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Background and Aim: Deficiency of zinc and selenium is common in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWHIV) and has been associated with the development of non-AIDS related comorbidities, impaired immune system function and mortality. Micronutrient supplementation on long-term-treated PLWHIV could bring potential clinical and immunological benefits improving their health status and quality of life. The aim of the present study is to analyze the effect of zinc and selenium supplementation on body composition, bone mineral density, CD4+ T-cell counts, metabolic profile and immune system status on clinical stable PLWHIV on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART)., Methods: This is a randomized pilot clinical trial in which we recruited 60 PLWHIV on ART who were assigned to the intervention groups: zinc (30 mg of zinc gluconate), selenium (200 μg of selenium yeast), zinc + selenium (same doses and presentations) or to a control group (without nutritional supplementation) who received supplementation during 6 months. Primary outcome was defined as changes in body composition (weight, muscle and fat mass and bone mineral density) and secondary outcomes as changes in biochemical and immunological parameters (CD4+ T-cell count, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides and seric zinc and selenium seric concentrations) before and after supplementation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of one individual of each intervention group were analyzed for single cell transcriptomics before and after supplementation., Results: BMI ( p  = 0.03), fat mass ( p  = 0.03), and trunk fat ( p  = 0.01) decreased after 6 months of selenium supplementation. No changes were observed for cholesterol, glucose or triglycerides after supplementation ( p  > 0.05 in all cases). CD4+ T cells percentage increased after 6 months of selenium supplementation ( p  = 0.03). On the transcriptome analysis, zinc and selenium supplementation induced changes on de expression of genes associated with the function of naive and memory CD8+ T-cells ( p  < 0.05 in all cases)., Conclusion: Zinc and selenium supplementation could represent a complementary intervention that may improve the health status and immune response of treated PLWHIV., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Osuna-Padilla, Rodríguez-Moguel, Aguilar-Vargas, Tolentino-Dolores, Perichart-Perera, Ahumada-Topete, Ávila-Ríos, Soto-Nava, Diaz-Rivera, De León-Lara, Wilson-Verdugo and Briceño.)

Pregnancy complicated by obesity represents an increased risk of unfavorable perinatal outcomes such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, preterm birth, and impaired fetal growth, among others. Obesity is associated with deficiencies of micronutrients, and pregnant women with obesity may have higher needs. The intrauterine environment in pregnancies complicated with obesity is characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress, where maternal nutrition and metabolic status have significant influence and are critical in maternal health and in fetal programming of health in the offspring later in life. Comprehensive lifestyle interventions, including intensive nutrition care, are associated with a lower risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Routine supplementation during pregnancy includes folic acid and iron; other nutrient supplementation is recommended for high-risk women or women in low-middle income countries. This study is an open label randomized clinical trial of parallel groups (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry: UMIN000052753, https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr&#95;e/ctr&#95;view.cgi?recptno=R000060194) to evaluate the effect of an intensive nutrition therapy and nutrient supplementation intervention (folic acid, iron, vitamin D, omega 3 fatty acids, myo-inositol and micronutrients) in pregnant women with obesity on the prevention of GDM, other perinatal outcomes, maternal and newborn nutritional status, and infant growth, adiposity, and neurodevelopment compared to usual care. Given the absence of established nutritional guidelines for managing obesity during pregnancy, there is a pressing need to develop and implement new nutritional programs to enhance perinatal outcomes., Competing Interests: OP-P, ER-M, and AR-C are speakers of Nestle Nutrition Institute. OP-P and ER-M are speakers of Exeltis Pharma Mexico. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Perichart-Perera, Reyes-Muñoz, Borboa-Olivares, Rodríguez-Cano, Solis Paredes, Hernández-Hernández, Rodríguez-Hernández, González-Ludlow, Suárez-Rico, Sánchez-Martínez, Torres-Herrera, Canul-Euan, Tolentino-Dolores, Espejel-Nuñez and Estrada-Gutierrez.)

Pregnancy makes women more susceptible to infectious agents; however, available data on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on pregnant women are limited. To date, inflammatory responses and changes in serum metal concentration have been reported in COVID-19 patients, but few associations between metal ions and cytokines have been described. The aim of this study was to evaluate correlations between inflammatory markers and serum metal ions in third-trimester pregnant women with varying COVID-19 disease severity. Patients with severe symptoms had increased concentrations of serum magnesium, copper, and calcium ions and decreased concentrations of iron, zinc, and sodium ions. Potassium ions were unaffected. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1α, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4, and the IP-10 chemokine were induced in the severe presentation of COVID-19 during pregnancy. Robust negative correlations between iron/magnesium and zinc/IL-6, and a positive correlation between copper/IP-10 were observed in pregnant women with the severe form of the disease. Thus, coordinated alterations of serum metal ions and inflammatory markers - suggestive of underlying pathophysiological interactions-occur during SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Vásquez-Procopio, Espejel-Nuñez, Torres-Torres, Martinez-Portilla, Espino Y. Sosa, Mateu-Rogell, Ortega-Castillo, Tolentino-Dolores, Perichart-Perera, Franco-Gallardo, Carranco-Martínez, Prieto-Rodríguez, Guzmán-Huerta, Missirlis and Estrada-Gutierrez.)

Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Background: During pregnancy, vitamin D requirements are higher due to fetal growth and development. Vitamin D production occurs mainly through sunlight exposure, which is affected by geographic location and lifestyle factors., Methods: This was a case-control study nested within two cohorts of adult pregnant women ( n = 298): urban (Mexico City) and rural (Cuetzalan). To reduce confounding, pairs were selected by age, pregestational body mass index, and pregnancy trimester. Generalized linear models were used to assess the two groups according to their vitamin D status., Results: A total of 298 adult women were studied: 149 from a rural area and 149 from an urban area. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were observed in 28% and 38.2% of women, respectively. A trend for higher 25(OH)D concentrations was observed in women from the rural area (27.5 ng/mL vs. 25.8 ng/mL), probably related to the type of job, where women with partial jobs showing less probability of having vitamin D deficiency (OR = 0.26; CI = 0.06-1.16; p = 0.08) and vitamin D insufficiency (OR = 0.24; CI = 0.06-0.99; p = 0.05). Women whose Last Menstrual Period occurred in spring showed lower vitamin D concentration compared to those whose LMP occurred in winter ( p < 0.01)., Conclusions: A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was observed in both rural and urban areas. Women living in rural areas tended to have higher 25(OH)D concentrations, probably related to more sunlight exposure associated with their type of job.

Introduction and Objective: The weight gained during pregnancy could determine the immediate and future health of the mother-child dyad. Excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG) due to abnormal adipose tissue (AT) accumulation is strongly associated with adverse perinatal outcomes as gestational diabetes, macrosomia, obesity, and hypertension further in life. Dysregulation of adipokine, AT dysfunction, and an imbalance in the prooxidant-antioxidant systems are critical features in altered AT accumulation. This study was aimed to investigate the association between adipokines and oxidative stress markers in pregnant women and the influence of the GWG on this association., Methods: Maternal blood samples were obtained in the third trimester of pregnancy (n = 74) and serum adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, and resistin), oxidative damage markers: 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), lipohydroperoxides (LOOH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and carbonylated proteins (CP), and glucose a metabolic marker were measured., Results: Women with EGWG had low adiponectin levels than women with adequate weight gain (AWG) or insufficient weight gain (IWG). Multiple linear regression models revealed a positive association between adiponectin and 8-oxodG in women with AWG (B = 1.09, 95% CI: 164-222, p = 0.027) and IWG (B = 0.860, 95% CI: 0.199-1.52, p = 0.013) but not in women with EGWG. In women with EGWG, leptin was positively associated with LOOH (p = 0.018), MDA (p = 0.005), and CP (p = 0.010) oxidative markers., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that concurrent mechanisms regulate adipokine production and oxidative stress in pregnant women and that this regulation is influenced by GWG, probably due to an excessive AT accumulation., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of the Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO), and Metabolically Obese Normal-Weight (MONW) phenotypes in a sample of children and adolescents. To evaluate which clinical and laboratory variables are related to the MONW and MHO phenotypes., Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years old, presumably healthy. Somatometry, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HOMA-IR, triglycerides/HDL ratio, triglycerides and glucose index, and leptin/adiponectin, were determined., Results: Data from 620 children and adolescents were included (50.65% were males); the median age was 11 years. The prevalence of the MONW phenotype was 22.85% (95%CI 16.85%-29.79%), and the MHO phenotype 27.61% (95%CI 22.60%-33.06%). The variables that significantly explained the possibility of presenting the MONW and MHO phenotype were triglycerides/HDL ratio, and product of triglycerides and glucose. Insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly associated with the MHO phenotype but not with the MONW phenotype., Conclusions: Prevalence of metabolically healthy obese phenotype is lower in the Mexican population compared to European studies; thus, future studies should determine if this difference relies upon genetic profile or lifestyle. The indices to assess the action of insulin based on lipids can help identify children and adolescents with the MHO and MONW phenotypes., (Copyright © 2020. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Controversy remains surrounding vitamin D routine supplementation in healthy pregnancy, and the doses are unclear. The aim of this study was to describe maternal vitamin D status throughout pregnancy in a group of Mexican women and evaluate the effect of frequently prescribed doses of vitamin D3 on longitudinal 25-OH-D concentrations, adjusting for obesity, season, and other factors. We conducted a cohort study (Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-INPer) (2017-2020)) of healthy pregnant women without complications. Pregestational overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥ 25), vitamin D3 supplementation (prescribed by physician; 0-250, 250-400, and >400 IU/day), and serum 25-OH-D concentrations (ELISA) were evaluated in each trimester of pregnancy. Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency was computed (<20 and <30 ng/mL, respectively). We studied 141 adult women; 58.5% had pregestational obesity or overweight. In the first trimester, 45.8% of the women were supplemented with vitamin D3; 51.4% had vitamin D insufficiency and 37.3%, deficiency. In the third trimester, 75.4% of the women were supplemented, and 20% of them still had deficiency. The final general mixed linear model showed that 25-OH-D significantly increased throughout pregnancy ( p < 0.001); the highest increase was observed in the third trimester in women with doses >400 IU/day of vitamin D3 (+4 ng/mL, 95% CI: 1.72-8.11 ng/mL). In winter/autumn, 25-OH-D concentrations were also lower ( p ≤ 0.05). In this group of pregnant Mexican women, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was high. A higher increase in 25-OH-D concentrations during pregnancy was observed when the women were supplemented with >400 IU/day. Common supplementation doses of 250-400 IU/day were insufficient for achieving an adequate maternal vitamin D status.

