g. Group I, 1 ml/kg distilled water for 7 days; Group II, 4.5 ml/kg toluene once, 1 ml/kg distilled water for 7 days; Group III, 4.5 ml/kg toluene once, 500 mg/kg methanolic extract for 7 days; Group IV, 4.5 ml/kg toluene once, 500 mg/kg aqueous extract for 7 days; Group V, 500 mg/kg methanolic extract for 7 days; Group VI, 500 mg/kg aqueous extract for 7 days; Group VII, 500 mg/kg of vitamin C for 7 days; Group, VIII, 4.5 ml/kg toluene once, 500 mg/kg vitamin C for 7 days, all administrations were given by oral gavage. The phytochemical contents, absolute and relative organ weights of liver and kidneys, liver and kidney function tests, antioxidant status, as well as histological tests were analyzed using standard protocols. The tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols were in highest concentration in both extracts, content in methanol extract (57.04 ± 1.51 mgg
-1 , 35.43 ± 1.03 mgg-1 , 28.2 ± 0.34 mgg-1 respectively) > aqueous extract (18.74 ± 1.01 mgg-1 , 13.43 ± 0.47 mgg-1 , 19.65 ± 0.21 mgg-1 respectively). In the negative control group (II), bodyweights significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 22%, liver weight and kidney weight significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 42% and 83% respectively, liver-to-bodyweight and kidney-to-bodyweight ratios increased significantly (P < 0.05); serum liver function tests (LFTs) i.e., bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and serum kidney function tests (creatinine and urea) were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated; oxidant status (tissue malondialdehyde; MDA) was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated, antioxidant status i.e., tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced; with markedly visible renal and hepatic histopathological findings, compared to the normal control group. In C. jagus extract test groups (III and IV), the parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) alleviated and reversed to normal/near normal compared to the negative control. The LFTs, kidney function tests, and antioxidant status were significantly (P < 0.05) more improved with the methanol extract test and standard control groups compared to the aqueous extract test group; Also, the methanol extract test group showed better histological features than the aqueous extract test and standard control groups. The methanolic extract shows better antioxidant potential due to the availability of more nonenzymatic antioxidants (tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols). The findings showed that toluene is a very aggressive xenobiotic due to the promotion of oxidative stress and peroxidation of cellular lipids, but C. jagus leaves provide significant protection through the reducing power of nonenzymatic antioxidants and their ability to induce endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and glutathione reductase or GR) causing reduced cellular lipid peroxidation and tissue damages, quickened tissue repair, and improved cell biology of liver and kidneys during toluene toxicity. The methanol leaf extract provides better protection and should be advanced for more experimental and clinical studies to confirm its efficacy in alleviating oxidative stress tissue injuries, specifically due to toluene., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)- Published
- 2022
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38. Monitoring Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) Levels in Mixed-Use Residential-Commercial Buildings in Shiraz, Iran: Assessing the Carcinogenicity and Non-Carcinogenicity Risk of Their Inhabitants.
- Author
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Baberi Z, Azhdarpoor A, Hoseini M, Baghapour M, Derakhshan Z, and Giannakis S
- Subjects
- Benzene analysis, Benzene toxicity, Benzene Derivatives analysis, Benzene Derivatives toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Iran epidemiology, Toluene analysis, Toluene toxicity, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollutants toxicity, Xylenes analysis
- Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the concentration of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) compounds in the indoor air of residential-commercial complexes and to compare it with other residential buildings (control) as well as to assess the carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity risk of these pollutants. BTEX concentration was investigated in the indoor air of 30 ground floor restaurants, 30 upper residential units of the complexes, 20 adjacent residential units (control), and their corridors. The mean BTEX concentration measured in the upper residential units was reported higher than in the control residential units, though they were not significantly different. The lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) value calculated for benzene in the upper residential units was lower than 10
-4 and higher than 10-6 across all ages, indicating a carcinogenicity risk. Furthermore, the mean hazard quotient (HQ) for all compounds was obtained lower than 1, suggesting no concern about the non-carcinogenicity risk of these compounds in the studied region. Nevertheless, considering the sources of benzene production in the indoor air as well as the carcinogenicity of these pollutants and the risk they pose in human health, application towards the reduction of the sources and concentration of benzene in the indoor air are necessary.- Published
- 2022
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39. [Assessment of exposure to BTEX in vehicle filling stations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and risks to workers' health].