Objectives: Micronutrient deficiencies are common among people living with HIV (PLWHIV). The clinical and immunologic consequences of micronutrient deficiencies have been poorly explored in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of zinc and selenium deficiency (dietary intake and serum concentrations) and analyze their associations with absolute CD4+ T-cell counts, inflammation markers, and metabolic disorders in a cohort of antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected individuals., Methods: The zinc and selenium intakes of 124 HIV-infected men were estimated using 3-d food records. In a subcohort of 45 individuals, serum zinc and selenium concentrations and proinflammatory cytokines were determined. Body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), CD4+ T-cell counts, lipid profile, glucose, and blood pressure were determined and were associated with zinc and selenium dietary intake and serum concentrations., Results: Of the PLWHIV studied, 58% had suboptimal intake of zinc and 8% demonstrated suboptimal intake of selenium. Serum deficiencies for zinc and selenium were 23.9% and 65.9%, respectively. Zinc and selenium intake were correlated with increased muscle mass. Selenium intake was associated with increased BMD of the lumbar region. An inverse correlation between serum selenium concentration and several proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) was found., Conclusion: Suboptimal zinc and selenium intake and serum concentration deficiencies are highly prevalent in treated HIV-positive individuals and are associated with body composition, BMD, and inflammation. Clinical trials should be designed to explore the effect of zinc and selenium supplementation on metabolic, inflammatory, and immunologic parameters on the HIV-positive population., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background/aims: Obesity during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse clinical outcomes and is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. We describe maternal metabolic risk and inflammation by maternal weight status, and evaluate the association of metabolic and inflammatory markers with birthweight in a group of pregnant Mexican women., Methods: This study derived from a prospective cohort of healthy pregnant women <14 weeks of gestation, receiving prenatal care at National Institute of Perinatology (Mexico, 2009-2013). Metabolic and inflammatory markers were measured in maternal serum in all three pregnancy trimesters (1st: 11.42±1.7; 2nd: 21.06±2.4; 3rd: 32.74±2.3 weeks). Pregestational weight was self-reported, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Gestational weight gain was evaluated in the third trimester. Newborn´s weight was measured at birth. We carried out correlations, general mixed linear model and regression analyses, based on pregestational weight (self-reported), body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (evaluated in the third trimester) and newborn weight (measured at birth)., Results: Of the 177 women included in the study (mean age = 26.93±8.49), thirty-eight percent (n = 67) were overweight or had obesity, and 32.8% (n = 58) showed excessive gestational weight gain. We found insulin, lipids (including total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides-TG), leptin and interleukin 1b (IL-1b) all increased significantly (p<0.05) during pregnancy. Pregestational maternal weight status altered longitudinal concentrations of insulin, leptin, adiponectin, TG and C reactive protein. Excessive gestational weight gain was associated with higher maternal insulin in the third trimester (p<0.05). Early pregnancy leptin and TNFα were determinants of birthweight in women with normal weight, but not in overweight or obese women., Conclusions: Maternal weight status affected the concentrations of insulin, leptin, adiponectin, triglycerides and C reactive protein throughout pregnancy. The role of early leptin and TNFα in fetal growth need further study given the association was only observed in normal weight women. This study presents data distribution of metabolic and inflammatory markers of normal weight and overweight/obese women that did not develop GDM, preeclampsia nor macrosomia.