- Author
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Figueiredo VO, Carvalho LVB, Borges RM, Costa-Amaral IC, Santos MVCD, Rosa ACS, Menezes MAC, Mattos RCODC, Sarcinelli PN, Alves SR, Larentis AL, and Gonçalves ES
- Subjects
- Benzene Derivatives, Brazil, Humans, Toluene analysis, Toluene toxicity, United States, Benzene analysis, Benzene toxicity, Xylenes analysis, Xylenes toxicity
- Abstract
Gasoline is a complex mixture of substances, including aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). These compounds are emitted into the air, with the special relevance of benzene since it is provenly carcinogenic. The study aimed to assess BTEX concentrations in filling stations in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to calculate the cancer risk associated with such exposures. Two types of sampling were performed (stationary and mobile), adapted from methodology n. 1,501 (U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) for aromatic hydrocarbons, in six filling stations in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Stationary sampling was done near the fuel pumps, while mobile sampling was done in the breathing zone of the workers (station attendants) as they moved around the station. The samples were analyzed with gas chromatography flame ionization detector. The sampling results were used to calculate the health risk, using the indicators Hazard quotient (HQ) and Cancer risk (CR) to assess the possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects, respectively, in filling station workers. Environmental concentrations for the most of the BTEX compounds were below the recommended limits, except for benzene, a carcinogenic compound, which displayed concentrations far above the limits, leading to high cancer risk values. The results showed that there are health risks for filling station attendants, especially the risk of developing cancer from excessive exposure to benzene.
- Published
- 2021
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40. Estimation of hazardous concentration of toluene in the terrestrial ecosystem through the species sensitivity distribution approach.
- Author
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Chae Y, Kim L, Lee J, Kim D, Cui R, and An YJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Risk Assessment, Soil, Toluene toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Ecosystem, Soil Pollutants toxicity
- Abstract
Toluene is a highly flammable and commonly used industrial chemical with severe health consequences on humans upon exposure and ingestion. In this study, multispecies bioassays were conducted using a species sensitivity distribution approach to determine acute and chronic hazardous concentrations of toluene in soil. Acute and chronic toluene toxicity tests were conducted with seven soil species from four taxonomic groups. The results from the toxicity tests were used to estimate the acute and chronic HC
5 (hazardous concentration for 5 % of species) of toluene in the terrestrial environment at 58.9 (5.4-639.6) mg kg-1 and 2.2 (0.2-19.8) mg kg-1 , respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the hazardous concentration of toluene in soil by conducting a battery of bioassays. These values can be used as references for the environmental risk assessment of chemical accidents involving toluene and estimating its impact on soil to protect the terrestrial environment., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
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41. [Characteristics of BTEX and Health Risk Assessment During Typical Pollution Episodes in Summer and Winter in Tianjin Urban Area].
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Han TT, Li YR, Pu WW, Yao Q, Liu JL, Wu J, Zhang NN, Li ZM, and Ma ZQ
- Subjects
- Benzene analysis, Benzene toxicity, Benzene Derivatives analysis, Benzene Derivatives toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Risk Assessment, Toluene analysis, Toluene toxicity, Xylenes, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollutants toxicity
- Abstract
Real-time BTEX(including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m -, p -, and o -xylenes) were measured continuously in Tianjin urban site in July 2019 and January 2020 using a Syntech Spectras GC955 analyzer. The BTEX concentration levels, composition, and evolutionary mechanisms during typical pollution episodes were investigated. The potential sources of BTEX were analyzed qualitatively using the diagnostic ratios method. Finally, the BTEX health risk was evaluated by using the human exposure analysis and evaluation method according to US EPA. The averaged total mixing ratio of BTEX were 1.32×10
-9 and 4.83×10-9 during ozone pollution and haze episodes, respectively. Benzene was the most abundant species, followed by toluene. The mixing ratio of BTEX was largely affected by short southwestern distance transportation in January, while local emissions in July. In addition, the BTEX mixing ratio depended on the influence of temperature and relative humidity(RH) in July, while the concentration was more sensitive to changes in RH when the temperature was low in January. Diagnostic ratios and source implications suggested that the BTEX was affected mainly by biomass/biofuel/coal burning during haze episodes. The traffic related emissions also had an impact except for the influence of biomass/biofuel/coal burning in July. The averaged hazard quotient(HQ) values were 0.072 and 0.29 during ozone pollution and haze episodes, respectively, which were in the upper safety range limit recommended by the US EPA. The carcinogenic risk posed by benzene in both cleaning and pollution processes was higher than the safety threshold set by the US EPA, which should be monitored carefully.- Published
- 2021
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42. The exposures and health effects of benzene, toluene and naphthalene for Chinese chefs in multiple cooking styles of kitchens.
- Author
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Huang L, Cheng H, Ma S, He R, Gong J, Li G, and An T
- Subjects
- Benzene toxicity, China, Cooking, Environmental Monitoring, Naphthalenes toxicity, Toluene toxicity, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor analysis, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons analysis, Volatile Organic Compounds analysis
- Abstract
Commercial cooking has higher intensity and more severe instantaneous cooking pollution from volatile organic chemicals compared to home cooking, making health risk assessment of occupational exposure for chefs a priority. In this study, chefs from three cooking styles of kitchens, including steaming, frying, and grilling, were selected to investigate the external and internal exposures, health risks and effects of several typical aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene and naphthalene). Naphthalene was found to be the most concentrated contaminant in air samples among the different kitchens, while benzene had the lowest concentration. The concentration of toluene in frying kitchens was significantly higher than that in steaming kitchens. Air concentrations of toluene in frying kitchens, as well as benzene concentrations in grilling kitchens exceeded the standard level according to indoor air quality standard (GB/T18883-2002). Regarding the metabolites of pollutants in urine, the content of S-benzylmercapturic acids (S-BMA) for frying chefs was significantly higher than that for other cooking styles of chefs, which was consistent with the relatively higher air concentrations of toluene. There was a good correlation between internal and external exposure of the pollutants. The level of oxidative stress was influenced by 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHN) and S-BMA, indicating the potential health risks of these occupational exposed chefs. This study indicates the need to improve the monitoring of typical aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as to investigate their potential health effects in large-scale groups, and improve the ventilation in kitchens., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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43. Airborne toluene exposure causes germline apoptosis and neuronal damage that promotes neurobehavioural changes in Caenorhabditis elegans
- Author
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Ana Laura Anibaletto dos Santos, Cristiane Luchese, Marcell Valandro Soares, Mariele Feiffer Charão, Mauricio Tavares Jacques, Simone Pinton, and Daiana Silva Ávila
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Apoptosis ,Absorption (skin) ,010501 environmental sciences ,Toxicology ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine ,Animals ,Cholinergic neuron ,Caenorhabditis elegans ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Neurons ,Air Pollutants ,Toluene toxicity ,biology ,Chemistry ,Reproduction ,Neurotoxicity ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Pollution ,Toluene ,Cell biology ,Germ Cells ,Larva ,Toxicity ,Locomotion - Abstract
Toluene is a highly volatile organic solvent present in gasoline. Exposure mainly occurs by absorption via the pulmonary tract and easily reaches the central nervous system, which causes toxic effects. Toluene toxicity has been described but not well established. The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of airborne exposure to toluene, the in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans was assessed to determine whether nematode could be used to evaluate the effects of exposure to toluene and the possible mechanisms of toxicity of the solvent. Worms at the first or fourth larval stages were exposed to toluene for 48 or 24 h, respectively, in a laboratory-developed vapor chamber at concentrations of 450, 850, 1250 and 1800 ppm. We observed increases in worm mortality and significant developmental delays that occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. An increased incidence of apoptotic events in treated germline cells was shown, which was consistent with observed reductions in reproductive capacity. In addition, toluene promoted significant behavioural changes affecting swimming movements and radial locomotion, which were associated with changes in the fluorescence intensity and morphology of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons. We conclude that toluene exposure was toxic to C. elegans, with effects produced by the induction of apoptosis and neuronal damage.