Background: Oxidative damage present in obese/overweight mothers may lead to further oxidative stress conditions or inflammation in maternal and cord blood samples. Thirty-four pregnant women/newborn pairs were included in this study to assess the presence of oxidative stress biomarkers and their relationship with serum cytokine concentrations. Oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes were compared between the mother/offspring pairs. The presence of 27 cytokines was measured in maternal and cord blood samples. Analyses were initially performed between all mothers and newborns and later between normal weight and mothers with overweight and obesity, and diabetic/non-diabetic women., Results: Significant differences were found in biomarker concentrations between mothers and newborns. Additionally, superoxide-dismutase activity was higher in pre-pregnancy overweight mothers compared to those with normal weight. Activity for this enzyme was higher in neonates born from mothers with normal pregestational weight compared with their mothers. Nitrites in overweight/obese mothers were statistically lower than in their offspring. Maternal free fatty acids, nitrites, carbonylated proteins, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase predicted maternal serum concentrations of IL-4, IL-13, IP-10 and MIP-1β. Arginase activity in maternal plasma was related to decreased concentrations of IL-4 and IL-1β in cord arterial blood. Increased maternal malondialdehyde plasma was associated with higher levels of IL-6 and IL-7 in the offspring., Conclusions: Oxidative stress biomarkers differ between mothers and offspring and can predict maternal and newborn cytokine concentrations, indicating a potential role for oxidative stress in foetal metabolic and immunologic programming. Moreover, maternal obesity and diabetes may affect maternal microenvironments, and oxidative stress related to these can have an impact on the placenta and foetal growth.

Background. Maternal metabolic changes impact fetal metabolism resulting in a higher risk for developing chronic diseases later in life. The aim of this study was to assess the association between maternal and fetal adipokine and lipid profiles, as well as the influence of maternal weight on this association. Methods. Healthy pregnant women at term who delivered by C-section were enrolled. Maternal and fetal glucose, lipid profile, adiponectin, leptin, and resistin levels were analyzed by obesity and maternal weight gain. Statistics included descriptives, correlations, and mean differences (SPSS v20.0). Results. Adiponectin and resistin concentrations were higher in fetal blood, while leptin was lower (p < 0.05). A significant inverse association between maternal resistin and fetal LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) (r = -0.327; p = 0.022) was observed. A positive correlation was found between maternal and fetal resistin (r = 0.358; p = 0.013). Women with excessive weight gain had higher leptin levels and their fetuses showed higher LDL-C levels (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Maternal resistin showed an inverse association with fetal LDL-C, suggesting that maternal adiposity status may play an active role in the regulation of fetal lipid profile and consequently, in fetal programming. Excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy may exert an effect over metabolic mediators in both mother and newborn.

Unlabelled: The urinary ratio 2-hydroxyoestrone/16-hydroxyoestrone (URME), has been proposed in various populations on the world as a risk indicator for breast cancer (BC), however in the Mexican population has never been determined., Objective: To determine URME Mexican women and establish its relationship with risk factors for BC., Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study of 142 premenopausal and 42 posmenopausal women. The URME was determined with the kit ESTRAMETTM and was related to risk factors for BC. Correlations and linear regressions were performed., Results: The median URME was 0.90 (RIQ 0.64-1.18). The body mass index (BMI) and early menarche contribute 5.4% of their variability (F=5.17; p., (Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2014. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the differences in inflammation markers and cardiovascular risk factors in a group of school-aged children with and without excessive adiposity. To examine the relationship between adiposity, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors., Methods: Cross-sectional study of 285 school children (8-12 years old). Adiposity (body mass index, BMI, total body fat, TBF, and waist circumference), inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin 1β [IL-1β], interleukin 6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor-a [TNF-α]) and cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed. Mean differences were calculated and multiple regression models were made., Results: Obese children had higher concentrations of CRP and IL-1β; children with abdominal obesity also had higher CRP levels. A higher BMI was associated with higher blood pressure, and higher total cholesterol, triglycerides-TAG, and insulin concentrations, and with lower HDL-cholesterol. The CRP and IL-1β concentrations correlated significantly with the three adiposity indices. The IL-6 concentrations were associated with TAG, and IL-1β with HDL-cholesterol concentration, after adjustment by BMI., Discussion: In a group of school-aged Mexican children, obesity increases cardiovascular risk and inflammation. Both IL-6 and IL-1β appear to be factors involved in lipid alterations in these children. More research is needed in order to explore the role of subclinical inflammation in the development of cardiovascular alterations that have already been described in Mexican children with obesity.