- Published
- 2020
44. Toluene toxicity presenting with hypokalemia, profound weakness and U waves in the electrocardiogram
- Author
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Raymundo Vera-Pineda, Karla Belén Treviño-García, Edgar Francisco Carrizales-Sepúlveda, Raúl Alberto Jiménez-Castillo, and Alejandro Ordaz-Farías
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Weakness ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Hypokalemia ,Electrocardiography ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Intravenous potassium ,Toluene toxicity ,Muscle Weakness ,business.industry ,030208 emergency & critical care medicine ,Metabolic acidosis ,General Medicine ,Emergency department ,medicine.disease ,Anesthesia ,U wave ,Solvents ,Emergency Medicine ,medicine.symptom ,Differential diagnosis ,Acidosis ,business ,Toluene - Abstract
We present the case of a 25-year-old man with progressive limb weakness. His electrocardiogram showed prominent U waves which made us consider hypokalemia. The final diagnosis was toluene intoxication with severe hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis. Intravenous potassium administration and hydration effectively corrected the electrolyte and acid-base alterations; weakness resolved and the patient was discharged. The approach to a patient with acute weakness can be challenging. This case reminds us that the electrocardiogram can be a valuable tool in the evaluation and differential diagnosis of patients presenting to the emergency department with these conditions.
- Published
- 2019
45. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, p-(2,2-Dimethoxyethoxy)toluene, CAS Registry Number 6324-78-3
- Author
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D. O'Brien, M. Francis, J. Romine, Maria Lúcia Zaidan Dagli, G. A. Burton, C. Deodhar, K. Joshi, A.M. Api, Yoshiki Tokura, A. Patel, G. Sullivan, T. M. Penning, W. Dekant, M. Date, I. G. Sipes, G. Ritacco, Y. Thakkar, S. Tsang, Allison D. Fryer, J. Buschmann, S. La Cava, Magnus Bruze, L. Jones, D. C. Liebler, A. Lapczynski, D. Belsito, Terry W Schultz, D. Salvito, N. Sadekar, and D. Botelho
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Endpoint Determination ,TOXICOLOGIA AMBIENTAL ,Ecotoxicology ,Toxicology ,Risk Assessment ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animals ,Humans ,Medicine ,Toluene toxicity ,business.industry ,Phenyl Ethers ,General Medicine ,Fragrance ingredient ,Toluene ,Dermatology ,Perfume ,chemistry ,Odorants ,Female ,business ,CAS Registry Number ,Food Science - Published
- 2018
46. Toxicological responses of BEAS-2B cells to repeated exposures to benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and mesitylene using air-liquid interface method.
- Author
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Méausoone C, Landkocz Y, Cazier F, Seigneur M, Courcot D, and Billet S
- Subjects
- Benzene administration & dosage, Benzene Derivatives administration & dosage, Blotting, Western, Bronchi cytology, Cell Line, Gene Expression drug effects, Humans, Inflammation chemically induced, Respiratory Mucosa cytology, Respiratory Mucosa drug effects, Toluene administration & dosage, Xylenes administration & dosage, Benzene toxicity, Benzene Derivatives toxicity, Bronchi drug effects, Toluene toxicity, Xylenes toxicity
- Abstract
In order to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, the European REACH regulation (1907/2006) recommends substituting toxic molecules with compounds that are less harmful to human health and the environment. Toluene is one of the most frequently used solvents in industries despite its toxicity. The objective of this study is to better understand and compare the toxicity of toluene and its homologues in a bronchial cell model. Thus, human bronchial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to steams of toluene, m-xylene, mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), and benzene (20 and 100 ppm). Exposure was carried out using an air-liquid interface (ALI) system (Vitrocell) during 1 h/day for 1, 3, or 5 days. Cytotoxicity, xenobiotic metabolism enzyme gene expression, and inflammatory response were evaluated following cell exposures. BEAS-2B cell exposure to toluene and its homologues revealed the involvement of major (CYP2E1) and minor metabolic pathways (CYP1A1). A late induction of genes (EPHX1, DHDH, ALDH2, and ALDH3B1) was measured from Day 3 and can be linked to the formation of metabolites. An increase in the secretion level of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and GM-CSF) was also observed. In parallel, regulation between inflammatory mediators and the expression of transmembrane glycoprotein mucin MUC1 was also studied. This in vitro approach with ALI system points out the relevance of conducting repeated exposures to detect potential late effects. The difference recorded after cell exposure to toluene and its homologues highlights the importance of substitution principle., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2021
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47. Mutagenicity Assessment to Pesticide Adjuvants of Toluene, Chloroform, and Trichloroethylene by Ames Test.
- Author
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Zhang J, Wang W, Pei Z, Wu J, Yu R, Zhang Y, Sun L, and Gao Y
- Subjects
- Animals, Chloroform toxicity, Ecosystem, Mutagenicity Tests, Mutagens, Rats, Toluene toxicity, Pesticides, Trichloroethylene toxicity
- Abstract
Pesticide adjuvants (PAs) denote the general term for auxiliaries in pesticide preparations except for the active components. Toluene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene are the three most commonly used PAs as organic solvents. The residues of the three chemicals in the process of production and application of pesticides may endanger the ecosystem. In the present study, the mutagenicity of toluene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene as well the mixture of the three chemicals was tested by the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test (Ames test) with TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102 strains in the system with and without rat liver microsomal preparations (S9). The four tester strains have been used for more than 40 years to detect mutagenic compounds in chemicals, cosmetics, and environmental samples. The mutagenicity was detected on tester strains in the separated experiment from the three chemicals. The addition of S9 decreased the mutation ratios of toluene to four strains, except for the TA100 strain, but increased the mutation ratios of chloroform to four strains except for the TA98 strain. Trichloroethylene caused positive mutagenicity to become negative on the TA102 strain. In the mixed experiment, positive effects were detected only on the TA102 strain in the absence of S9. The addition of S9 increased the mutagenicity except for the TA102 strain. The mixture of toluene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene showed antagonism in mutagenicity to tester strains, except for the TA102 strain without S9. However, the mixture showed a synergistic effect to tester strains after adding S9 except for the TA98 strain.
- Published
- 2021
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48. Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) in Consumer Products
- Author
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Han-Seung Shin, Kyung Sil Yoon, Seong Kwang Lim, Seul Min Choi, Byung Mu Lee, Yeon Joo Kim, Min-kyung Shin, Tae Hyun Roh, Yoon Mi Um, Hyo Min Kwak, Seung Jun Kwack, Tae Young Kim, Ji Yun Kim, Duck Soo Lim, Ji Hyeon Hyeon, and Hyung Sik Kim
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Shoe polish ,business.product_category ,Adolescent ,Skin Absorption ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,BTEX ,Xylenes ,Toxicology ,Risk Assessment ,Ethylbenzene ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Young Adult ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Asian People ,Limit of Detection ,Neoplasms ,Benzene Derivatives ,Humans ,Child ,Benzene ,Aged ,Inhalation Exposure ,Volatile Organic Compounds ,Toluene toxicity ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Xylene ,Infant ,Middle Aged ,Toluene ,Consumer Product Safety ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ,business ,Environmental Monitoring ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Exposure and risk assessment was performed by evaluating levels of volatile organic compounds (VOC) benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in 207 consumer products. The products were categorized into 30 different items, consisting of products of different brands. Samples were analyzed for BTEX by headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (headspace-GC/MS) with limit of detection (LOD) of 1 ppm. BTEX were detected in 59 consumer products from 18 item types. Benzene was detected in whiteout (ranging from not detected [ND] to 3170 ppm), glue (1486 ppm), oil-based ballpoint pens (47 ppm), and permanent (marking) pens (2 ppm). Toluene was detected in a leather cleaning product (6071 ppm), glue (5078 ppm), whiteout (1130 ppm), self-adhesive wallpaper (15-1012 ppm), shoe polish (806 ppm), permanent pen (609 ppm), wig adhesive (372 ppm), tapes (2-360 ppm), oil-based ballpoint pen (201 ppm), duplex wallpaper (12-52 ppm), shoes (27 ppm), and air freshener (13 ppm). High levels of ethylbenzene were detected in permanent pen (ND-345,065 ppm), shoe polish (ND-277,928 ppm), leather cleaner (42,223 ppm), whiteout (ND-2,770 ppm), and glue (ND-792 ppm). Xylene was detected in permanent pen (ND-285,132 ppm), shoe polish (ND-87,298 ppm), leather cleaner (12,266 ppm), glue (ND-3,124 ppm), and whiteout (ND-1,400 ppm). Exposure assessment showed that the exposure to ethylbenzene from permanent pens ranged from 0 to 3.11 mg/kg/d (men) and 0 to 3.75 mg/kg/d (women), while for xylene, the exposure ranges were 0-2.57 mg/kg/d and 0-3.1 mg/kg/d in men and women, respectively. The exposure of women to benzene from whiteout ranged from 0 to 0.00059 mg/kg/d. Hazard index (HI), defined as a ratio of exposure to reference dose (RfD), for ethylbenzene was 31.1 (3.11 mg/kg/d/0.1 mg/kg/d) and for xylene (2.57 mg/kg/d/0.2 mg/kg/d) was 12.85, exceeding 1 for both compounds. Cancer risk for benzene was calculated to be 3.2 × 10(-5) based on (0.00059 mg/kg/d × 0.055 mg/kg-d(-1), cancer potency factor), assuming that 100% of detected levels in some products such as permanent pens and whiteouts were exposed in a worst-case scenario. These data suggest that exposure to VOC via some consumer products exceeded the safe limits and needs to be reduced.
- Published
- 2014
49. Integrated analysis of multi-omics data on epigenetic changes caused by combined exposure to environmental hazards.
- Author
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Yu SY, Koh EJ, Kim SH, Lee SY, Lee JS, Son SW, and Hwang SY
- Subjects
- DNA Methylation, Environmental Exposure analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Epigenesis, Genetic, Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein, Humans, Toluene analysis, Toluene toxicity, Xylenes, Air Pollutants analysis, Volatile Organic Compounds toxicity
- Abstract
Humans are easily exposed to environmentally hazardous factors in industrial sites or daily life. In addition, exposure to various substances and not just one harmful substance is common. However, research on the effects of combined exposure on humans is limited. Therefore, this study examined the effects of combined exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the human body. We separated 193 participants into four groups according to their work-related exposure (nonexposure, toluene exposure, toluene and xylene exposure, and toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene exposure). We then identified the methylation level and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) levels by omics analyses, and performed an integrated analysis to examine the change of gene expression. Thereafter, the effects of combined exposure to environmental hazards on the human body were investigated and analyzed. Exposure to VOCs was found to negatively affect the development and maintenance of the nervous system. In particular, the MALAT1 lncRNA was found to be significantly reduced in the complex exposure group, and eight genes were significantly downregulated by DNA hypermethylation. The downregulation of these genes could cause a possible decrease in the density of synapses as well as the number and density of dendrites and spines. In summary, we found that increased combined exposure to environmental hazards could lead to additional epigenetic changes, and consequently abnormal dendrites, spines, and synapses, which could damage motor learning or spatial memory. Thus, lncRNA MALAT1 or FMR1 could be novel biomarkers of neurotoxicity to identify the negative health effects of VOC complex exposure., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Adolescent chronic intermittent toluene inhalation dynamically regulates the transcriptome and neuronal methylome within the rat medial prefrontal cortex.
- Author
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Dick ALW, Zhao Q, Crossin R, Baker-Andresen D, Li X, Edson J, Roeh S, Marshall V, Bredy TW, Lawrence AJ, and Duncan JR
- Subjects
- Administration, Inhalation, Animals, Gene Expression, Inhalant Abuse, Male, Neuronal Plasticity drug effects, Neurons physiology, Rats, Rats, Wistar, DNA Methylation drug effects, DNA-Binding Proteins genetics, Prefrontal Cortex drug effects, Toluene toxicity, Transcriptome drug effects
- Abstract
Inhalants containing the volatile solvent toluene are misused to induce euphoria or intoxication. Inhalant abuse is most common during adolescence and can result in cognitive impairments during an important maturational period. Despite evidence suggesting that epigenetic modifications may underpin the cognitive effects of inhalants, no studies to date have thoroughly investigated toluene-induced regulation of the transcriptome or discrete epigenetic modifications within the brain. To address this, we investigated effects of adolescent chronic intermittent toluene (CIT) inhalation on gene expression and DNA methylation profiles within the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which undergoes maturation throughout adolescence and has been implicated in toluene-induced cognitive deficits. Employing both RNA-seq and genome-wide Methyl CpG Binding Domain (MBD) Ultra-seq analysis, we demonstrate that adolescent CIT inhalation (10 000 ppm for 1 h/day, 3 days/week for 4 weeks) induces both transient and persistent changes to the transcriptome and DNA methylome within the rat mPFC for at least 2 weeks following toluene exposure. We demonstrate for the first time that adolescent CIT exposure results in dynamic regulation of the mPFC transcriptome likely relating to acute inflammatory responses and persistent deficits in synaptic plasticity. These adaptations may contribute to the cognitive deficits associated with chronic toluene exposure and provide novel molecular targets for preventing long-term neurophysiological abnormalities following chronic toluene inhalation., (© 2020 The Authors. Addiction Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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